This document has been archived. Title : NSF 95-96 ARCTIC SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND EDUCATION Directory of Awards Fiscal Year 1994 Type : Dir of Awards NSF Org: OD / OPP Date : May 31, 1995 File : nsf9596 ARCTIC SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND EDUCATION Directory of Awards: Fiscal Year 1994 INTRODUCTION: ARCTIC SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND EDUCATION The following is a report on Arctic grants awarded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) during Fiscal Year 1994 (October 1, 1993, to September 30, 1994). Presentation of this information is partially a response to the Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984. The Arctic is defined by the Act as "all United States and foreign territory north of the Arctic Circle and all United States territory north and west of the boundary formed by the Porcupine, Yukon, Kuskokwim Rivers; all contiguous seas, including the Arctic Ocean and the Beaufort, Bering, and Chukchi Seas; and the Aleutian chain." The Act designates NSF as lead agency and chair agency for the Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee, and calls for integrated interagency planning and budgetary processes. This detailed listing shows the scope of NSF activities in the Arctic. Essentially, all NSF funds were devoted to basic science, engineering, and education and related operational, informational, and advisory support. Further information on other agencies' programs is presented in the journal, Arctic Research of the United States, and the U.S. Arctic Research Plan, and its biennial revision. In addition to investigations in Alaska and adjacent waters, research was supported in all Arctic-bordered countries. Of the total $40.5 million obligated in Fiscal Year 1994, the Office of Polar Programs' (OPP) input is $24 million. The remainder was awarded from funds in other Divisions and programs throughout the Foundation. There were 355 awards to 132 institutions in 38 states and the District of Columbia. NSF funding of Arctic research since 1986 is shown below in thousands of dollars. FY86 FY87 FY88 FY89 FY90 FY91 FY92 FY93 FY94 OPP 8,005 8,095 8,211 10,175 12,310 14,696 20,638 22,072 24,205 Other 10,143 13,801 14,906 13,549 11,778 12,455 14,308 13,779 16,279 Total 18,148 21,896 23,117 23,724 24,088 27,151 39,946 35,851 40,484 In some instances, awards are listed that may not fall strictly within the limits of the Arctic as defined by the Arctic Research and Policy Act, but apply to processes, properties, and phenomena of the Arctic. Examples include research on boreal forests, subarctic or temperate zone glaciers, geological and atmospheric projects south of the Arctic Circle, and laboratory and theoretical studies. Individual awards contain their own logistics budgets and no attempt is made to separate those costs; only specific awards for field support are listed separately. A complete list of institutions and organizations that received funds in Fiscal Year 1994 follows. Users of this list should keep in mind that these projects do not exhaust the range of subjects that might be supported by the Foundation in the future. Research which promises to add significantly to science, engineering, or education is eligible for consideration. The data reported in this award list were compiled from individual program submissions from throughout the National Science Foundation. The information includes awards for research but excludes administrative costs that are included in the National Science Foundation budget source documents. Charles E. Myers Head, Arctic Staff Office of Polar Programs UNITED STATES INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS BY STATE State OPP funding Non-OPP funding Total ALABAMA $0 $50,000 $50,000 University of South Alabama ALASKA $5,211,469 $2,461,108 $7,672,577 Alaska Federation of Natives Alaska State Department of Education Arctic Research Consortium of the United States (ARCUS) Associated Village Council President Northwest Arctic Borough University of Alaska, Fairbanks University of Alaska, Southeast Juneau ARIZONA $154,140 $293,541 $447,681 Arizona State University Northern Arizona University University of Arizona CALIFORNIA $2,607,775 $3,948,307 $6,556,082 Berkeley Geochronology Center Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory Mission Research Corporation San Diego State University Foundation San Jose State University Foundation SRI International Stanford University University of California, Berkeley University of California, Davis University of California, Irvine University of California, San Diego University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institute University of California, Santa Barbara University of California, Santa Cruz University of Southern California COLORADO $3,550,203 $433,579 $3,983,782 Colorado State University Geological Survey—Denver University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) University of Colorado, Boulder University of Denver DELAWARE $29,451 $50,000 $79,451 Bartol Research Institute University of Delaware DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA $1,389,252 $36,000 $1,425,252 American Association for the Advancement of Science American Geophysical Union Arctic Research Commission Dept. of the Navy-National Oceanographic & Atmospheric Admin. Ice Center Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard Environmental Protection Agency National Academy of Sciences FLORIDA $315,106 $278,804 $593,910 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Florida International University University of Miami University of Miami School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences University of South Florida HAWAII $202,700 $77,796 $280,496 University of Hawaii at Manoa IDAHO $47,775 $97,175 $144,950 Foundation for Glacier and Environmental Research University of Idaho ILLINOIS $247,616 $269,463 $517,079 Northern Illinois University University of Chicago University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign INDIANA $0 $95,508 $95,508 Indiana University, Bloomington Purdue University Research Foundation University of Notre Dame LOUISIANA $0 $86,031 $86,031 Louisiana State University University of New Orleans MAINE $163,066 $37,111 $200,177 Bates College Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences Bowdoin College MARYLAND $417,354 $63,633 $480,987 Capital Systems Group, Inc. Johns Hopkins University National BioSystems, Inc. University of Maryland Center for Estuarian Research University of Maryland at College Park MASSACHUSETTS $1,551,294 $2,488,746 $4,040,040 Bentley College Boston College Boston University Brandeis University Harvard University Marine Biological Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Mission Research Corporation University of Massachusetts, Amherst Woods Hole Ocean Institute MICHIGAN $455,140 $1,122,796 $1,577,936 University of Michigan MINNESOTA $181,194 $137,673 $318,867 Augsburg College Saint Olaf College University of Minnesota, Twin Cities MISSOURI $0 $49,911 $49,911 University of Missouri, Rolla MONTANA $0 $60,188 $60,188 Montana State University NEBRASKA $123,500 $44,260 $167,760 University of Nebraska, Lincoln NEVADA $226,822 $0 $226,822 University of Nevada Desert Research Institute NEW HAMPSHIRE $1,170,663 $305,405 $1,476,068 Dartmouth College University of New Hampshire U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) NEW JERSEY $51,731 $197,160 $248,891 Rutgers University NEW YORK $1,013,706 $1,009,702 $2,023,408 Barnard College Clarkson University Colgate University Columbia University Cornell University-Endowed Hunter College State University of New York, Brockport State University of New York, Buffalo State University of New York, Plattsburgh State University of New York, Stonybrook Syracuse University University of Rochester Vassar College NORTH CAROLINA $143,651 $68,794 $212,445 Appalachian State University Duke University East Carolina University OHIO $1,201,385 $85,556 $1,286,941 Kent State University Ohio State University Ohio State University Research Foundation OREGON $280,594 $219,667 $500,261 Environmental Protection Agency Oregon State University University of Oregon, Eugene PENNSYLVANIA $492,222 $0 $492,222 Bryn Mawr College Carnegie Mellon University Pennsylvania State University RHODE ISLAND $117,459 $24,964 $142,423 Brown University University of Rhode Island SOUTH CAROLINA $0 $145,000 $145,000 Clemson University TENNESSEE $222,930 $35,000 $257,930 University of Tennessee TEXAS $59,938 $487,124 $547,062 International Junior Investigator and Postdoctoral Fellows Program Texas A&M University Research Foundation University of North Texas University of Texas at Austin William Marsh Rice University UTAH $50,652 $497,441 $548,093 University of Utah Medical School Utah State University VERMONT $61,553 $0 $61,553 Northern Power Systems, Inc. VIRGINIA $453,385 $90,000 $543,385 College of William and Mary Marine Institute George Mason University Naval Research Laboratory Old Dominion Research Foundation WASHINGTON $1,494,101 $637,245 $2,131,346 University of Washington Western Washington University WISCONSIN $213,093 $294,753 $507,846 University of Wisconsin-Madison University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh WYOMING $279,544 $0 $279,544 University of Wyoming INTERNATIONAL AWARD $24,425 $0 $24,425 Sweden GRAND TOTALS $24,204,889 $16,279,441 $40,484,330 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION ARCTIC AWARDS SUMMARY-1994 OPP AMOUNT ($) NON-OPP AMOUNT ($) ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES (83 awards) Aeronomy 387,817 1,722,878 Atmospheric Chemistry 536,509 985,225 Climate Dynamics 432,883 1,067,390 Facilities and Equipment 40,000 0 Magnetospheric Physics Program 351,248 528,317 Physical Meteorology 0 183,267 Upper Atmospheric Physics 220,000 2,170,322 General 454,545 50,000 SUBTOTAL 2,423,002 6,707,399 TOTAL 9,130,401 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (23 awards) Ecological Studies 0 429,556 Instrumentation 0 69,172 Physiology and Behavior 0 8,480 Long-Term Studies in Environmental Biology 43,159 1,112,456 Population Biology 0 112,000 Biotic Surveys and Inventories 0 187,976 Polar Biology and Medicine 1,188,442 0 General 774,479 348,241 SUBTOTAL 2,006,080 2,267,881 TOTAL 4,273,961 EARTH SCIENCES (46 awards) Continental Dynamics 44,686 684,068 Geology and Paleontology 25,000 579,294 Geophysics 0 360,210 Petrology and Geochemistry 0 206,334 Tectonics 0 363,130 General 868,878 308,801 SUBTOTAL 938,564 2,501,837 TOTAL 3,440,401 OCEAN SCIENCES (17 awards) Facilities 0 257,243 Marine Geology and Geophysics 0 105,068 Oceanographic Technology Program 0 25,000 Oceanography 74,825 0 Physical Oceanography 0 294,584 Ocean Sciences Research Section 728,978 2,500 General 276,402 973,682 SUBTOTAL 1,080,205 1,658,077 TOTAL 2,738,282 GLACIOLOGY (30 awards) 4,046,050 55,000 TOTAL 4,101,050 ARCTIC SYSTEM SCIENCES (106 awards) Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II 2,123,361 0 Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) 3,053,912 2,149,573 Paleoclimates from Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) 1,692,660 2 Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) 3,714,935 0 General 516,517 74,771 SUBTOTAL 11,101,385 2,224,346 TOTAL 13,325,731 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES (25 awards) 1,287,582 134,133 TOTAL 1,421,715 INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS (3 awards) 0 54,860 TOTAL 54,860 ENGINEERING (1 award) 61,553 0 TOTAL 61,553 EDUCATION (7 awards) 0 541,408 TOTAL 541,408 ARCTIC COORDINATION (14 awards) 1,260,468 134,500 TOTAL 1,394,968 SUBTOTAL 24,204,889 16,279,441 GRAND TOTAL 40,484,330 ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AERONOMY Radar Studies of the Ionosphere at Nonequatorial Latitudes ATM 9119811 05/15/92; (ATM) $120,000; 36 months Cornell University_Endowed Ithaca, NY 14853 Donald T. Farley We propose to continue for 3 more years the research program currently supported by NSF Grant ATM-8721669. Most of the work will fall into one of three areas: (1) incoherent scatter research, particularly at high altitudes; (2) auroral radar studies; and (3) studies of temperate latitude E-region plasma instabilities similar to those seen at the equator, and perhaps also temperate latitude spread F. Some effort may also be devoted to Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes research. In most of these areas, an active research program is already underway; in some cases, the program has existed for a number of years and has produced a substantial scientific return. Studies of Plasma Structure in the Ionosphere using Scintillation and Tomographic Techniques ATM 9121660 05/15/91; (ATM) $105,000; 42 months University of Illinois_Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801 Steven J. Franke We propose to investigate the ionospheric plasma structures using two techniques: the tomographic technique and scintillation technique. Each is summarized as follows: (1) Tomographic technique: Our simulation studies over the past several years, as well as several studies by others, have demonstrated the potential and capability of imaging ionospheric structures of horizontal scales from tens of kilometers to hundreds of kilometers. We propose to set up a network of stations to receive Doppler shifted signals from the navigation satellites (NNSS) for the purpose of imaging the equatorial ionosphere to learn about the dynamics of the equatorial anomaly region. This project has associated tasks in repair and modification of donated geodetic TRANSIT receivers, development of a low-cost PC-based data acquisition system, development of receivers at selected field sites, data management and processing, further development of computer algorithm, and data interpretation. (2) Scintillation technique: This project is concerned with analyzing already collected scintillation data at various sites of geophysical interests. One station (Spitzbergen, 77.00øN, 15.55ø west geomagnetic dip 73.43øN) is a polar cusp station. The small structures observed by the scintillation technique can be related to the presence of auroras, the configuration of the interplanetary magnetic field, electromagnetic omissions, and more. In the Pacific-Asia region, data from a network of stations have been collected to analyze the relation of scintillation with the traveling ionospheric disturbances. At the equator, the scintillation data can be correlated with the radar data to investigate the relation between ionospheric motions and the production of small ionospheric structures. Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR): Comparison of Ionospheric Joule Heating Rate with Poynting Flux and Energetic Particle Precipitation Energy Deposition ATM 9201829 09/01/92; (ATM) $36,967, (OPP) $6,000; 36 months SRI International Menlo Park, CA 94025 Jeffrey P. Thayer The PI's propose to estimate distributions of electrical conductivities, neutral wind profiles, and effective electric fields in the E-region through radar experiments. Secondly, they will infer three energy-transfer rates in individual ionospheric flux tubes, i.e., the net Poynting flux entering/leaving the top side of the tube, the Joule heating rate in the flux tube, and the energy carried into the flux tube by auroral particle precipitation. Finally, calculations will focus on statistical averages of energy-transfer rates and their relative importance with respect to magnetic latitude and local time, season, geomagnetic activity, solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field parameters, and phase of the solar cycle. Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR): Radar Investigations of Mesospheric and Lower Thermospheric Dynamics at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland ATM 9201996 09/01/92; (ATM) $145,000; 36 months Clemson University Clemson, SC 29634-5702 Miguel F. Larsen Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR): Radar Investigation of Mesospheric and Lower Thermospheric Dynamics at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland ATM 9202371 09/01/92; (ATM) $80,000; 36 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Susan K. Avery The PIs wish to install and operate a partial reflection drifts and a meteor radar over a 3-year period at Sondre Stomfjord, Greenland. Goals include studying high-latitude dynamics in the height range from approximately 60 to 110 kilometers. The cooperative research effort between Clemson University and the University of Colorado, Boulder will include the study of seasonal variations in tidal amplitudes and phases, gravity wave characteristics, climatology, and fluxes and the study of scattering mechanisms producing the partial reflections. SuperDARN (Dual Auroral Radar Network) ATM 9202400 08/01/92; (ATM) $19,793, (OPP) $5,207; 29 months Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD 21218 Raymond A. Greenwald This proposal investigates an extended longitudinal chain of high-latitude high-frequency radars in order to obtain global-scale coverage of high-latitude ionospheric convection and related phenomena. This chain will provide continuous, two-dimensional observations of high-latitude plasma convection within a field of view that will eventually extend over as much as 14 hours of magnetic local time and 65ø to 85ø in invariant latitude. The SuperDARN network consists of four pairs of radars sighted at five locations extending from Alaska to Finland; this proposal will study the first of these pairs. This network will provide insight to studies in large-scale structure and dynamical evolution of the high-latitude ionospheric convection pattern and its effects on the structure and dynamics of the upper atmosphere. Further, the network will aid in studying global distribution and transport of high-latitude ionospheric irregularities as well as the large-scale distribution and propagation gravity waves excited by high-latitude sources. Continuing Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions: Polar Cap Electric Field ATM 9202795 08/15/92; (OPP) $46,610; 36 months SRI International Menlo Park, CA 94025-3493 Richard A. Doe This project will study the electric-field variations in the polar cap as a function of the interplanetary medium and the magnetic substorm activity. The work will center around the Sondrestrom incoherent-scatter radar but will also consider coincident data from other ground-based facilities and satellite instruments. Two issues the project will address are (1) the influence that the interplanetary medium has on the polar cap electric field and (2) changes in the electric field in and near the polar cap during substorms. Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions: Auroral Emissions Modeling ATM 9203028 08/15/92; (OPP) $60,000; 42 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309-0019 Stanley Solomon The goals of this research are to develop and test methods for inferring particle energy input to the Earth's atmosphere using optical and radar detection systems and to study the atmospheric changes caused by these fluxes. The PI will use the latest prognostic and climatological models of upper-atmosphere density and composition. Auroral model results will be made available to the aeronomy community. D- and E-Region Incoherent-Scatter Radar Observations at Sondrestrom, Greenland ATM 9213969 01/15/93; (ATM) $95,659; 29 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Brenton J. Watkins The Sondrestrom incoherent-scatter radar in Greenland has recently been upgraded with a new radar data acquisition system that allows measurements to be made with a higher spatial resolution than ever before. The effort proposed here will take advantage of the improvements to study two interesting and important problems in ionospheric physics. The first is the appearance of thin layers of metallic ions at altitudes near 110 kilometers. These layers have been observed at lower latitudes and have been explained as the concentration of meteoric material due to shears in the neutral winds. At high latitudes, this explanation does not apply, so that the appearance of these layers in the Sondrestrom data is an important breakthrough. The second topic of the proposed study is the enhanced ionization at altitudes below 100 kilometers that occurs at high latitudes during large magnetic storms. This ionization is produced by energetic protons from the sun, and its presence at such low altitudes can produce dramatic changes in radiowave propagation at high latitudes. Radar Studies of the Polar Summer Mesosphere ATM 9217007 04/15/93; (ATM) $76,287; 23 months Cornell University_Endowed Ithaca, NY 14853 Michael C. Kelley Radar observations at very high latitudes have revealed the existence of a region of enhanced backscatter in the polar summer mesosphere. This region of the atmosphere is the coldest place on Earth and is the location at which the highest clouds on Earth are observed: arctic noctilucent clouds. In a previous NSF-funded study, the PI has put forth the theory that the enhanced radar echoes are charged aerosols and that these particles are drifting slowly downward, analogous to snow. Although not accepted, the PI will continue to investigate this idea by studying in more detail the manner in which the charged aerosol model can account for the radar observations. Furthermore, the PI will specifically address the association between arctic noctilucent clouds and the enhanced radar echoes in the polar summer mesosphere. Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR): Vertical Velocity Measurements in the Mesosphere: Biases and Possible Solutions Using Spatial Interferometry ATM 9301108 06/15/93; (ATM) $44,260; 29 months University of Nebraska, Lincoln Lincoln, NE 68588-0430 Robert D. Palmer One of the most important parameters, which can be derived from atmospheric Doppler radars, is the vertical component of the neutral wind. This project will compare and contrast the various methods used in estimating the vertical velocity in the mesosphere. Mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) and partial reflection drifts (PRD) radars will be used to achieve this goal. MST radars typically use either a vertically pointing beam or the velocity-azimuth-display (VAD) technique to estimate the vertical wind. The vertical beam technique can be biased by instrumental as well as atmospheric effects. The PIs propose that any instrumental bias can be removed using spatial interferometry (SI) to track a radio star such as Cygnus A. Differences between the astronomical position and that obtained from the SI measurements can be attributed to a systematic offset in the beam position. Any atmospheric bias, as a result of inhomogeneities in the reflectivity field, can also be removed using SI techniques. If implemented properly, the VAD technique can produce an unbiased estimate of the vertical wind. On the other hand, if not properly implemented, the resulting vertical velocity estimates will be biased by the divergence in the wind field. The PIs propose to implement both the VAD and SI techniques using the Middle and Upper Atmosphere radar in Shigaraki, Japan, in the 60-90 kilometer range. Both these mesospheric measurements can essentially be conducted simultaneously. Most PRD measurements are restricted to the vertical position because of the configuration of typical systems. Therefore, the biases mentioned above, for the vertically pointing MST radar, are also applicable for PRD systems. Furthermore, the biases should be enhanced because of the typically wide beamwidths used with these radars. PRD radars are multiple-receiver systems operating at 2-3 megahertz. As a result, the methods of eliminating the biases using SI techniques are very similar to the MST case. The PIs will make measurements using a PRD radar, which is planned for installation in Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland, by researchers at Clemson University and the University of Colorado, Boulder. Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR): Analysis of CEDAR-High-Latitude Plasma Structures (HLPS) Polar Cap Arc Observations using Model Observation Comparison Techniques ATM 9302165 06/15/93; (ATM) $43,500; 29 months Utah State University Logan, UT 84322 Jan J. Sojka The CEDAR-HLPS initiative has carried out several observational campaigns to acquire comprehensive databases on Sun-aligned (SA) polar cap arcs. At Utah State University, two distinct modeling efforts have produced models that pertain to SA polar cap arcs, namely, an upgraded Time Dependent Ionospheric Model with embedded Sun-aligned (TDIM-SA) polar cap arcs and a magneto-hydrodynamic coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere (M-I SA) Sun-aligned polar cap arc model. The PIs propose to use these two models in five specific collaborative investigations utilizing CEDAR-HLPS data, allowing each investigation to have a specific scientific goal. The first and second investigations pertain to understanding the dawn-dusk (or vice versa) drift associated with SA polar cap arcs and their multiple arc, striated, nature. Both of these studies use the M-I SA model which exhibits both of these features. The third is to use the HLPS observations of many electrodynamic and plasma parameters to validate the TDIM-SA model, especially the model prediction that the cross-arc drift speed is a key parameter. The goal of the fourth study is to understand the strong convection rotation observed in the vicinity of polar cap and auroral arcs during times when the arc is changing. Again, this type of feature is present in the M-I SA simulations. Strong plasma depletions have been observed adjacent to SA polar cap arcs and have been tentatively associated with electrodynamic current closure requirements. For the fifth study, researchers will use the TDIM-SA to quantify all the electrodynamic parameters and will evaluate if this hypothesis is the source of the plasma depletions. Arctic Noctilucent Cloud Campaign (ANLC)-93: Aircraft-Borne and Ground-Based Hydroxyl and Noctilucent Cloud (NLC) Measurements of Small- and Large-Scale Dynamics in the Polar Summer Mesosphere ATM 9302481 09/15/93; (ATM) $36,057; 29 months Utah State University Logan, UT 84322 Patrick J. Espy As part of the ANLC-93, the PIs propose to make aircraft-borne and ground-based spectroscopic observations of the hydroxyl infrared nightglow as well as photographic observations of NLC. These will be done to investigate the residual gravity and planetary wave fields present during the arctic summer and their possible relationship to the formation of mesospheric clouds. The intent is to measure the OH nightglow radiance and temperature from the National Center for Atmospheric Research aircraft. This will allow researchers to characterize the mesosphere in the nocti-lucent clouds and polar mesospheric clouds regions and to examine the relationship of mesospheric clouds detected by the aircraft Lidar to the geographical characteristics of OH gravity waves and planetary-scale disturbances. The PIs also propose to characterize the polar summer mesosphere throughout the campaign with observations of the OH nightglow radiance and temperature from ground stations located at about 60øN. These measurements will be used to examine the temporal behavior of gravity waves and planetary-scale disturbances and will provide the context within which the aircraft data may be interpreted. Finally, the presence of NLC over the ground stations will be photographically documented in order to determine the occurrence frequency, extent, altitude, and structure and morphology of the NLC. Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR): The Longyearbyen Optical Station ATM 9302610 06/15/93; (ATM) $134,166; 29 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Roger W. Smith The Longyearbyen Optical Station is the only ground station in the Northern Hemisphere with regular scheduled airline service, permitting 24-hour observation of the aurora and airglow. The European Incoherent Scatter radar polar cap extension will be built a few miles from the observatory site. This proposal seeks funding for maintenance of Longyearbyen in support of the CEDAR and Geospace Environment Modeling programs so that it will provide a ready location for continued high-latitude optical studies. The station has supported investigations of dayside and nightside aurora, ionospheric currents, high-latitude dynamics of the thermosphere and mesosphere, and measurements of stratospheric minor constituents connected with the ozone cycle. In collaboration with the University of Tromso, the University of Alaska has developed the station to a modern research facility in the arctic tundra complete with a set of first-class optical and magnetic instruments, individual observing bays for visitors, areas for setup and repair, and comfortable living conditions. The PIs plan the continuation of this work with centrally supported maintenance of the station and its instrument complement. Analysis and Interpretation of Sondre Stromfjord Incoherent Scatter Radar Measurements and Ancillary High-Latitude Data Pertaining to Lower-Thermospheric and Upper-Mesospheric Dynamics ATM 9307487 08/01/93; (ATM) $84,041; 24 months University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Roberta M. Johnson This proposal requests a continuation of core support to allow analysis and interpretation of upper-mesospheric and lower-thermospheric measurements obtained at high latitudes with the Sondre Stromfjord incoherent scatter radar, in conjunction with complementary measurements obtained with other ground-based instruments. The proposed studies continue and extend work currently underway in support of the Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions Lower-Thermospheric Coupling Study (LTCS) and the Coordinated Analysis of the Thermosphere initiatives. Specifically, the PI proposes to continue analyzing and interpreting measurements obtained during LTCS experiments with the Sondre Stromfjord radar and comparisons with other simultaneous radar and optical measurements and theoretical modeling results. Theoretical Studies of Dynamical Processes in the Ionosphere ATM 9308163 08/01/93; (ATM) $148,152; 30 months Utah State University Logan, UT 84322 Robert W. Schunk The proposed research is a continuation of theoretical studies of the effects that plasma transport processes have on the ionosphere. The proposed research spans a 3-year period and will be conducted by five senior scientists, two postdoctoral fellows, and a graduate student. The research involves model-data and model-model comparisons, theoretical studies of ionospheric dynamics and electrodynamics, ionospheric outflow studies (polar wind), and certain plasmaspheric studies. The overall scientific approach is to consider the ionosphere as an integrated system that interacts with both the magnetosphere and thermosphere. The various members of the group will study different, but related, ionospheric problems, with the result that almost all of the major ionospheric regions will be studied, including the E-region, F-region, and topside ionosphere at equatorial, middle, and high latitudes. In the course of the studies, certain models will be upgraded and/or improved, but the bulk of the proposed studies will be conducted with existing ionospheric, plasmaspheric, polar wind, and electrodynamic models. One of the main goals of the proposed research is to elucidate the processes linking the ionosphere-magnetosphere-thermosphere system similar to the Solar Terrestrial Energy Program Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR) programs. Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR): Early Polar Cap Observatory (ESU 93-13) ATM 9311236 09/01/93; (OPP) $160,000, (ATM) $175,707; 60 months SRI International Menlo Park, CA 94025 John D. Kelly The Polar Cap Observatory (PCO) is considered essential for continued progress in understanding the Sun's influence on the structure and dynamics of Earth's atmosphere. An essential first step to the establishment of the PCO is the development of infrastructure in Resolute Bay, Northwest Territories, Canada, and to conduct preliminary scientific investigations in Resolute Bay. The PIs propose to provide the necessary infrastructure to begin the early PCO phase. This includes a building with laboratory space, optical domes, and living quarters; road construction; and the installation of power lines. The PI will also provide a spaced-receiver scintillation detector and ionospheric drift monitor and a frequency-agile radar for preliminary scientific investigations. These investigations will focus on polar cap E-fields, plasma structure, polar cap auroral arcs, and polar mesospheric echoes. In addition, the proposed infrastructure would be capable of supporting instruments proposed by other researchers that might include a spectrometer, interferometer, photometer, magnetometer, digisonde, riometer, medium-frequency radar, ST radar, and others. Joint Incoherent-Scatter-Radar (ISR) and Spectroscopic-Interferometric Investigations of Auroral Processes Over Sondrestromfjord ATM 9320426 04/15/94; (ATM) $90,061; 17 months Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Daytona Beach, FL 32014 Gulamabas G. Sivjee This award is for joint radar and optical investigations of the interactions between the atmospheric constituents in the polar thermosphere and precipitating auroral electrons. The latter dissipate most of their energy through a combination of processes involving dissociation, excitation, and ionization of some of the upper atmospheric constituents. In turn, the by-products of these processes interact with ambient air particles to modify polar thermospheric composition and thermodynamics. All these upper atmospheric auroral processes can be investigated by combining ground-based remote sensing measurements of auroral ionization profiles using ISR sounding of the auroral region, and concurrent bore-sighted spectroscopic and interferometric observations of the optical signatures of the auroral electron excitation of N2, O2, O, and N. The database for these studies will be constructed from the ISR and spectro-interferometric observations of auroral displays occurring over Sondrestromfjord, Greenland. Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR): Class I Imaging Spectroscopic Facility for Optical Remote Sensing of Airglow and Auroral Processes in the Polar Middle Atmosphere and Thermosphere ATM 9402061 05/15/94; (ATM) $68,317; 11 months Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Daytona Beach, FL 32014 Gulamabas G. Sivjee The PIs propose to build a CEDAR Class I high-throughput imaging spectroscopic system for ground-based remote sensing of polar middle- and upper-atmosphere airglow and auroral processes at the Polar Cap Observatory site in Resolute Bay. The new optical facility will have "Class I instruments" capable of attaining CEDAR goals of using "state-of-the-art technology to achieve greater sensitivity, better spatial and temporal resolution, and new measurement capabilities." Among the many aeronomic research projects that can be undertaken (with greater accuracy and spatial as well as temporal resolutions) are (1) derivation of N and O densities in the thermosphere and (2) investigation of the excitation mechanisms for highly dynamic transient phenomena such as type-B red aurora. Extended Life Balloon-Borne Observatories (ELBBO) ATM 9402764 06/01/94; (ATM) $65,000; 12 months University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Robert H. Holzworth The objectives of this proposal are threefold: (1) to determine ionospheric convection patterns in polar cap, auroral zone, and midlatitudes from stratospheric balloon-borne electrodynamic measurements; (2) to determine long- and short-term variability of global circuit; and (3) to evaluate the importance of stratospheric and tropospheric electric field sources to inferred ionospheric convection. The research will address problems at the foot-of-the-field lines for International Solar Terrestrial Physics/Global Geospace Study satellites. The balloon program's overall goal is to understand the structure and dynamics of the magnetosphere better. It will play an essential role in providing new data to the problem where neither satellites nor radars can provide the high-time resolution, long duration, and multiple simultaneous data points now available with the PI's data set. Experimental and Modeling Studies of Polar Cap Patches and Auroral Blobs ATM 9404088 07/01/94; (ATM) $49,911; 12 months Boston College Chestnut Hill, MA 02167 Cesar E. Valladares The purpose of this project is to study the formation and evolution of large-scale plasma structures in the high-latitude ionosphere. The plasma structures to be studied are 100- to 1,000-kilometer scale enhancements of the F-region plasma density. The program combines observations with numerical modeling. The observational program consists of coordinated measurements using the Sondrestrom and European Incoherent Scatter radars, as well as other ground-based instruments. The modeling effort involves simulations guided by both specific observations and various theoretical scenarios. In support of this effort, an existing high-latitude F-region model will be improved as needed to include multispecies, E-region chemistry, and calculations of the ion and electron temperatures. The primary goal of this effort is to understand the mechanisms that control the appearance, size, and shape of the plasma patches in the Polar Cap and the ionization enhancements in the auroral oval. The results will provide valuable insights into the physics of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. Magnetospheric and Ionospheric Research Using the Cornell University Portable Radar Interferometer (CUPRI) ATM 9406140 08/01/94; (ATM) $105,000; 12 months Cornell University_Endowed Ithaca, NY 14853 Wesley E. Swartz CUPRI provides data for studies of ionospheric plasma and neutral turbulence. CUPRI probes a variety of auroral and mid-latitude E-region phenomena, F-region chemical releases, equatorial spread-F, and the polar mesosphere. This renewal project will fund the continuing acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of CUPRI data. Both undergraduate and graduate students will continue to play a role in CUPRI operations, data analysis, and data interpretation. Active and Passive Very-Low-Frequency (VLF) Wave-Particle Interaction Experiments: Mechanism and Diagnostic Application OPP 9221395 03/15/93; (OPP) $110,000; 29 months Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 Robert A. Helliwell This award will continue the analysis of VLF radiowave data acquired from Siple Station, Antarctica, and the magnetically conjugate station in Quebec. From 1973 to 1989, the U.S. Antarctic Program operated a VLF transmitter at Siple that produced a very large and unique data set, which has already provided new insight into the structure of the Earth's magnetosphere. The investigators at Stanford University will continue to analyze and theoretically interpret the experimental results. In addition, they will digitize selected analogue tapes and archive them for future research. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY The Arctic Radiation Balance OPP 9321547 05/01/94; (OPP) $120,939; 18 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Jeffrey R. Key This 3-year program will quantify the individual energy streams that make up the arctic surface radiation budget and will relate the observed radiation distribution to synoptic-scale wind, pressure, and moisture patterns. It will be the first effort to produce a comprehensive radiation climatology for the Arctic. The arctic surface energy budget, particularly that of the Arctic Ocean, has been identified as a major component of the global-climate system that is potentially sensitive to climate-scale perturbations due to feedback mechanisms involving the surface albedo, the stability of the lower troposphere, and water vapor transport. The project includes four main tasks: (1) the analysis of solar and long-wave radiation data obtained directly at manned observing sites in the Arctic; (2) the calculation of radiative fluxes at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere using a satellite-based cloud data product from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP); (3) the comparison, for selected months, of ISCCP-derived fluxes to the corresponding synoptic regime; and (4) the study to assess the effects of the sampling and analysis procedure on the radiation statistics and their temporal variability. Near-Surface Processes Affecting Gas Exchange at Summit, Greenland OPP 9321420 04/01/94; (OPP) $64,090; 12 months U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) Hanover, NH 03755 Mary R. Albert The proposed project is a field study of the physical processes that affect the manner in which atmospheric constituents are incorporated into polar snow and firn at the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet. These processes are an important component in reconstructing the characteristics of paleoatmospheres from the observation of inclusions in deep ice cores and consist of the direct transport by the flow of air within the snow (advection), the molecular scale dispersion (diffusion), and the effects of solar radiation penetrating into the snow. The air-to-snow transfer of atmospheric constituents is filtered and potentially altered by such processes. The objectives are to define the magnitude and extent in space and time of these transfer processes, and to develop a process-level understanding and a capability to model these processes. Field studies will be conducted in central Greenland in the summer of 1994 to determine the spatial and temporal variability of key parameters and to observe boundary conditions needed to constrain the model. An existing multidimensional numerical model will be extended and verified to simulate the advection, diffusion, and radiation transmission/absorption processes. Snow-Atmosphere Transfer Function for Reversibly Deposited Chemical Species OPP 9224192 08/15/93; (OPP) $115,000; 29 months University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 Roger C. Bales This is one of four coordinated projects that will use the camp facilities established on the ice sheet in Greenland's interior as part of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II ice-core-drilling effort. The