| Scientific and/or Technical Goal | Emerging Technology | Related Technology Needs |
|---|---|---|
| More powerful methods for acquisition, analysis, display, interpretation, and search of complex biological data sets | Bioinformatics
(Intelligent data networks, query, retrieval, analysis, and visualization tools) High performance computing and communication | Models for biological information
management Algorithms for deciphering biological information Human/computer interfaces |
| High resolution structure of biological molecules | Molecular
dynamic calculations and theory Powerful, coherent x-ray sources High field NMR spectrometers Genetic engineering tools Rigorous similarity search algorithms Advanced computational analysis of x-ray and NMR data Algorithms for the prediction of tertiary protein structure from primary sequence | High
performance computing Advanced computer visualization tools Bioinformatics |
| Functional imaging of living systems (from single molecules to man) | Light optical imaging modalities Scanning probe microscopies NMR imaging spectrometers Biosensors and biomarkers of chemical and molecular events Luminescent and magnetic probes High temporal and spatial resolution detectors Chemically caged bioeffector molecules Tissue engineering methods | High performance computing and
communication Advanced computer visualization tools Relational data bases with search engines Transfection tools Integrated, implantable multi-electrode/amplifier arrays and detectors Genetic model organisms Non-linear optics |
| Improved tools for microanalysis and micromanipulation of molecules and cells | Nanotechnologies (micro to
nanofabrication methods) to build small analytical and selection machines Biochips for combinatorial chemistry, in two and three dimensions in vitro and in vivo selection instruments based on electronic read-out of functional assays for molecules and cells Single molecule detection methods | Scanning probe
microscopies High through-put array detectors High performance computing Material chemistry of surfaces Biosensors and biomarkers Optical and fluidic capture and transport tools Integration of spectrometry methods in molecular separation instruments |
| Efficient, stable (or transient) and predictable genetic transformation of animals, plants and cultured cells for research and commerce | Virus-based vector systems, including
systems for delivering vectors to specific tissues in intact organisms Chemical and/or mechanical delivery systems | Transgenic models Functional imaging technologies In vitro and in vivo selection and isolation instruments Better DNA/RNA hybridization techniques Biosensors of gene expression High through-put protein and nucleic acid sequencing machines Improved synthesis of oligo arrays |
| Discovery and preservation of biodiversity | Remote sensing
tools (earth and space-based) Advanced statistical analyses High through-put protein and nucleic acid sequencing machines Biochips for combinatorial chemistry In vitro and in vivo selection instruments based on electronic read-out of functional assay | High performance computing Bioinformatics Improved phylogenetic techniques for microorganisms Techniques for detection and recognition of unculturable organisms Effective expression systems for novel DNA sequences from nature |
| Biological influence on global cycles | Remote sensing (both
earth and space-based) Micrometeorological methods Use of natural and introduced isotopes with tuned diodes | High performance computing Biosensors and markers Bioinformatics Advanced computer visualization tools Deployment and recovery of biosensors |
| Enhanced waste treatment and bioremediation | Microbial
isolation methods Ground penetrating radar Synthetic biocatalysis (designer enzymes) Dispersal techniques for microbes in soil | Remote sensors Deployment, reading, and recovery of biosensors Genetic engineering of organisms |