purpose of the projects is to investigate how atmospheric trace elements are deposited on the ice and the changes they undergo as they are incorporated into the ice. An understanding of such processes is necessary to properly interpret the proxy climate data that can be recovered from ice cores. While significant progress has been made recently in extracting and analyzing ice cores, progress in understanding the air-to-snow transfer process for reactive chemical species has lagged behind. The goal of this project is to determine the atmosphere-to-snow transfer function for chemical species whose deposition is reversible, i.e., ones that can move from the snow back into the atmosphere to be removed or redeposited elsewhere. The two species to be investigated are hydrogen peroxide and formaldehyde. Based on measurements of their concentration in the free atmosphere, in the air within the snow, as well as in snow and ice, a transfer model will be developed. Concurrent laboratory studies will be done to determine and constrain model parameters such as chemical equilibrium coefficients and mass transfer coefficients. The model will be generalized for application to other reactive species, such as nitric acid and organic acids. Solute Transport in Seasonal Snowpacks BES 9018245 02/15/91; (EEC) $1,875, (BES) $625; 48 months University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 Roger C. Bales This is a project to study the transport, distribution, and fate of chemical species in snow accumulations as they undergo metamorphism, melting, and final release. The research involves carrying out intermediate-scale and bench-scale experiments of solute transport followed by field-tracer studies at a well-instrumented site to verify and confirm the mathematical solute-transport models. The investigator plans on conducting image processing of snow sections at the Center for Remote Sensing and Environmental Optics and plans to utilize laboratory facilities of the Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory, operated by the University of California, Santa Barbara. His research also involves collaboration with the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory in Hanover, New Hampshire. Results of the modeling, bench-scale and field studies are expected to improve the understanding of physical processes that control the movement of chemical solutes by water from melting snow. The model expected to result from this research is expected to be utilized in developing strategies for predicting and managing the flush of acidic substances from accumulated deposits of snow. A Study of the High-Latitude Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Reservoir ATM 9215127 09/15/92; (ATM) $120,000; 42 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Daniel A. Jaffe The springtime arctic troposphere has been shown to be a major reservoir of many anthropogenically derived pollutants, including nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. Based on the available data, it is estimated that the arctic troposphere contains roughly 10 percent of the global tropospheric burden of NOx during spring. In addition, tropospheric ozone concentrations are known to be increasing at about 1-2 percent per year during spring and summer at high latitudes. The springtime measurements of NO at Barrow, Alaska, suggest that photochemical activity and ozone production is possible during the late spring period when NOx and nonmethane hydrocarbons are still high, temperatures are warming, and solar intensity is increasing. In this study, the PI will further develop and validate instrumental capabilities for making measurements of the nitrogen oxide species at low ambient mixing ratios. Once validated, the PI will focus on gaining an improved understanding of the temporal distribution of NO, NO2,and NOx at Barrow during the spring-summer transition period. These measurements, along with J(NO2) and O3, can then be used to calculate the O3 production rates and to evaluate the change in NOx speciation as a function of temperature and solar intensity. Analysis of Brominated Compounds in the Atmosphere by the Photodetachment-Modulated Electron Capture Detector ATM 9300893 09/15/94; (ATM) $44,492; 11 months Montana State University Bozeman, MT 59717 Eric P. Grimsrud In recent years it has become increasingly recognized that brominated compounds (BrCs) in the atmosphere may play a significant role in stratospheric ozone depletion, especially in the Antarctic and Arctic regions. Most of the attention to date concerning stratospheric ozone depletion has centered on the role of chlorinated compounds (ClCs), in part because of their relatively high concentrations in the troposphere, now totaling well over a part per billion (mole ratio). One of the greatest challenges associated with atmospheric studies of the BrCs is related to their relatively low concentrations in the troposphere, typically in the low or sub parts-per-trillion range. The BrCs are therefore relatively difficult to detect and quantitatively analyze in atmospheric samples that invariably contain a large excess of other organic compounds, including the ClCs. In this research, a new instrument will be applied to the analysis of BrCs in atmospheric samples. This instrument is called the SiF4-doped Photodetachment-Modulated Electron Capture Detector (SiF4-PDMECD) and has been shown to provide sensitive responses to BrCs, but does not respond to ClCs or other organic compounds. In this project, the SiF4-PDMECD will be evaluated specifically for the analysis of BrCs in the atmosphere and will thereby provide the field of atmospheric chemistry with an additional and, very possibly, a superior analysis capability for future investigations of the atmospheric chemistry of brominated compounds. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Column Abundance Measurements and Trace-Gas Chemistry Regulating Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Abundance ATM 9302348 09/15/93; (OPP) $50,000, (ATM) $38,620; 29 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Knut Stamnes Laboratory Studies of Halogen Heterogeneous Chemistry on Aerosols ATM 9306972 09/15/93; (ATM) $76,892; 23 months University of Chicago Chicago, IL 60637 Jonathan P.D. Abbatt The aim of this research is to investigate the role of stratospheric NO2 on the chemistry and abundance of ozone. The researchers will measure NO2 column densities at two high-latitude sites in the Northern Hemisphere using twilight absorption spectroscopy in the wavelength range 430-450 nanometers where NO2 has appreciable absorption features. The site at Svalbard, Norway (78ø N) is expected tø be inside the polar vortex more frequently than the one at Fairbanks, Alaska (65ø N). The measurements will be conducted on a continuous basis providing a baseline for NO2 abundance under perturbed, as well as unperturbed, stratospheric conditions. This set of measurements will allow researchers to study differences in NO2 climatology between the two sites and relate the NO2 abundance to stratospheric ozone content, temperature, and circulation. Radiative transfer modeling, including the effects of spherical geometry and refraction in the presence of cloud and aerosol layers, will be used to construct synthetic spectra that will allow them to study the sensitivity of the retrieved NO2 abundance to cloud and aerosol effects as well as the feasibility of retrieving NO2 vertical profiles. The Development of a Fast-Response, Lightweight Instrument for In Situ Measurements of Reactive Chlorine and Bromine in the Lower Stratosphere ATM 9313412 05/01/94; (ATM) $52,357, (OPP) $50,000; 12 months University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA 92717 Darin W. Toohey The concentration of ozone in the lower stratosphere is sensitive to interaction of part-per-trillion abundances of radical species in the NOx, HOx, ClOx, and BrOx families. While NOx and HOx are predominantly of natural origin, concentrations of the halogen oxides in the stratosphere are thought to be increasing as a result of anthropogenic uses of organic halides, mainly the chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and methyl bromide. The inherent nonlinear coupling of these radical families complicates interpretations of stratospheric photochemistry that rely either on isolated measurements of a single species in the atmosphere or on measurements using a single detection technique. This research project will focus on the design and deployment of a new instrument for in situ measurements of reactive chlorine (ClO and Cl2O2) and reactive bromine (BrO). This instrument, based on the technique of chemical-conversion resonance fluorescence, has flown successfully on aircraft and balloons and will be lightweight for easy deployment with existing balloon- or aircraft-borne payloads, especially those to be flown on a new class of unmanned aircraft. Researchers will work closely with investigators who measure halogen oxides with remote techniques from the ground, balloons, and space to provide a critical intercomparison of available techniques and an evaluation of the uncertainties of measurements over the altitude range of 12 to 35 kilometers. The PIs are also interested in interactions with members of the Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change and of the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite. The project scientists will also seek collaborative investigations of the chemical and dynamical processes that determine the abundance of ozone-destroying radicals in the lower stratosphere. The studies will focus on the influence of aerosols on the balance of NOx, ClOx, and BrOx chemistries, especially near the tropical tropopause and at midlatitudes. Theoretical Studies of the Chemical Composition of the Earth's Atmosphere ATM 9320778 06/15/94; (ATM) $240,000; 11 months Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 Michael B. McElroy This research project is aimed at addressing key issues in stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry. For the stratosphere: (1) field observations will be used to test and refine our understanding of the role of heterogenous processes on the chemistry of the lower stratosphere; (2) diagnostic models will be developed and applied to elucidate the chemical and dynamical mechanisms responsible for long-term trends in the ozone, with particular attention to global effects of volcanic aerosols; and (3) the role of denitrification will be examined as the controlling influence on loss of ozone in polar regions, as part of a strategy to clarify differences between ozone loss in the Arctic and Antarctic. For the troposphere, the PI proposes to (1) use data on short-lived species from recent field expeditions to test and improve photochemical mechanisms; with (2) test the distribution of hydroxyl radical in a global three-dimensional Chemical Tracer Model (CTM) using observations of carbon 14 labeled carbon monoxide; (3) test, using the CTM, an inventory of sources for carbon monoxide, a key species-regulating hydroxyl radical concentration, taking advantage of new data for carbon 13, labeled carbon monoxide and carbon 18, labeled carbon monoxide, including additional studies of ethylene and acetylene; and (4) use the CTM to investigate changes in the oxidizing power of the troposphere from 1950 to the present. Chemical and Spectroscopic Studies of Stratospheric Aerosols ATM 9321582 04/15/94; (ATM) $118,406; 17 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Margaret A. Tolbert Chemical reactions on type I polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are currently believed to be a key step in polar ozone destruction. Although type I PSCs are thought to be composed of nitric acid/water vapor (HNO3/H2O) mixtures, their exact chemical composition and phase are still uncertain. This research project will use infrared, visible, and ultraviolet spectroscopy to determine the chemical composition of type I PSCs. First, the optical constants for HNO3/H2O mixtures will be measured over a wide wavelength range for use in comparisons with field observations of type I PSCs. Laboratory studies of model type I PSC film growth will also be performed. These studies will use in situ Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as a probe of the chemical composition and phase of the condensed material during PSC nucleation and growth. In addition to the use of spectroscopy to identify PSCs, new spectroscopic experiments will study surface reactions on type I PSCs. The reaction of chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) with hydrochloric acid (HCl) on type I PSCs is currently believed to be the single most important heterogenous reaction promoting ozone loss. Previous work has shown that this reaction depends strongly on relative humidity. Large angle reflectance FTIR spectroscopy will be used to probe the surface reaction of ClONO2 with HCI on model type I PSC films. Surface spectroscopic probes of the condensed-phase should yield insight into the complex mechanism of this important heterogenous reaction. In addition to chemical reactions on PSCs, there is now heightened interest in heterogenous chemistry on the global stratospheric sulfate aerosol (SSA) layer. Chemical reactions on background and volcanic SSAs may be responsible for the downward trend in ozone observed in the past decade. This project will investigate the chemical and physical properties of SSAs, composed primarily of sulfuric acid and water vapors (H2SO4) and (H2O). Spectroscopic experiments will also be performed to characterize low-temperature liquid and frozen sulfuric acid films representative of SSAs for use in comparisons with field observations of SSAs. In addition, the chemical reactivity of SSAs will be studied. A combination of gas-phase and condensed-phase detection of reactants and products will be used to obtain a more comprehensive picture of the condensed-phase reactions. Initial studies will focus on the uptake and reactivity of HOx reservoir species in sulfuric acid as a function of composition and phase of the acid. Heterogeneous Chemical Processes of Importance in the Stratosphere ATM 9322740 04/15/94; (ATM) $169,040; 17 months Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 Mario J. Molina The objective of the proposed research is to improve the understanding of the processes responsible for chlorine activation in the stratosphere. These processes involve chemical reactions occurring on polar stratospheric cloud particles and on liquid sulfuric acid aerosols. It is important to have a detailed knowledge of the mechanisms of these heterogeneous reactions in order to make reliable predictions of future ozone depletion, particularly at high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. Some of the proposed experiments are designed to probe various aspects of the interaction of hydrochloric acid (HCl) vapor with ice surfaces. These include testing the solvation of HCl by monitoring its isotopic exchange with heavy hydrochloric acid (DCl), investigating the effects of surface morphology, exploring the extent of the uptake at very low HCl partial pressures, and more. The results should help to discriminate among the various HCl uptake mechanisms proposed so far, i.e., physical adsorption versus formation of a liquid-like layer on the ice surface. Other proposed experiments consist of measurements of the reaction probabilities for chlorine activation processes on liquid sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and water vapor solutions with compositions such as those predicted for aerosol particles in the high-latitude stratosphere. The results of these experiments are potentially of great importance for interpreting the unusually high levels of the chlorine monoxide radical observed in some air parcels in the lower stratosphere. Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere ATM 9412445 09/15/94; (ATM) $125,418; 11 months University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 Gabor A. Somorjai Through laboratory studies, these researchers will conduct a systematic search for new important heterogeneous reactions in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, that is, heterogeneous reactions other than those recognized to occur in the antarctic spring. They will measure the surface coverages and compositions of selected trace species on the surfaces of water ice, nitric acid trihydrate, and supercooled sulfuric acid/water solutions. These surfaces will be exposed to trace atmospheric species one at a time, two at a time, and in some cases three at a time in order to investigate reaction-enhanced surface adsorption as well as single-species surface coverages. The plan is to study these surface compositions under experimental conditions similar to those present in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. These experiments will employ the surface science techniques of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for the determination of the elemental composition of the surface and the oxidation states (and therefore the bonding of the surface chemical species), Auger electron spectroscopy for the determination of the elemental composition of the surface, and quadrapole mass spectroscopy for identification and monitoring of the gas phase chemical species. In conjunction with these experiments, through use of chemical thermodynamics combined with the composition and temperature data provided by the Livermore two-dimensional atmospheric model, these researchers will determine the locations and times that various chemical reactions are thermodynamically capable of undergoing heterogeneous catalysis at noon and midnight, during June and September, at altitudes of 5 to 35 kilometers, and from pole to pole. By combining these two novel lines of study they seek to identify candidates for new heterogeneous atmospheric reactions and suitable catalysts for such reactions. Reactants of interest include atmospheric trace species such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine molecules, and NOx molecules. One specific research task will emphasize the +3 oxidation state of nitrogen [N(III)], which is significant in urban smog, but is apparently not important in stratospheric models, and measurements. N(III) species may be a significant reservoir for active NOx, a sink for stratospheric Noy, a catalyst for activating HCl, and a source of atmospheric OH radical. Through such laboratory studies, the PIs hope to locate where in the atmosphere N(III) chemistry is important and investigate previously unidentified heterogeneous reactions that occur under the conditions present in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Analysis of the Long-Term Record of Arctic Airborne Particle Composition OPP 9122944 05/01/92; (OPP) $108,000; 42 months Clarkson University Potsdam, NY 13676 Philip K. Hopke This is a renewed investigation of the trace constituents in arctic aerosols, using the Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) technique. The technique is extremely sensitive and powerful, capable of determining the concentration of about 40 elements, including many environmentally crucial ones such as aluminum, zinc, arsenic, and antimony that are present in very low concentrations. As a first priority, this study will complete the analysis of filtered samples obtained by the Atmospheric Environment Services of Canada on Ellesmere Island since 1980, and secondarily will analyze samples obtained at Mould Bay and Igloolik during the winter-to-spring transition. The occurrence of arctic haze, the general term for aerosol concentrations in the lower troposphere, reaches a seasonal maximum in late winter when it becomes widespread through the Arctic. The variation is the result both of seasonal differences in the northward transport and of the removal process through wet and dry deposition. Multivariate factor analysis, potential source contribution functions, and time series analyses, combined with air mass trajectories, will provide advective patterns that will refine our understanding of the transport mechanism and atmospheric pathways from the source regions to the Canadian Arctic and allow the investigation of trends in the relative composition of the arctic aerosol trace constituents. Ground-Based Infrared Measurements in the Arctic OPP 9214819 08/15/92; (OPP) $134,555; 42 months University of Denver Denver, CO 80208 Frank J. Murcray This project will measure a number of trace gases which play an important role in the destruction of stratospheric ozone. The measured species will include hydrogen chloride, methane, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ethane, water vapor, nitric acid, chlorine-nitrate, carbon dioxide, the chlorofluorocarbons F-11 and F-22, ozone, and carbon tetrafluoride. The measurement will be made from the ground by a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer operating in two modes. The primary mode will be to view the rising (or setting) sun at high spectral resolution and to deduce the atmospheric constituents by observing the absorption of solar infrared radiation while simultaneously determining the altitude distribution of some of the trace gases. The secondary mode will be to use the FTIR at low resolution to measure emission from trace gases during the polar night when the sun is unavailable as a source of radiation. This project is important for the study of global change, especially for the effects of man-made chlorine-bearing compounds on the ozone layer. Long-Range Atmospheric Transport and its Relationship to Air-Snow-Ice Chemistry at Summit, Greenland OPP 9222963 08/15/93; (OPP) $80,000; 29 months University of Wisconsin_Milwaukee Milwaukee, WI 53201 Jonathan D. Kahl This is one of four coordinated projects that will use the camp facilities established on the ice sheet in Greenland's interior as part of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project II ice-core-drilling effort. The purpose of the projects is to investigate how atmospheric trace elements are deposited on the ice and the changes they undergo as they are incorporated into the ice. An understanding of such processes is necessary to properly interpret the proxy climate data that can be recovered from ice cores. While significant progress has been made recently in extracting and analyzing ice cores, progress in understanding the air-to-snow transfer process for reactive chemical species has lagged behind. The goal of this project is to provide a detailed understanding of the atmospheric transport processes that influence the precipitation chemistry over the Greenland ice sheet. The examination of variations in air-snow-ice chemistry measurements during the time for which reliable global meteorological archives are available will allow the extrapolation of the ice-core chemistry atmospheric transport link backward in time to periods for which meteorological information does not exist. Knowledge of long-range atmospheric transport is basic to the air-snow transfer process. The recovered ice cores contain impurities and components whose sources are distant and which were carried by atmospheric circulation to the interior of Greenland. Variations in the physical and chemical composition of the ice along the core reflect, to a large extent, variations in atmospheric circulation patterns. As part of this project, a long-term atmospheric trajectory climatology will be prepared as will an examination of the seasonal and interannual variability of observed transport patterns. Eddy Correlation Measurements of Snow-Atmosphere Exchange of NOx and Water Vapor at Summit, Greenland OPP 9224280 08/15/93; (OPP) $113,000; 29 months Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 Daniel J. Jacob This is one of four coordinated projects that will use the camp facilities established on the ice sheet in Greenland's interior as part of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project II ice-core-drilling effort. The purpose of the projects is to investigate how atmospheric trace elements are deposited on the ice and the changes they undergo as they are incorporated into the ice. An understanding of such processes is necessary to properly interpret the proxy climate data that can be recovered from ice cores. While significant progress has been made recently in extracting and analyzing ice cores, progress in understanding the air-to-snow transfer process for reactive chemical species has lagged behind. The goal of this project is to determine the vertical fluxes of reactive nitrogen oxides, water vapor, sensible heat, and momentum through a field measurement program in 1994 and 1995. A specific objective is to define the transfer function between reactive nitrogen oxide concentrations in the atmosphere and in the snow, thus allowing the interpretation of the nitrate record in ice cores in terms of changes in the atmospheric photochemistry and the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen. Other objectives include determining the environmental variables regulating the exchange of reactive nitrogen oxides between air and snow, assessing the relative importance of dry and wet deposition and re-evaporation in controlling the nitrate accumulation, and analyzing the meteorological conditions controlling the supply of nitrates to the ice sheet. The Third Circumpolar Symposium on Remote Sensing of Arctic Environments OPP 9319166 01/01/94; (OPP) $954; 18 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Kenneson Dean This award will provide partial support for the Third Circumpolar Symposium on Remote Sensing of Arctic Environments, to be convened in Fairbanks, Alaska, in May 1994. The symposium will provide a forum for the presentation and discussion of current results of original research in the remote-sensing of physical and biological phenomena and processes in the terrestrial and marine polar regions. The first two symposia, held in 1990 and 1992, pointed out that satellite and airborne remote sensing systems are one of the most valuable sources of environmental data for the study of the polar regions. Since then, the successful launching of the ERS-1 and JERS-1 satellites is beginning to provide a massive amount of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data of the polar regions through the Alaska SAR Facility, located on the campus of the University of Alaska and has greatly expanded the scope of processes that can be studied remotely. CLIMATE DYNAMICS Study of Climate Change Mechanism in Cloud-Capped Planetary Boundary Layer over the Arctic Ocean Using a Hierarchy of Models Resolving Cloud Formation Processes OPP 9415350 08/15/94; (OPP) $160,284; 11 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Victor V. Filyushkin This project is a study of the radiative, microphysical, and dynamic properties of low stratiform clouds with the objective of improving the treatment of radiative transfer in general circulation models (GCMs) under varying cloud conditions and of improving the parameterization of cloud formation and cloud properties in GCMs. A low overcast ("arctic stratus") is characteristic of the Arctic Ocean region, particularly in summer. These low clouds affect the radiation budget of both the free atmosphere and the sea-ice surface. Their structure results from an interaction among the large-scale transport of heat and moisture into the Arctic, the macrophysical processes of boundary layer turbulence, and the microphysical and optical properties of liquid water droplets. In this project radiative cloud forcing and the transport of momentum, heat, and moisture will be modeled using a recently developed three-dimensional large eddy simulation model with explicit formulation of cloud microphysics. The model will be extended by introducing an adaptive grid near the top of the cloud layer and by adapting a two-stream radiative scheme to parameterize cloud inhomogeneities and their effect on the radiation field. A Cooperative Paleoclimatic Study of the Guliya Ice Cap, China: Relationship to Global Climate Variability ATM 8916635 02/01/91; (ATM) $75,000, (OPP) $75,000; 48 months Ohio State University Research Foundation Columbus, OH 43210-1063 Lonnie G. Thompson Ice-core drilling has provided some of the most important paleoclimatic information for the Quaternary interval of the Earth's history. Ice-core samples have made it possible to determine the relationship between climate change and atmospheric gas composition. In some low-latitude regions, the accumulation rate of snow is high enough to resolve annual variations in climate and El Nino Southern Oscillations (ENSO) scale events. This proposal requests support to drill such an ice cap_the Guliya Ice Cap in China. Located on the northwestern edge of the Qinghai(Tibetan Plateau, it is the largest and highest subtropical ice cap in the world. Thus it is likely to contain the best uninterrupted record of paleoclimatic and atmospheric chemistry from the low latitudes. Using the ice-core samples, along with others collected from low-latitude sites in China and Peru, the PIs will oversee a comprehensive analysis of past climate, as well as atmospheric gas and dust composition. This research is important because it will provide the first low-latitude record of atmospheric gas composition and its relationship to climate change. It will also provide the best record of the relationship of low-latitude, high-elevation climate to the record of monsoon variability in southern Asia and thus provide information on the relationship between ENSO events and monsoon activity. Abrupt Deglacial Climate Change in the Northwest Atlantic ATM 9016473 05/15/91; (ATM) $42,000; 42 months Woods Hole Ocean Institute Woods Hole, MA 02543 Lloyd D. Keigwin This project involves a program of stable isotope studies and faunal studies, and Accelator Mass Spectrometry, C14 dating of high-deposition-rate sediment cores from an area of the Nova Scotian continental margin where there is little evidence for slump and turbidite activity. The project will be the first high-resolution climate proxy records for the past 15,000 years from a vast region in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Preliminary delta O18 results on planktonic foraminifera from three piston cores spanning 4000 meters of water depth reveal distinctive features that allow correlation among the cores. These features, which are not yet C14 dated, probably reflect discharge events of glacial meltwater to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and to the Labrador Sea. The project will develop the climate history of ice-sheet decay and surface-ocean change based on faunal and stable isotopic studies and will test hypotheses about the origin and the Younger Dryas cooling and other abrupt events. Records of nutrient proxies will be recovered from benthic foraminifera to test the response of deep-ocean circulation to surface-ocean temperature and salinity changes. This research is important because it seeks to improve knowledge of the processes responsible for rapid climate changes. COHMAP_Cooperative Holocene Mapping Project ATM 9101919 09/15/91; (ATM) $140,000; 48 months University of Wisconsin_Madison Madison, WI 53706 John E. Kutzbach ATM 9102452 09/01/91; (ATM) $12,000; 66 months University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Minneapolis, MN 55415 Herbert E. Wright The study of past climates is necessary to quantify the natural variability in the climate system. This is the goal of the interdisciplinary research group COHMAP. COHMAP has produced some of the best reconstructions in the field of paleoclimatology. The focus of the PI's research has been the Holocene_the interval of time since the last full glaciation, about 20,000 years ago. COHMAP's approach has combined rigorous reconstructions of paleoclimate indicators with sophisticated numerical simulations of past climates. In this manner, they have been able to place strong constraints on the range of past climates and provide physically based mechanisms for the changes observed. In this renewal proposal, COHMAP suggests several new goals for its research program, including producing a new set of boundary conditions for the glacial Earth that incorporate the new chronology of the deglaciation and new estimates of ice-sheet volume and areal extent. This new research is important because it will provide fundamental insight into the nature of climate during the past 20,000 years and provide an excellent test of the sensitivity and accuracy of General Circulation Models. In addition, COHMAP's research will help to identify regions with insufficient information or model/data contradictions. In this manner, COHMAP research will prove most useful to a wide variety of researchers in paleoclimatology. A Study of Air-Sea Ice-Ocean Interactions and their Possible Role in Detecting Global Climate Change ATM 9214650 11/01/92; (ATM) $70,098; 36 months William Marsh Rice University Houston, TX 77252 Tamara S. Ledley Climate-modeling research has shown that the polar regions of the global climate system are the most sensitive to climatic perturbations. Therefore, it is believed that global climate change will first be evident in those regions of the Earth. In this research program, the results of an experiment with a modified version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (GENESIS/CCM1) that includes sea-ice leads and sea-ice transport will be used to determine the sensitivity of the climate to sea-ice variations. The results will also be used to identify variables that, through monitoring, could provide a warning of global climate change. In this project, an analysis of the results of experiments with the GENESIS/CCM1 will be used to (1) determine if the mechanisms of climate change identified in the previous model studies occur in the more complex modeled system, (2) determine the impact of sea ice on the energy and moisture fluxes at the ocean-atmosphere interface and their effect on climate both globally and regionally, and (3) examine the possibility that the monitoring of variables associated with sea ice, including lead fraction, snowfall, temperatures, and energy and moisture fluxes, could help provide a prediction of future global climate change. Collaborative Research: Atmospheric Controls on Northern Hemisphere Cryosphere Variability ATM 9314721 04/15/94; (ATM) $16,731, (OPP) $16,731; 17 months Rutgers University New Brunswick, NJ 08903 David A. Robinson ATM 9315351 04/15/94; (ATM) $17,908, (OPP) $17,907; 17 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309-0019 Mark C. Serreze This award supports a comprehensive study of relationships between atmospheric variability and fluctuations in the snow and sea-ice covers in the Northern Hemisphere. The primary focus of the work is to provide a hemispheric synthesis of the cryosphere's sensitivity to regional changes in the atmospheric circulation and to diagnose this sensitivity with respect to associated interactions between precipitation, temperature, winds, and the modes of large-scale teleconnection patterns. The PIs will identify those regions of the cryosphere warranting focused monitoring for potential climate change and possible future responses to changes in circulation regimes. As part of these efforts, the PIs will perform a series of intercomparisons between observed snow-cover patterns and those simulated by different general circulation models under present and future climatic conditions. The study will address at least six basic questions: (1) What are the relationships between variations in Northern Hemisphere sea-ice extent and terrestrial snow cover? (2) What areas of the cryosphere exhibit strong or weak responses to atmospheric circulation changes, and why? (3) Which areas contribute most strongly to Northern Hemisphere cryosphere variability? (4) What are the responses of the cryosphere to the modes of large-scale teleconnections patterns, and how do these responses compare with parallel anomalies in synoptic activity, temperature, and precipitation? (5) How well do different GCMs depict the present-day distribution and variability of snow cover, and are the GCM-projected cryosphere changes in response to enhanced CO2 warming reasonable from the viewpoint of modeled circulation changes? (6) Can the cryosphere be used as a robust indicator of climate change? For the snow and sea-ice analyses, gridded National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) charts of Northern Hemisphere snow extent and Navy/NOAA ice concentration data will be combined with available station records of snow depth, snowfall, precipitation, and surface temperature. For atmospheric analyses, the PIs will use once- to twice-daily National Meteorological Center surface and upper-air fields from the early 1960s to present, which are used to calculate gridpoint and regional time series of the frequency, position, and strength of cyclones and anticyclones, storm tracks, and other indices of synoptic activity (e.g., positive vorticity advection), as well as temperature. Rawinsonde data from an existing archive will be used to analyze patterns of moisture flux convergence and their associations with snow cover and precipitation variations at high northern latitudes. Output from different GCMs will be obtained for doubled CO2 (equilibrium) runs and transient runs (in which CO2 is continually increased), as well as for runs using identical present-day boundary conditions. The research is a collaborative effort between University of Colorado (Dr. Mark Serreze and Dr. Roger G. Barry) and Rutgers University (Dr. David Robinson). The work is important because it seeks to clarify the role of the cryosphere in climate variability. Global Climate Change Studies on Long and Short Time Scales ATM 9314730 01/01/1994; (ATM) $105,186; 12 months William Marsh Rice University Houston, TX 77252 Tamara S. Ledley Climate changes on a very wide variety of time and space scales and involves the interaction of all of the components of the climate system. Most modeling studies of the climate system tend to focus on a particular range of time and space scales; however, many of the interdisciplinary climate questions that need to be addressed require an understanding of the mechanisms of climate change on a wider range of time and space scales than would normally be addressed in one study. In this research program the plan is to use a coupled energy balance climate-thermodynamic sea-ice-continental ice-sheet model to identify the important mechanisms of climate change on a wide range of time scales in order to gain a better understanding of how these mechanisms affect the climate system. The particular questions that will be addressed include (1) What is the impact of increased greenhouse gases on the cryosphere and hydrologic cycle of the Earth-atmosphere system, especially with respect to the initiation of ice-sheet growth, and what are the mechanisms that produce those changes for the present and projected increases in greenhouse gases and for the variations in greenhouse gases on ice-age time scales as observed in the geologic record? In particular, the PI will address the question of how the cryosphere, both sea ice and continental ice, responds to the changes in radiative forcing and its impact on the hydrologic cycle and, in turn, how the resulting changes in the cryosphere affect the climate. (2) How do Milankovitch solar radiation variations affect the hydrologic cycle and the cryosphere to produce initial ice-sheet growth and large-scale glacial/interglacial cycles as observed in the geological record? The PI will specifically examine the role of the hydrologic cycle in producing glacial/interglacial cycles and use this information to gain a better understanding of the role of spatial and temporal variations of solar radiation on producing climate change on all time scales. (3) What is the impact of particulates in and on snow and ice on the global climate system, and how important is the mechanism of inclusion or deposition of the particulates in affecting the climate system? The use of the coupled energy balance climate-thermodynamic sea-ice-ice sheet model to address these questions is particularly attractive because it is relatively simple, while retaining many of the large components of the climate system. This type of model allows a detailed analysis of the response of the climate system to various perturbations that will include following the effect from initial perturbation, through all of the included feedback processes, to the final climatic effect. Understanding the processes of climate change in this type of detail permits the application of what we learn in one set of experiments to questions of climate change that occur on other time scales, thus extending the understanding of the climate system and how it changes. Derivation and Analysis of Climatic Information from Tree Rings ATM 9406732 07/15/94; (ATM) $270,000, (OPP) $25,000; 11 months Columbia University New York, NY 10027 Gordon C. Jacoby This award supports dendroclimatic research at the Tree-Ring Laboratory at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. Analysis of growth rings of old-aged trees provides a valuable tool for determining seasonal and year-by-year variations of past climate to evaluate recent climatic changes. Large-scale reconstructions and local studies show unusual warming in the past century, occasional abrupt climatic changes, and more prevalent extremes in dry and wet events. The current effort will update and improve the coverage of climatically sensitive forest-ecotone sites with the addition of sampling for moisture stress variations and inclusion of subfossil material to extend the tree-ring record further into the past. This extension is crucial for comparison of the present, possibly anthropogenic, warmer period to natural warmer periods of the more distant past. A Multimillennial Temperature Reconstruction from Far Northeastern Eurasia ATM 9413327 05/15/94; (ATM) $49,894; 11 months University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 Malcolm K. Hughes There is a real possibility that a multimillennial tree-ring chronology extending over most or all of the Holocene could be built in far northeastern Siberia. This Small Grant for Exploratory Research Program award supports exploratory field work and dendrochronological analysis of subfossil material from arctic Siberia. Experience with larch trees elsewhere in Siberia strongly suggests that a valuable reconstruction of summer temperatures could be derived from this material. This would form a key part of a network of high-latitude temperature records, including tree-ring-based constructions from Scandinavia, the Polar Urals, and Alaska and ice cores from Greenland and other locations. Such a chronology could also be used to date subfossil wood from many locations within the region and hence to contribute to the study of northern tree-line dynamics through the Holocene. Feasibility Study: Coring Last Interglacial Deposits, Bristol Bay, Alaska ATM 9416296 07/15/94; (OPP) $18,259; 17 months Utah State University Logan, UT 84322 Darrell Kaufman The aim of this research is to test the feasibility of obtaining a long (ca. 40 million) sediment core from the northeastern coast of Bristol Bay, a tidal estuary in southwestern Alaska. The service of a drill rig designed for coring, but untested for paleoenvironmental and geochronological applications, will be contracted for this effort. Recovered core material will be analyzed for paleomagnetic, tephrostratigraphic, and physical properties. The core site near Dillingham is adjacent to well-studied coastal-bluff exposures, where the age of sediments appears to be exceptionally well constrained. With the stratigraphic record extended into the subsurface, the core will be used to test the age assignment. Most importantly, sediments dating to the last interglaciation should be found at relatively shallow depth and the Old Crow tephra (ca. 140 Ka ) below that. Well-dated stratigraphic records of the last interglaciation are rare in northern North America, yet are critically needed for testing climate models under warmer-than-present conditions and for comparison with other long-term paleoclimate records, including the new Greenland ice cores. Polar Climates, Clouds, and Seasonality in the Paleogene EAR 9312104 05/01/93; (EAR) $30,745, (ATM) $10,000; 24 months University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Lisa C. Sloan Climatic records show that polar regions have demonstrated an amplified response to global climate change through geologic time. Additionally, polar regions have significant influence upon global climate processes and conditions. Clouds also have been cited repeatedly as a critical factor in climatic change. The early Eocene appears to have been a time of warm polar conditions, but climate modeling efforts have been unsuccessful in reproducing these conditions. To date, Eocene seasonality characteristics reconstructed from proxy data have been unsatisfactorily explained by model scenarios of high-atmospheric pCO2 or by warm high-latitude ocean-surface temperatures. However, proxy data interpretations may be explained by the presence of warming clouds at high latitudes. We have hypothesized that polar stratospheric ice clouds may have occurred in the early Eocene and produced a dampened seasonal cycle at high latitudes. Here we propose to test this hypothesis by using an atmospheric general circulation model to test the sensitivity of high-latitude climates to the presence of such polar clouds. Of paramount interest will be temperature seasonality of polar climates with, and without, such clouds. We will examine the polar cloud mechanism for both poles, thereby testing the cloud influence on a water-covered pole surrounded by land masses and on a continentally capped pole surrounded by ocean. Collaborative Research: Flux and Fate of Sediment and Water from Small Mountainous Rivers to the Continental Margin_The Gulf of Alaska Example OCE 9222405 04/15/94; (OCE) $90,000; 17 months College of William and Mary Marine Institute Gloucester Point, VA 23062 John D. Milliman Collaborative Research: Flux and Fate of Sediment from Small Mountainous Rivers to the Continental Margin_The Gulf of Alaska Example OCE 9222503 04/15/94; (OCE) $62,462; 17 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Susan M. Henrichs Collaborative Research: Flux and Fate of Sediment and Water from Small Mountainous Rivers to the Continental Margin_The Gulf of Alaska Example OCE 9223114 04/01/94; (OCE) $75,366; 12 months State University of New York, Stonybrook Stony Brook, NY 11794-0001 Charles A. Nittrouer Small rivers flowing directly from mountains into the ocean carry greater sediment loads than commonly envisioned, a relatively great percentage of which may escape to deeper waters during high stands of sea level. This award supports a study of the flux of Holocene fluvial sediment into the Gulf of Alaska, whose generally small tributary rivers are collectively the largest supplier of sediment from North America. Alaskan rivers are relatively uninfluenced by human activities, although glacial activity has resulted in higher sediment yields than noted for other rivers with similar drainage areas. High-resolution seismic profiling, in conjunction with seismic data previously collected, will allow the identification of sediment accumulation and discharge patterns on the shelf and slope, as well as trace individual sediment layers derived from episodic (flood) events. Sedimentological data will help define escape routes and processes, and a variety of radiometric datings will show frequency of occurrence and rates of accumulation. Facies will be defined by compositional and textural analyses, as will be sources (and fates) of terrigneous grains and organic matter in shelf sediments. Measurements of total organic carbon and total nitrogen, d13C, d15N, and lignin oxidation productions in sediment organic matter will be used to determine the amount and source of organic matter accumulating in the sediments. Contemporaneous oceanographic processes controlling strata formation will also be evaluated. This information should help in the interpretation of older strata observed by seismic profiling and coring. Country Studies To Address Climate Change OCE 9315699 07/01/93; (OPP) $214,986; 24 months Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC 20460 Ron Benioff To assist developing countries and countries with economies in transition formulate their climate-change policies, the U.S. Government has committed $25 million over 2 years for the development of "Country Studies to Address Climate Change." These studies will help establish an analytical and institutional foundation upon which recipient countries may construct national climate action plans and will help those countries fulfill their obligations under the Climate Change Convention. After proposals submitted by eligible countries are reviewed, financial and technical support will be provided to selected countries to enable them to conduct inventories of their greenhouse-gas emissions, to assess their vulnerability to climate change, and to evaluate response strategies for mitigating and adapting to climate change. Agencies participating in the U.S. Global Change Research Program have been directed by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to transfer funds for support of the initiative to one of the three agencies cooperatively managing the Country Studies project. This interagency agreement transfers $1,366,000 from NSF to the Environmental Protection Agency. Global Climate Model Simulations of the Present Arctic Climate OPP 9224184 06/01/93; (OPP) $65,000; 24 months Ohio State University Research Foundation Columbus, OH 43210-1063 David H. Bromwich This study is a comparison and evaluation of the modern arctic climate as simulated by seven general circulation models (GCM). While most GCMs project an amplified climatic response in polar regions by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, the responses of individual models vary and appear to depend to some extent on the formulation of the model. The objective of the intercomparison study is to identify the common biases for all seven models and determine the differences in biases among models with respect to such climatic simulations as sea-level pressure, temperature, precipitation, storm tracks, clouds, and radiation exchange. Model performance will be constrained with existing data sets whenever feasible. The GCMs to be evaluated are those developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research CCM2; the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting; the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration; the Goddard Institute for Space Studies of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Numerical Weather Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the University of California, Los Angeles; and the United Kingdom Meteorological Office. Computation time will be made available on the CRAY Y-MP of the Ohio Supercomputer Center. FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Educational Outreach and Related Activities ATM 9417693 07/01/94; (OPP) $40,000; 51 months University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Boulder, CO 80307-3000 Richard Anthes This Scientific Program Order (SPO) supports the UCAR Educational Outreach Program and related activities. Specifically, this SPO will support visiting scientists at UCAR, postdoctoral research in ocean modeling, a summer employment program, and workshops involving the atmospheric community. MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS PROGRAM Studies of the Ionosphere and Plasmasphere ATM 9114409 01/15/92; (ATM) $115,000; 36 months University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Andrew F. Nagy This grant supports the continued study of the Earth's ionosphere and plasmasphere. The proposed tasks for the next 3 years concentrate on the subauroral and high-latitude ionospheres and are a natural continuation and extension of past work. The grant plans to expand the studies of the subauroral ionosphere with investigations into (1) the evolution of high-altitude subauroral ion and electron heat flows during magnetic storms, (2) the aeronomical effects of observed soft electron and soft ion precipitation peaks, (3) processes responsible for ion and electron precipitation in this region, and (4) magnetospheric emissions triggered by ionospheric coupling. Planned studies of ion outflows, encompassing both high- and mid-latitude regions include (1) physical processes responsible for He+-dominated ion outflows and (2) mid-latitude heavy ion upwelling events. Theoretical Studies of Solar Wind(Magnetosphere(Ionosphere Coupling on Intermediate Scales ATM 9115465 04/15/93; (ATM) $65,673; 29 months University of Minnesota at Twin Cities Minneapolis, MN 55415 Robert L. Lysak A study of the intermediate-scale, time-dependent coupling of the solar wind, magnetosphere, and ionosphere is proposed. Such a study will allow for a detailed investigation of how energy, momentum, and mass are transferred from the solar wind across the magnetopause, into the magnetosphere, and along auroral field lines into the ionosphere. Both analytic and numerical techniques will be used to describe the dynamics of localized reconnection at the magnetopause. These techniques will also be used to describe the relation of reconnection to the impulsive penetration of plasma and to the response of the magnetopause to dynamic pressure perturbations in the solar wind. A previously developed numerical model will be used to describe the global response of the magnetosphere to driving perturbations at the magnetopause. On a more localized scale, a three-dimensional model is being developed to describe the detailed interaction of auroral currents with the ionosphere. This model, along with accompanying analytic theory, will be used to describe the trapping of Alfven waves in the cavity formed by the sharp increase of the Alfven speed above the ionosphere. The overall goal of this research program is the understanding and modeling of the plasma processes that couple energy from the solar wind to the ionosphere. Sondrestrom Radar Observations of Plasma Processes on Polar Cusp and Discrete Arc Field Lines ATM 9119516 05/01/93; (ATM) $55,000; 30 months Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory Palo Alto, CA 94304 Richard R. Vondrak Experiments are proposed using the incoherent scatter radar facility at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland, to study plasma processes on magnetic field lines connected to the dayside auroral oval and discrete arcs in the evening sector. Recent upgrades to the radar have made several new operating modes possible that will enable measurements of ionospheric properties such as vertical and horizontal ion drift, electron densities, and ion and electron temperatures with greatly improved temporal and spatial resolution. A carefully planned experimental program will be conducted that takes advantage of these new capabilities as well as additional data from other ground-based instruments and satellites. The objectives are (1) to study the spatial and temporal variations of ionospheric properties in the dayside auroral oval; (2) to characterize the source region for ions that are transported from the dayside oval to populate the magnetosphere; and (3) to develop radar methods for observing plasma properties at high altitudes on field lines connected to auroral arcs. The dayside observations will be used to define the initial conditions for theoretical modeling of upward ion fluxes and their effects on magnetospheric pressure balance in the near-Earth plasma sheet. The high-altitude measurements on auroral field lines will be used to determine the presence of coherent echoes from plasma turbulence associated with the auroral acceleration region. The results of these experiments will establish a firm observational framework for ground-based studies of auroral precipitation and will have important implications for our understanding of magnetosphere(ionosphere coupling on the dayside and how it relates to auroral substorm processes. Operation of a Magnetometer Array on the Greenland Ice Cap (MAGIC) to Investigate Propagating Ionospheric Current Systems ATM 9204520 07/01/92; (OPP) $143,948; 36 months University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 C. Robert Clauer This proposal is directed toward the operation of an array of unattended, automatic magnetic data collection platforms on the Greenland Ice Cap and the reduction, distribution, and analysis of these data. We propose to make the data from the MAGIC array, after reduction and verification, fully available to those who request it. The MAGIC array compliments the magnetic stations on the coast of Greenland for the investigation of small-scale, ionospheric current systems. Operation of this array in the interior of Greenland takes advantage of the established logistical support for the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II at the Greenland summit. Thus, it is possible to establish and maintain these stations for a small cost. These magnetic stations form a two-dimensional array with station separation of about 150 kilometers. The scientific objective of these magnetic measurements is to investigate small-scale propagating magnetic disturbances that appear to result from moving, filamentary, field-aligned currents interacting with the ionosphere. Different classes of these systems have now been identified, and the origin of the field-aligned currents appears to be the magnetospheric boundary layer and magnetopause region. It is particularly important to have a dense two-dimensional array in order to resolve the motion and structural evolution of these current systems. The MAGIC stations, in combination with Greenland's existing west coast and east coast magnetometers and with stations to be deployed in Canada, permit the observation of these phenomena over a sufficient region, so as to identify their generation location and resolve their motion and spatial evolution as they propagate tailward. Furthermore, the comparatively high time resolution (15-second data) of the MAGIC and coastal stations will permit investigations that were limited by the 1-minute data previously available. These data and the proposed research are important to understanding the physics of the processes that couple energy and momentum from the solar wind to the magnetosphere and ionosphere. The proposed research is a collaborative effort between the University of Michigan, SRI International, and the Danish Meteorological Institute. A Conjugate Study of Ultra-Low-Frequency (ULF) Waves at the Cusp: A Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) Project ATM 9213361 09/01/92; (ATM) $25,732; 30 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 John V. Olson This is a proposal to study the ULF wave spectrum at cusp stations in conjugate hemispheres. An auroral observatory located at Longyearbyen, Svalbard, in the Northern Hemisphere, has been in operation for nearly a decade and is equipped with induction coil and fluxgate magnetometers to measure the ULF wave spectrum. The station is also instrumented with all-sky and meridian scanning photometers that provide an optical context for the magnetic measurements. In the southern hemisphere, the Australian station at Davis, Antarctica, is also equipped with induction coil and fluxgate magnetometers and has made observations of the ULF wave spectrum associated with the cusp for several years. We have begun an exchange of data, and the analysis shows promising correlations. It is well known that the cusp region is a rich source of ULF waves spanning the frequency spectrum from near direct current to above hertz. The spectrum consists of an ensemble of waves and variations with causes ranging from boundary motions and macroscopic boundary instabilities at the low frequency end, through impulsive and coherent signals with correlation to the solar wind at intermediate frequencies, up to and beyond ion-cyclotron waves generated in the unstable plasma near the magnetospheric boundary layers and shocked cusp plasma. Our work in this analysis is aided by collaboration with the plasma simulation group at the Geophysical Institute. Our goal is to collect ULF data at the two sites on a campaign basis in order to (1) investigate the conjugacy of the cusp at these sites; (2) identify wave generation mechanisms associated with the cusp; (3) inspect the ULF spectrum at the two sites for correlations; (4) identify signatures of flux transfer and particle injection at the magnetopause; and (5) use the waves as a diagnostic for location of the boundaries. Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM): Imaging Riometer Measurements at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland ATM 9301264 04/01/94; (ATM) $30,000; 18 months University of Maryland at College Park College Park, MD 20742 Theodore J. Rosenberg This is a project to continue a program of observations and data analysis based on data obtained by an imaging riometer at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland. The riometer will be operated and maintained with support from the Danish Meteorological Institute. The main objective of this 1-year study is to substantiate previous results pertaining to the riometer absorption produced by drifting patches of enhanced F-region ionization. If the riometer is sensitive enough to detect the presence of these patches, then its usefulness in studies of ionization processes in the upper atmosphere can be exploited in future investigations. Advanced Ground-Based Observations of Low-Frequency/Medium-Frequency/High-Frequency (LF/MF/HF) Radio Noise from Auroral Latitudes ATM 9316126 04/15/94; (ATM) $64,287; 11 months Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755 James W. LaBelle LaBelle Research funded by NSF during the past year has proven that, using inexpensive ground-based instrumentation, it is possible to detect at least two types of radio phenomena at LF/MF/HF frequencies (0.05-5.0 megahertz) in the auroral zone. These include narrowband emissions near twice and three times the ionospheric electron gyrofrequency and broadband noise enhancements with nulls in the spectrum near harmonies of the gyrofrequency. Although models have been proposed for both these phenomena, their cause is undetermined, as are the range and time variation of their occurrence. We propose to make more advanced measurements of these wave phenomena, including measurements from a chain of stations, with the following objectives: (1) to determine the latitude and time dependence of the waves; (2) to test several specific models for their generation, using wave data and complementary ionosonde, magnetometer, riometer, and all-sky camera data; and (3) to explore the use of these wave observations in combination with instrumentation as a ground-based diagnostic of the auroral ionosphere. Although radio emissions compose a small fraction of the total energy of the aurora, they may provide important clues to the more energetic processes; analogous to the way in which solar radio emissions have been used to infer the processes taking place in the solar corona. Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM): Support for the Operation and Analysis of Data from the Induction Magnetometer at Iqaluit, Northwest Territory, Canada: A Conjugate Site to South Pole, Antarctica ATM 9400664 08/15/94; (ATM) $7,630; 11 months University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 Roger L. Arnoldy This proposal is a request for funds for the next 3 years (remainder of the GEM Boundary Layer Campaign) to analyze the data that are being received from an induction magnetometer operating at Iqaluit, Northwest Territories, Canada which is nominally magnetically conjugate to South Pole, Antarctica. The magnetometer was built and installed at Iqaluit in June 1993, with funds provided under the GEM program. The major objective of the GEM Boundary Layer Campaign is to understand the interaction of the solar wind with the Earth's magnetic field and the transport of energy across dayside boundaries. Waves are an important mediator of this transport of energy because of the collisionless nature of the medium in which the boundaries are imbedded. Induction magnetometers measure the high-frequency component (greater than 0.1 hertz) of naturally occurring ultra-low-frequency (ULF) waves in the Earth's magnetosphere and in the solar wind which cannot be done with conventional magnetometers. Ground measurement and the study of these waves in the magnetosphere are important because they are of sufficiently short wavelengths to propagate as wave packers in the Earth's magnetic field. In such a mode of propagation the Pc 1 and Pc 2 waves can be used as probes of the topology of the geomagnetic field and its boundaries. Their resonant generation by ions and the modification of their propagation by cold plasma populations indirectly provides a study of these particles. The location at Iqaluit is vital because this site permits a global study of the ULF waves by using several sites in Antarctica as well as at the Sondre Stromfjord site in Greenland. Repetitive structures in the waveform at two opposite hemisphere sites 180 degrees out of phase can be an indication of closed magnetic field lines. A time delay between sites at different longitudes in either hemisphere can give the scale size and/or motion of the source creating the waves. Spacecraft making single point measurements are hard-pressed to define boundaries, but when performed in correlation with multiple ground measurements, as proposed here, one can begin to build a global picture of the important dayside magnetospheric boundaries. As a result of this correlative work in providing "space-truth," ground measurements in the future can monitor these boundaries and their dependence upon solar wind and, ultimately, solar conditions. Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM): Continued Operation of the Magnetometer Array for Cusp and Cleft Studies, West (MACCS-West) ATM 9401524 08/01/94; (ATM) $60,000; 12 months Augsburg College Minneapolis, MN 55454 Mark J. Engebretson Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM): A Magnetometer Array for Cusp and Cleft Studies (MACCS-East) ATM 9401733 09/01/94; (ATM) $80,000; 12 months Boston University Boston, MA 02215 W. Jeffrey Hughes It is proposed to continue to operate and analyze data from the recently installed MACCS array of fluxgate magnetometers located at cusp/cleft latitudes (75ø to 80ø) in arctic Canada, in a joint effort with Augsburg College. During the summers of 1992 and 1993 eight magnetometers were deployed at small communities in the eastern Arctic. These eight observatories span nearly 5 hours in magnetic local time in the latitude region most valuable for ground-based observations of the magnetospheric boundary layer, and serve to connect existing magnetometer sites in Alaska and western Canada and sites on Greenland and Baffin Island. The project also proposes to add data loggers at three standard Canadian observatories (Resolute, Cambridge Bay, and Baker Lake). This would allow researchers to obtain 1-second data from these sites and routinely combine these data with the MACCS database, thus extending the MACCS array another hour to the west. The purpose of the MACCS array is to study ionospheric currents, plasma flows, and waves associated with the magnetospheric cusp and neighboring regions. In association with the radar systems beginning to operate in this same area, these magnetometers will provide high-resolution, two-dimensional data on the electrodynamics of cusp convection. The MACCS data also contain numerous high-latitude substorm signatures. As the GEM program begins its substorm campaign, it is proposed to use MACCS data to study the small, contracted, oval substorms associated with northward interpalnetary magnetic field and to study recovery phase of regular substorms during which activity moves poleward over the MACCS array. Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM): Correlative Ground-Based and Satellite Investigations of the Dynamics of the Nightside Open/Closed Magnetic Field Line Boundary ATM 9401629 08/15/94; (ATM) $24,995; 11 months Mission Research Corporation Santa Barbara, CA 93102-0719 Nelson C. Maynard The GEM program's second major observational and analysis campaign will be on the physics of the magnetotail and substorms. A critical question for magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling is determining from where in the magnetosphere magnetic field lines map to connect to the nighttime auroral ionosphere. This question becomes even more important for understanding substorm dynamics when significant changes to the magnetospheric configuration occur during this episodic release of energy. A recent study by Burke et al. (1993) has identified the high-latitude boundary of the nighttime auroral region as magnetically connecting to the distant x-line in the geomagnetic tail. This identifies the open/closed boundary for magnetotail magnetic field lines. We propose a correlative analysis effort using Defense Meteorology Satellite Program (DMSP) satellite data and ground-based data from Svalbard and Sondrestrom to determine the characteristics of this boundary as seen jointly in both data sets, to confirm the magnetospheric interpretation of the boundary, where possible, using data from a satellite that orbits the magnetotail (geotail data), and to resolve the spatial and temporal variations of this boundary. Optical data from a network or auroral TV and meridian scanning photometers in Svalbard and Greenland will be combined with radar data from Sondrestrom to compare with DMSP satellite data. Three DMSP satellites measuring ion drift, plasma characteristics, and energetic particle precipitation currently monitor the high-latitude ionosphere continuously. Direct overhead passes will establish critical signatures. The spatial and temporal dynamics of this boundary can then be determined with spatially separated data sets. Application of these results will place constraints on the geotail configuration during substorms and will aid in the development of a model of the substorm process. We plan two observation periods: one in January 1994 and the other in December 1994 through January 1995. The first coincides with the planned GEM World Day period and when geotail is at an apogee of 100 times the earth's radius near midnight. The second corresponds to special observation periods for additional ground-based data. We propose to collaborate with other GEM investigators to define and analyze special campaign events jointly for elucidation of substorm and geotail physics. Continuing Support of High-Latitude Geomagnetic Pulsation Measurements OPP 9217024 04/01/93; (OPP) $100,000; 30 months University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 Roger L. Arnoldy This grant supports the continued operation of, and the analysis of the data produced by, induction magnetometers at South Pole and McMurdo Stations in Antarctica and Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland. These high-geomagnetic-latitude sites are ideally suited for the study of plasm physics processes which occur near the boundary of the Earth's magnetosphere, at the poleward edge of the auroral oval and in the polar cap. The data from this three-station network, plus data from additional new magnetometers operated by the same group but supported by other programs, will make possible research which almost certainly will result in new insight into the various phenomena which produce magnetic micropulsations. Comparison of Simultaneous Ground-Satellite Observations of Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves OPP 9224511 06/01/93; (OPP) $107,300; 24 months Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD 21218 Robert E. Erlandson This grant provides support for research that will make use of simultaneous observations of ultra-low-frequency electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves by instruments located in the Arctic and Antarctic and on satellites orbiting within the Earth's magnetosphere. These pulsations have frequencies of between 0.1 and 5 hertz. The ground-based instruments are (or were) in Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland, the Finnish magnetometer chain, and the Antarctic stations, Siple, South Pole, McMurdo, Casey, Mawson, and MacQuarie Island. The satellites to be used are the Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers, Charge-Composition Explorer, and Viking. The eventual goal of this correlative study is to enhance the utility of future ground-based observations for use as a diagnostic tool to infer magnetospheric processes in the EMIC source region. PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY Molecular Models Applied to the Nucleation of Ice ATM 9307318 10/15/93; (ATM) $49,911; 17 months University of Missouri, Rolla Rolla, MO 65401 Barbara N. Hale In this work, molecular models, effective atom-atom potentials, and Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics computer simulations are used to examine the state, structure, vibrational spectrum, and free energy of formation of small ice/water systems and to develop reliable macroscopic models for the prediction of ice formation rates at low temperatures characteristic of cirrus cloud ice and stratospheric ice. The projects in this proposal are directed at determining the physical characteristics of small ice particles at low temperatures and of small binary water-sulfuric acid clusters. The projects proposed are (1) a study of "effective surface tensions" for small water clusters at low temperatures (-20øC to -80øC); (2) a study of the state (liquid versus solid) and the infrared vibrational spectrum of small water clusters at low temperatures; (3) a study of small water-sulfuric acid clusters, with the major emphasis devoted to developing a tractable model for water-sulfuric acid interactions; and (4) a study of ice formation in four to eight monolayers of water on a model substrate. Atmospheric Ice Nucleating Aerosols ATM 9311606 03/15/94; (ATM) $133,356; 17 months Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523 Lewis O. Grant The overall goal of this research is to improve the understanding of ice formation in clouds. The specific objectives are (1) to obtain ground- and aircraft-based measurements of ice nuclei; (2) to describe these measurements quantitatively in a manner suitable for use by numerical cloud models; (3) to adapt these descriptions to a detailed microphysical cloud model; and (4) to compare simulations with aircraft data. UPPER ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS CEDAR: Early Polar Cap Observatory ATM 9442349 04/15/94; (OPP) $160,000; 12 months SRI International Menlo Park, CA 94025-3493 John D. Kelly This award provides continued support for the Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar and lidar facility at Kangerlussuaq, Greenland (formerly Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland). SRI International is using the funds to continue operating, maintaining, and upgrading the facility and also for the scientific research efforts of its professional staff. The Sondrestrom facility is the poleward mainstay of the four-radar chain that extends to the magnetic equator. The requested funding is being used to accomplish the following tasks involving both the radar and lidar systems: (1) schedule and operate the radar approximately 1200 hours per year, and assist in operating collocated instruments; (2) assist users in planning, designing, and interpreting results from radar and lidar experiments, and coordinate their visits, including obtaining U.S. Air Force and diplomatic approval and providing logistics support; (3) maintain and upgrade the radar and lidar facility and assist in maintaining other collocated facilities; (4) develop and maintain system software for acquiring, reducing and interpreting data; (5) carry out World Day observations and specific research programs; (6) provide World Day data to the National Center for Atmospheric Research database and its users, and maintain a comprehensive data library at Menlo Park; (7) Collaborate with scientists throughout the world in scientific pursuits concerning the geospace environment; and (8) be the liaison between the Greenland Home Rule Government, Danish Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland, and the National Science Foundation on issues related to the Sondrestrom facility. Sondestrom Facility_Research, Operation, and Coordination ATM 9317167 01/15/94; (ATM) $1,888,982; 60 months SRI International Menlo Park, CA 94025 John D. Kelly This award will provide continued support for the Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar and lidar facility at Kangerlussuaq, Greenland (formerly Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland). SRI International will use the funds for operating, maintaining, and upgrading the facility and for the scientific research efforts of its professional staff. The Sondrestrom facility is the poleward mainstay of the four-radar chain that extends to the magnetic equator. The requested funding will be used to accomplish the following tasks involving both the radar and lidar systems: (1) Schedule and operate the radar approximately 1,200 hours per year and assist in operating collocated instruments. (2) Assist users in planning, designing, and interpreting results from radar and lidar experiments; coordinate user visits; obtain U.S. Air Force and diplomatic approval; and provide logistics support. (3) Maintain and upgrade the radar and lidar facility and assist in maintaining other collocated facilities. (4) Develop and maintain system software for acquiring, reducing, and interpreting data. (5) Carry out World Day observations and specific research programs. (6) Provide World Day data to the National Center for Atmospheric Research database and its users and maintain a comprehensive data library at Menlo Park. (7) Collaborate with scientists throughout the world in scientific pursuits concerning the geospace environment. (8) Be the liaison between the Greenland Home Rule Government, Danish Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland, and NSF on issues related to the Sondrestrom facility. Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR): A Complement of Optical Instruments for the Polar Cap Observatory ATM 9402289 10/01/94; (ATM) $50,344, (OPP) $60,000; 12 months University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Timothy L. Killeen The objective of this research is to continue and extend a series of theoretical studies of the Earth's upper atmosphere, involving applying various postprocessor computer programs to study the physically significant processes that cause change in the various fields calculated by the model. The focus of this work will be on two areas: (1) existing post processors will be maintained and modified to match the continuing development of the Thermosphere/Ionosphere Electrodynamic General Circulation Model to provide improved diagnostics of thermospheric processes and aid in CEDAR experimental investigations and (2) a series of scientific studies are proposed and include a thermodynamic term analysis of wave modes, a study of momentum dissipation's role on particle transport, causes of the distribution of minor species, ion-neutral and neutral-ion coupling, and so forth. Finally, this project will be collaborative with the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR): Resonance Lidar to Study the Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere ATM 9402823 06/15/94; (ATM) $209,000; 11 months Utah State University Logan, UT 84322 Vincent B. Wickwar This project will be a 1-year collaborative effort involving Utah State University, the University of Maryland, Clemson University, the University of Pittsburgh, and University College London to upgrade their current capability to include a state-of-the-art resonance-scatter lidar system. In addition to enhancing the atmospheric science significantly, the development of this resonance lidar will mark the transfer of a well-tested laboratory technique to study the atmosphere. After its development and initial use in Utah, the PIs will try this system, or part of it, at the Polar Cap Observatory. At this high-latitude location, the observations could be very useful for examining the winds and temperatures inside and outside the polar vortex as well as the occurrence of ice clouds to determine temperature conditions at the time of formation. Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR): Second CEDAR/Solar Terrestrial Energy Progam Workshop (STEP) Workshop on High- and Mid-Latitude Plasma Structuring ATM 9412170 04/15/94; (ATM) $21,996; 11 months Utah State University Logan, UT 84322 Jan J. Sojka A workshop will be held near Boulder, Colorado, to discuss research and experiments on ionospheric plasma structures at middle and high latitudes. This is the second workshop convened by the High-Latitude Plasma Structures Working Group of the CEDAR program. This workshop will also include members of the Global Aspects of Plasma Structures Working Group, which is part of the international STEP. The discussion topics will emphasize the modeling of middle- and high-latitude macro- and meso-scale plasma structures. GENERAL Cosmic Rays and the Interplanetary Magnetic Field ATM 9314683 09/15/94; (ATM) $50,000; 11 months Bartol Research Institute Newark, DE 19716 John W. Bieber We propose a broad-based program to research the acceleration, transport, and solar modulation of cosmic rays; the nature of large-scale and turbulent magnetic fields in the solar wind; and the interactions among these subsystems of the interplanetary plasma. Support is requested to continue the collection and analysis of data from neutron monitor stations in Thule, Greenland, and Newark, Delaware. Specific scientific objectives include detailed analysis and modeling of the ground-level enhancements caused by relativistic solar particles during Solar Cycle 22; comprehensive analysis of the higher-order harmonics of the cosmic ray diurnal variation, and the extraction of new information on local interplanetary transport parameters (including magnetic helicity) from the data; detailed observational testing of new ideas as to the factors governing cosmic ray mean free paths, including the influence of turbulence dissipation, dynamics, and geometry; and development and implementation of new observational methods to determine turbulence geometry, placing special emphasis on the identification and measurement of a possible two-dimensional component. Riometry in Antarctica and Conjugate Regions OPP 9119753 07/15/92; (OPP) $265,000; 42 months University of Maryland at College Park College Park, MD 20742 Theodore J. Rosenberg This project will continue and expand the study of the upper atmosphere, especially auroral phenomena, using photometry and riometric techniques. The PI has developed a new imaging riometer (relative ionospheric opacity meter) system called Imaging Riometer for Ionospheric Studies (IRIS). The first two IRISs were installed at South Pole Station and Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland. A third IRIS will be installed at Iqiluit, Northwest Territories, Canada, later this year. There are also broad-beam riometers operating at several frequencies at South Pole, McMurdo, and Iqiluit, as well as auroral photometers at South Pole and McMurdo. Iqiluit is the magnetic conjugate to South Pole. These instruments constitute a unique network with which to study auroral effects in both magnetic hemispheres simultaneously. Measurements from Long-Duration Balloons in the Arctic Vortex OPP 9214703 07/01/92; (OPP) $189,545; 42 months University of Wyoming Laramie, WY 82071 James M. Rosen This project will develop and use low-cost, long-duration balloon systems to make measurements within the arctic polar stratospheric vortex for study of ozone depletion issues. The balloon-borne instruments will measure polar stratospheric clouds using the backscattersondes developed by the PI (ozone, temperature, and eventually nitric acid, aerosols, water vapor, nitrogen dioxide, and other trace gasses which are important to ozone depletion). This project is a joint venture of the University of Wyoming and the Central Aerological Observatory in Moscow, Russia. The Russian involvement is necessary to obtain permission for the balloons to traverse Russian airspace and to facilitate tracking payload recovery. This project is jointly funded by NSF's Division of Polar Programs and Division of International Programs. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES ECOLOGICAL STUDIES Global Change and the Carbon Balance of Arctic Ecosystems: The Importance of Carbon-Nutrient Interactions DEB 9019055 11/01/91; (DEB) $429,556; 42 months Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, MA 02543 Gaius R. Shaver The subject of this research is the role of carbon-nutrient interactions as constraints on carbon cycling processes and overall carbon budgets of terrestrial ecosystems. The specific focus is on carbon-nutrient interactions in three contrasting tundra ecosystems along a continuum from dry uplands to wet lowlands in northern Alaska. The research is placed in the context of global warming, viewing the predicted global temperature increase as an experiment in carbon-nutrient interactions at the ecosystem level. The central idea is that primary production of the arctic ecosystem is strongly nutrient limited, and thus its ability to respond to higher temperatures is constrained by nutrient supply. Soil respiration, on the other hand, is more directly limited by low soil temperature, as is the mineralization of nutrients in soil organic matter. Plant carbon gains associated with increased nutrient mineralization must thus be balanced against soil carbon losses due to increased soil respiration. To understand controls on carbon balance at the ecosystem level, one needs to understand controls on plant carbon/nutrient ratios and the ratio of soil carbon respiration to N and P mineralization. A program of research is proposed that includes process studies, whole-ecosystem experiments, and simulation modeling. The process studies are designed to improve understanding of C-N-P interactions at key points in the cycle of organic matter in terrestrial ecosystems, with a particular focus on the balance of soil respiration and N and P mineralization. The whole-ecosystem experiments are focused on determining correlations between changes in the C:N:P ratios of the major organic matter fluxes and organic matter pools. The modeling efforts are designed to help explain these correlated changes in whole ecosystems, to identify cause-effect relationships, and to clarify constraints on the observed range of variation in C:N:P ratios. INSTRUMENTATION Body Compositional Analysis Equipment for Study of the Physiological Ecology of Arctic Endotherms BIR 9317916 01/01/94; (BIR) $69,172; 30 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Daniel D. Roby This equipment proposal requests funds to purchase (1) total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) body composition analyzers, (2) a Soxhlet lipid extraction apparatus, (3) a thin-layer chromatography/flame ionization detector (TLC/FID) system, (4) an automated adiabatic bomb calorimeter, and (5) support equipment for proximate body tissue analysis (saws, balance, freeze dryer, ovens). This equipment will be used to measure the body composition and energy content of arctic animals, as part of several related research projects on the physiological ecology of high-latitude endotherms (songbirds, microtines, geese, seabirds, ground squirrels, and ruminants). All projects seek to understand the regulatory role of nutrient and energy reserves for either migration, reproduction, or survival. The TOBEC body composition analyzer is a new instrument for noninvasive measurement of body composition in live subjects and provides an opportunity to examine temporal variation in an individual's fat and protein reserves. The Soxhlet apparatus would be used to calibrate the TOBEC technique and extract stored lipids for further analyses. Separation and quantitation of lipid classes would be accomplished with the TLC/FID system, and the energy content of storage compounds will be measured with the isoperibol oxygen bomb calorimeter. Determination of body composition is a fundamental method for evaluating physical condition and nutritional status of animals. Lipid and lean mass are measures of energy and protein reserves and, presumably, of fitness during periods of food shortage, dormancy, or negative energy balance. Scientists at the Institute of Arctic Biology are engaged in several research projects that test the adaptive significance of fat reserves for endotherms living in high-latitude environments. Procurement of the above pieces of equipment will greatly enhance existing research projects at the Institute and will provide many opportunities for new projects. In addition, the new instrumentation will significantly improve instruction and research of undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral students at the University of Alaska. PHYSIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR Research in Undergraduate Institutions: Thermoregulation in Arctic Invertebrate Endotherms DEB 9106930 08/01/91; (DEB) $8,480; 36 months State University of New York, Plattsburgh Plattsburgh, NY 12901 F. Daniel Vogt Bumblebees are perhaps the most important of all pollinators of plants in the Arctic. Their ability to perform at low air temperature is based on their remarkable ability to produce heat by shivering and to keep warm in order to remain active. But shivering affects only the thoracic muscles that drive the wings. The abdomen, which contains no heat-producing tissues, remains cold unless heat is shunted to that area from the exercising flight muscles. In order to reproduce and live in the Arctic, the bees must squeeze their entire life cycle into a single, short summer. For them, time is temperature; to accelerate egg production and development rates, they must also keep the eggs warm. The investigators plan to examine the hypothesis that arctic bumblebee queens "incubate" their eggs not only after they are laid, but also while they are still developing in the abdomen. The energy cost of this heat production is likely very high. But it must be met because of the time constraint. This investigation will help determine the importance of temperature regulation in the evolution of the unique life history of the bumblebee and will further elucidate one of the many patterns of adaptation employed by animals in the harsh, yet fragile arctic environment. LONG-TERM STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY Successional Processes in Taiga Forests of Interior Alaska: A Long-Term Ecological Research Program for Study of Controls of Subarctic Forest Development DEB 9211769 09/01/92; (DEB) $74,941; 32 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Keith Van Cleve This program focuses on population- and ecosystem-level questions within the framework of succession. It capitalizes on a substantial existing base of information and preliminary results from past research to address hypothesized controls of structure and function of successional forest communities. These processes previously have not been examined in a comprehensive manner in the North American taiga. Results of this research will greatly improve understanding of the links between resource supply (moisture, light, nutrients) and plant growth as influenced by herbivores and soil microbial activity. Researchers in interior Alaska have demonstrated their commitment to long-term studies of ecological processes. Several studies have been pursued, essentially by the same scientists for 20 to 25 years. For example, a series of plots in various successional stages on the floodplain of the Chena and Tanana rivers, established in 1964, is still being monitored for growth and changes in species composition. The United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service also is committed to long-term experimentation and encourages these activities through their management of Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest, the principal site of this research. The hypotheses put forth in this proposal address important long-term aspects of forest ecosystem structure and function only initially evaluated in earlier research efforts. During this new phase, initial experiments will be continued and new hypotheses will be addressed based on some initial results. Considering questions dealing with taiga forest ecology from a successional standpoint establishes a strong organizational structure for the research and promotes linkage among research projects and feedback of ideas and information among personnel. The structure and objectives of this project take advantage of existing knowledge, current research activities, and an experienced group of investigators, melding them in a combination which will promote the type of interaction necessary for advancing scientific understanding of the ecology of taiga forest ecosystems and insuring success of a long-term ecological research program. The Arctic Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Project: Terrestrial and Freshwater Research on Ecological Controls DEB 9211775 09/01/92; (DEB) $1,037,515; 38 months Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, MA 02543 John E. Hobbie During the first 5 years of the Arctic LTER at Toolik Lake, Alaska, systematic measurements of climate, of tundra plant distribution and productivity, and of lake and stream physics, chemistry, and biology were begun. Whole system experiments were set up on the tundra, in streams, and in lakes to examine the ecological effects of changes in environmental and biological factors such as air temperature, added nutrients, and changes in the density of the top predators and grazers. These measurements and long-term experiments are designed to help reach the overall goal: to understand how tundra, streams, and lakes function in the Arctic and to predict how they respond to human-induced changes including climate change. Under this broad goal there are three specific goals: (1) Determine year-to-year ecological variability in these systems and measure long-term changes. (2) Understand the extent of control by resources (bottom-up control) or by grazing and predation (top-down control). (3) Measure rates and understand the controls of the exchange of nutrients and organic matter between land and water. Long-term experiments are the heart of the Arctic LTER program. It has been found that arctic systems often do not respond for many years and that long-term responses are often not predictable from short-term responses. Changes in the responses of both streams and terrestrial vegetation to nutrient amendments are still being documented after 9 years. Lake trout manipulations take many years to show effects as these long-lived fish may change their diet from invertebrates to fish when they reach a certain size. As a result, most long-term experiments and measurements for determining ecological variability will be continued. The results of the long-term experiments will continue to be measured as more is discovered about long-term ecosystem controls by resources and predation. New research on the controls of the exchange of nutrients between land and water will be started. A major watershed experiment will be carried out to measure the movements of water and dissolved gases through the groundwater and into the streams. Stimulating and Facilitating Collaborative Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER): A Proposal for Continuing Support of the LTER Network Office DEB 9300679 03/01/93; (OPP) $43,159; 30 months University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Jerry F. Franklin The LTER Program has transformed itself from a loosely affiliated collection of sites into an integrated network. Recent accomplishments include development of an effective electronic communication system; creation of data catalogs and shared data sets, including comprehensive satellite imagery for the network of sites; stimulation of cross-site syntheses and experiments; and linking with other scientific centers and federal agencies. Collectively, the LTER Network has expanded its focus to include larger spatial dimensions (regional and global) and has assumed a leadership role in ecological research involving long-term experimentation and observation and multisite synthesis. The networked activities of LTER have allowed scientific collaboration far beyond the formal LTER Network. Initial collaborations with the general ecological community and other research organizations and agencies have involved research planning and electronic communication. During the next 2 years, LTER expects to forge new linkages with such diverse entities as the NSF-funded supercomputer and Geographic Information Systesm (GIS) centers, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and LTER-like programs in other countries. This project will continue the activities which facilitate collaborative research in the LTER Network and provide the linkages to other long-term research networks (domestic and international), agency programs, and scientists. Most of the resources will be used to support the infrastructure of the organized, electronically linked group of scientists working on multisite research and synthesis within and beyond the formal LTER Program. Support of Network communication and information and data exchange continues to be a primary focus for the Network Office. A major element is electronic access and information exchange, ranging from electronic mail services to on-line databases and data sharing. A special project during this proposal period (1993) is the third LTER All Scientists meeting and an associated international LTER summit. The major strategic emphasis in the next 2 years is building working linkages with other agencies, institutions, research programs, and scientists with interests in long-term ecological research, including other NSF-funded science centers. Proposed activities include (1) expansion of the existing communication network, data catalog, and on-line databases and development of a bibliographic database; (2) acquisition, archiving, and analysis of an array of remotely sensed data from collaboration with NASA and the Supercomputer Centers; (3) maintenance of the facilitating structure and publication program associated with the Coordinating Committee and LTER Network; and (4) increased involvement with other long-term research programs, both domestically (e.g., sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the National Park Service) and internationally. Research and development efforts by the network staff will occur in areas of database management, remotely sensed data, geographic information analysis, and intersite comparisons. POPULATION BIOLOGY Physiological Integration and Life History in a Clonal Plant DEB 9306179 01/01/94; (DEB) $10,000; 24 months University of North Texas Denton, TX 76203 Colleen K. Kelly Parthenogenesis and Incompatibility Micro-organisms in Insects DEB 9318783 02/15/94; (DEB) $83,000; 17 months University of Rochester Rochester, NY 14627 John H. Werren Clonality is an extremely important phenomenon in plants. Clonal plant species comprise up to 90 percent of the higher plant species in alpine and arctic communities and 60 percent or more of temperate floras, and even in tropical habitats, the majority of woody species possess the ability to sucker, crown sprout, or develop adventitious roots. Clonality is found in trees, shrubs, and herbs, under terrestrial, aquatic, and arboreal conditions, and in both autotrophic and parasitic groups, yet much about this widely successful growth mode remains poorly understood. In clonal plants, sugars and other nutrients are transported from "mother" plants to "daughter" offshoots (ramets). With greenhouse experiments to test theory, the proposed research will examine how variation in resource allocation among ramets affects the life history and contributes to the success of different genetic individuals of the clonal plant dodder (Cuscuta exaltata). Clonal plants have broad economic importance as both crop plants (e.g., strawberries, blueberries, raspberries, and asparagus) and noted crop pests such as dodder, which parasitizes crops including alfalfa in both temperate and tropical agriculture. The information provided by this study may prove useful for both crop growth and pest control, offering the data needed to create better schemes for timing and distribution of fertilizers in clonal crops and reducing the dependence on chemical control of clonal pests. Differential Seed Fitness in a Gynodioecious Plant: An Experimental Evaluation of Mechanisms DEB 9319002 04/15/94; (DEB) $19,000; 17 months Indiana University, Bloomington Bloomington, IN 47402 Lynda F. Delph This research addresses the genetic mechanisms that may be responsible for variation in the ability of offspring to survive, for the alpine tundra plant, Silene acaulis. Silene acaulis has a mating system that is termed "gynodioecy," in which there are two types of individuals_females and hermaphrodites. This contrasts with the majority of flowering plant species, in which only hermaphrodites occur. It has been reported that offspring from the female morph are nine times more likely to survive the seedling establishment phase than are offspring whose seed-parents are hermaphrodites. This finding is in spite of the fact that the seeds from the females are smaller and contain fewer nutrients than those from hermaphrodites. This suggests that genetic mechanisms are involved. Three genetically based hypotheses to explain the higher quality of seeds from females will be tested using field and laboratory experiments. The work funded by this grant will provide insight into (1) how genes that affect more than one trait in an organism are selected for, (2) how matings between related individuals affect offspring fitness, and (3) how competition among pollen grains that differ in their genetic constitution can affect offspring fitness. Furthermore, the genetic basis of sex determination will be investigated, in that the number of cytoplasmic types conferring male-sterility will be determined. Plant species with different mating systems vary in their ability to persist in natural populations, and this work promotes understanding of the mechanisms responsible for this difference. BIOTIC SURVEYS AND INVENTORIES Survey of the Fossil Record of Neoproterozoic Eukaryotes DEB 9400712 09/01/94; (DEB) $50,661, (INT) $37,000; 24 months Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 Andrew H. Knoll Processes of organic decay and fossilization impose strong filters on the paleontological record. Because extraordinarily well-preserved fossils retain biological information not commonly available in sedimentary rocks, they have played a key role in the interpretation of plant and animal evolution. They are equally important in attempts to understand Precambrian life. I propose a comprehensive systematic, taphonomic, paleoecological, and biostratigraphic study of three exceptionally well-preserved fossil assemblages that collectively shed significant new light on the early history of eukaryotic organisms: the ca. 750-million-year-old Multicolored Series, Greenland; the 100-1,100-million-year-old Ruyang Group, China; and what is among the best preserved and most diverse of all Precambrian fossil assemblages, the 600-580-million-year-old Doushantuo Formation, south China. Information gathered in these studies will contribute to a new database (DELTA System) of Proterozoic Eukaryotes that will simultaneously serve as a taxonomic key and a tool for exploring the environmental and age distribution of radiating eukaryotic taxa and characters. In a practical vein, these data will contribute to a growing biostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental framework that is proving valuable in a rapidly expanding exploration for Neoproterozoic resources. Survey of Prokaryotic Marine Plankton DEB 9401110 06/01/94; (DEB) $100,315; 12 months University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90089-1147 Jed A. Fuhrman Although prokaryotes are ubiquitous and immensely important in numerous biological processes, the diversity of naturally occurring marine populations is poorly known. The reasons for this include a general lack of recognizable morphological differences, difficulties in culturability required for standard identification, and questions about proper classification. This proposed renewal project will survey planktonic prokaryotes in diverse U.S. and remote ocean locations, classifying them by means of 16Sr ribonucleic acid gene sequences. This approach has provided a valuable and extremely broad phylogenetic framework of classification and is the only one at this time that can be done without culturing the organisms. The results are in the form of readily distributed sequence data, and interpretation within the context of a large existing database is through phylogenetic analysis computer programs. Previous work (in our lab and others) has successfully applied this approach to about 15 marine samples, and major new taxa have already been discovered (e.g., three major groups of archaebacteria and a few potentially phylum- or class-level eubacterial groups). The novel archaebacteria dominate the deep-sea clones from the four deep-Atlantic and -Pacific samples examined so far, and may be the most abundant group of organisms on Earth. Results suggest that it is highly likely that other novel major taxa, as well as additional members of better-characterized ones, are awaiting discovery in regions not yet studied. This proposal is to extend the global coverage of these studies to surface and deep waters of South Australia (Southeast Indian Ocean), the Greenland Sea, the North Polar Ocean, the Northwestern Pacific and Western Tropical Pacific (coral reef), the Arabian Sean (Northwest Indian Ocean), the Antarctic, and the Gulf of Mexico_all remote from locations that have previously been examined by such approaches. Cost-effective remote sampling will be done by colleagues already studying these areas for their own work. Also proposed is repeated sampling from different seasons in California coastal waters, to cover temporal shifts in local microbial composition. The results can be used in tests of hypotheses in ecology, biogeography, and phylogeny, but primarily will serve as the framework for such future studies. POLAR BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Foraging of Planktivorous Sea Birds and Hydrographic Processes in the Aleutians OPP 9122830 04/01/92; (OPP) $234,742; 36 months University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA 92717 George L. Hunt A multidisciplinary study will be conducted to test the hypothesis that planktivorous sea birds will concentrate their foraging where tidal and sub-tidal currents, interacting with bathymetry, transport and concentrate zooplankton near the surface in spatially predictable upwellings and fronts. It is hypothesized that quasi-permanent fronts, caused by horizontal gradients in mixing associated with gradients in tidal velocity and bottom depth, will be of importance to the birds. Physical processes and plankton distributions in both shallow (100 meters) and deep (600 meters) passes near Buldir Island will be compared, as will avian responses to concentrations of prey in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions. Advanced technologies including an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, an integrating echosounder, multiple opening-closing nets, and computerized data entry and real-time analyses of results to optimize use of the ship will be employed. The study provides a unique opportunity to combine the benefits of new technologies to investigate how physical processes affect the distribution and concentration of plankton that support higher trophic levels. The study will be one of the few to examine simultaneously physical processes, zooplankton distributions and abundance, and the foraging ecology of marine birds in the western Aleutians. This suite of information will permit comparison of the marine ecology of sea birds on oceanic islands with that of sea birds on nearby continental islands studied previously. Plasticity of Life History Traits: Arctic Charr as a Paradigm OPP 9123017 05/15/1992; (OPP) $128,700; 36 months University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, HI 96822 Richard L. Radtke As a result of the disparate nature of environmental conditions in oceanic and freshwater systems, the characteristics of these environments strongly influence the total population structure of species with plastic life history patterns. For meaningful research on these processes, it is essential to identify which life history stages and/or environmental events are significant. The arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) is characterized by a variety of morphological types. These types (morphs) appear to reflect differences in environmental conditions. This project will investigate the relationships between morph, growth, and environmental history. This research will apply novel analytic techniques to evaluate the periods in the life history of the Arctic charr. The otoliths of fish have incorporated within their structural and chemical components a large amount of life history and physiological information. Age, growth rate, and environmental perturbations will be determined from otolith microstructure, while environmental trends in the history of an individual will be determined through elemental composition analyses of otoliths. The result of these investigations will be a comprehensive and detailed understanding of physiologically and ecologically induced changes in otolith microstructure and chemical composition. This knowledge is vital to an understanding of the processes foundational to adaptable life history patterns and should make it possible to link growth and migration to nutritional and environmental occurrences. Controls of Structure and Function of Aquatic Ecosystems in the Arctic OPP 9400722 06/15/94; (OPP) $825,000; 11 months Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, MA 02543 John E. Hobbie Freshwater systems are a major feature of the arctic landscape, despite the low precipitation, because permafrost prevents drainage and evaporation is low. Their relative biotic simplicity offers advantages to researchers attempting to sort out the various controls and interactions of arctic lakes and streams. An understanding of the ecological processes is a necessary part of the long-term goal of this project: to study and predict the effect of changes in land use and climate on arctic stream and lake ecosystems. This project will be based at the Long-Term Ecologic Research (LTER) site, Toolik Lake, Alaska, and will make use of long-term experiments of stream and lake fertilization and manipulations of lake trout. The project will also use LTER-produced data on basic environmental conditions including climate, lake physics and chemistry, nutrient concentrations in streams and lakes, and stream flow. The project will move strongly toward synthesis and use data derived from past studies, plus data from recent manipulations on streams and lakes. The long-term goal of the synthesis and modeling is to understand the movements and transformations of water, nutrients, and organic matter through an entire watershed in the high Arctic. GENERAL Database Development and Verification of the Mammal Collection at the University of Alaska Museum DEB 9201380 07/15/92; (DEB) $48,241; 29 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Joseph A. Cook This award will allow the continued improvement of the mammal collection at the University of Alaska Museum (UAM). Specifically, PIs will catalog retroactively 10,000 specimens, construct a database and begin verification of the entire collection (28,000 specimens), enhance the frozen tissue collection (currently at 700 specimens) and establish a permanent collection manager position. The UAM mammal collection is the only regional resource readily accessible to state, federal, and academic scientists in Alaska for research and education on mammals from the arctic and subarctic biomes. UAM is the de facto natural history museum for Alaska and continues to be the central repository for voucher material arising from environmental management studies and other research projects. Recently, UAM became the repository for frozen tissues (with vouchers) from National Biological Survey and National Ocenographic and Atmospheric Administration projects in Alaska. The improved collection will be used widely in research and education on the biology and game management of arctic and subarctic mammals. Interactions between Plant Chemicals and Microbial Communities through Forest Succession in the Alaskan Taiga DEB 9408297 08/15/94; (DEB) $50,000; 11 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Joshua P. Schimel The main objective of this research is to determine what causes shifts in community composition during succession, and how ecological processes change as a result of these changes in species composition. This research focuses primarily on how the vascular plant community in Alaskan taiga vegetation changes during succession, and how these changes affect and are affected by the soil microbial community. Evidence exists to suggest that plant species may enhance their ability to occupy and maintain a site through modification of the soil environment. This occurs because the litter quality and chemical composition differ among tree species. With the use of field and laboratory procedures, this research will directly determine whether or not plant extracts affect microbial activities in associated soils. The general notion that reciprocal interactions occur between above-ground and below-ground processes has long been of interest, but rarely of studies. With the development of new technology, such questions are just beginning to be answered. This research will provide the baseline analyses for more detailed investigations of ecosystem feedbacks between above-ground and below-ground communities. Investigating Controls on the Benthic Flux of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Lake Sediments: A Comparative Ecosystems Approach DEB 9416807 11/01/94; (DEB) $200,000; 36 months Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, MA 02543 Anne E. Giblin This project will compare the stoichiometric relationships among benthic fluxes of oxygen, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorous from sediments in a variety of lakes. Investigators will use a comparative ecosystem approach and a process-based diagenetic model to examine the factors that control regeneration of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediments. They will examine how the release of nitrogen and phosphorus changes in lakes across gradients of organic matter deposition, water chemistry, sediment chemistry, and bottom-water oxygen concentration. The data to be examined include multi-year data sets from lakes in the Hubbard Brook, Northern Lakes, and Arctic Long-Term Ecological Research sites; shorter-term data sets from about 50 temperate and arctic lakes; data from several experiments in which carbon inputs to the sediments and overlying water chemistry were manipulated in intact sediment cores; and data from two whole-lake fertilization experiments. Investigators will use this data to generate improved conceptual and numerical models of the controls of nutrient release from freshwater sediments. These models will provide tools for the management of water quality in lakes and estuaries. Research in Undergraduate Institutions: Computational Modeling of Antifreeze Proteins MCB 9322602 08/01/94; (MCB) $25,000, (CHE) $25,000; 12 months University of South Alabama Mobile, AL 36688 Jeffry D. Madura The objective of this proposal is to investigate the binding of Type I antifreeze proteins (AFPs) to ice. The results from the binding study will be used to develop an improved adsorption-inhibition mechanism. This will be accomplished by applying modern molecular modeling techniques on native AFPs bound to an ice surface and at the ice/water interface. These calculations will be used to study what effect hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and hydrophilic effects, salt bridges, and electrostatics have on the binding of AFPs to ice. A major objective of this investigation is to understand how these properties contribute to the adsorption-inhibition nature of antifreeze proteins. Initially, a docking program will be used to locate potential binding sites on different ice surfaces. Once potential binding sites have been identified, energy minimizations will be used to determine the binding energy of the AFP bound to the ice surface. Molecular dynamics simulations will then be performed to study the interactions of the antifreeze at the ice/water interface and to provide starting configurations for free energy perturbation calculations. These calculations will be used to quantify the free energy contribution of individual amino acids to binding. Finally, Brownian dynamics simulations will be performed to study how electrostatics between the AFP and ice affects the translational and orientational steering of an AFP's approach to the ice surface in water. The results from this work will provide both a qualitative and a quantitative molecular description of the properties of AFPs which will be useful to the biologist, chemist, and biochemist in their attempts to design better synthetic analogs. These synthetic AFPs can then be used to protect frost-sensitive food crops, in food storage, in cryosurgical methods, and in the prevention of frostbite. In summary, the data from this work will have an impact in chemistry, biology, physics, computer science, and biotechnology. Other faculty members in the Chemistry Department will be able to use results from this proposal in their teaching. For example, visualization, in real time, of the motion of a moderately sized peptide at the ice/water interface. This "movie" will provide a mechanism with which to describe the different molecular interactions taking place (hydrogen bonding, solute-solvent interactions, salt bridges), which are usually discussed as abstract concepts in the classroom. Constraints to Ecosystem Development in High Arctic Polar Deserts OPP 9300045 09/15/93; (OPP) $11,900; 29 months University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Lawrence C. Bliss Research outlined here is a continuation of a study initiated in 1991 on the barren upland plateau on Devon Island, Canada. This research focuses upon the interactive roles of soil development, as well as cryptogamic crust and vascular plant establishment and function in the formation of polar deserts. Research on the macroscale landscape features of crusted and noncrusted sites will continue. This study will be expanded to include the mesoscale features of stone nets and stripes and the role these features play in soil weathering processes, the establishment and nitrogen fixation of cryptogamic crusts, and the transfer of nitrogen from crusts to soils and vascular plants. The physiological and biomechanical adaptations of root systems to cold, nutrient-poor, frosty, disturbed soils and the role of carbon accumulation and water relations of seedlings and adults will be studied in relation to the limited role of vascular plants within vast areas of polar desert. The large year-to-year variability provides clues on how this highly stressful system may respond to long-term climate change. A better understanding of the response to climate change of extensive but little understood polar desert systems will contribute significantly to program goals related to the effect of global changes in the arctic polar environment. Hormone-Behavior Adaptations in Arctic Birds OPP 9300771 05/15/93; (OPP) $155,146; 29 months University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 John C. Wingfield The arctic summer poses a number of problems for migratory birds that exploit the rich productivity of the tundra for reproduction. The breeding period is so brief that the time required for establishment of a territory, pair bonding, and courtship may be truncated into a few days or even hours. Birds must arrive early to begin nesting so that the young are produced while conditions are still favorable for their survival. Frequently, weather conditions in the arctic spring are severe, resulting in serious metabolic problems not only for the onset of breeding but also for survival. This research will elucidate the mechanisms by which arctic birds resist the rigors of the arctic summer. Among the questions addressed are why there is variation in the adrenocortical responsiveness to stress both among and within species, whether this is related to behavioral effects of stress hormones such as corticosterone and the distribution of receptors in neural tissue, and whether the variability is regulated by photoperiod through the action of gonadal hormones. Additionally, the hormonal basis of variation in breeding strategy will be explored in the white-crowned sparrow, a species that shows spatial opportunism on arrival and then defends neither a territory nor a nest site, and in the snow bunting, which shows an intermediate strategy and defends a nest site at least during egg-laying, but does not appear to be territorial later in the season. Comparisons of these species, and receptor distributions for steroid hormones in the brain, will shed new light on the diversity of hormone-behavior adaptations in arctic birds and will have considerable significance in the regulation of reproductive processes of vertebrates in general. Both of these objectives are aligned with program goals for Polar Biology and Medicine. Research Undergraduate Institutions: Ice Scour Disturbance and the Structure of Arctic Bottom Communities OPP 9321504 06/01/94; (OPP) $130,000; 12 months San Jose State University Foundation San Jose, CA 95106-0760 John S. Oliver Ice scouring is the most disruptive and widespread physical disturbance to marine-bottom communities in polar waters. At high latitudes, ice-pressure ridges scour the sea floor to depths of 60 meters, and larger icebergs ground as deep as 400 meters. This project will explore the ecological implications of this disturbance to arctic benthic populations and communities. It is a multidisciplinary and joint Canadian-U.S. program involving two major components. The first is to characterize and model the physical disturbance regime over a 3-year period by repetitive mapping the study areas with high-resolution side-scan sonar, and to quantify the scour-recovery process by divers. This approach will enable us to identify newly formed scours each season and to generate quantitative and ecologically relevant data on disturbance coverage, frequency, intensity, and physical recovery. The second component is to investigate benthic population and community responses to ice scour, documenting the successional stages of biotic recovery. They will test whether observed widespread patterns of zonation and larger spatial and temporal community mosaics are correlated to this key disturbance. This combined physical and biotic approach will enable them to develop a conceptual model of scour aging and recovery and to evaluate the impact of this disturbance on benthic production and diversity. A Comparison of Avian and Zooplankton Ecology in Two Western Arctic Polynyas OPP 9321636 06/15/94; (OPP) $350,000; 36 months University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA 92717 George L. Hunt The project compares seabirds and zooplankton populations in the St. Lawrence Island Polynya (SLIP) and in the Gulf of Anadyr Polynya (GAP). The SLIP is shallow (30-40 meters) and is expected to have a sluggish water circulation when compared with the strongly advective regime expected for the deeper (50-200 meters) GAP. Scientists predict that the ocean zooplankton community of the GAP will be dominated by pelagic Neocalanus species that have been advected from the slope region of the Bering Sea. Whereas in the SLIP, small coastal species will probably dominate but not until late in the season. The premise of the project is that seabird communities occupying the open ocean polynyas will reflect the relative abundance of pelagic food web and that zooplanktivorous auklets will be more abundant in the GAP than in the SLIP. It is expected that SLIP seabird diets will reflect an epibenthic-dominated food web and carbon fixed in previous season contrary to that in GAP, where carbon from the current year's production may be advected from the slope in growing copepods. This integrated study will provide a first-order estimate of the potential influence of seabirds on polynya carbon budgets, and the first accounts of zooplankton and seabirds in western Arctic polynyas with differing advective regimes and presumed carbon cycling pathways. Significance of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Arctic Waters: Effects on Phytoplankton and Ichthyoplankton OPP 9321736 06/15/94; (OPP) $127,433; 11 months University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institute La Jolla, CA 92093 Osmund Holm-Hansen The effects of increased ultraviolet (UV) irradiance on planktonic ecosystems have been studied in some detail for antarctic waters but comparable studies have not been carried out at high northern latitudes. Recent evidence has documented a thinning of ozone over arctic seas, suggesting the potential for similar UV effects in northern waters. In this proposal, we will determine the effects of present-day ultraviolet radiation, as well as the potential effects of increased UV irradiance, on phytoplankton and ichthyoplankton in high arctic latitudes. Studies of arctic phytoplankton, to be conducted in Norway, will focus on (1) the effects of UV radiation on photosynthetic rates and the effect on overall rates of primary production, (2) the extent to which cells can decrease their sensitivity of UV radiation by synthesis of UV-absorbing compounds, (3) species-specific differences in UV resistance, and (4) DNA repair capacities which are unknown for northern plankton communities. Studies of UV damage to ichthyoplankton have not been conducted at either pole. Recently developed methods allow us to measure the amount of UV-induced DNA damage in individual free-living eggs and larvae. The results of these studies, done at temperate latitudes, have shown that the diel cycle of damage and repair, the pre-exposure conditions, and interspecific differences greatly affect the susceptibility to UV damage. The present study will be the first attempt to measure the impact of UV on early life stages of important polar fisheries species. The proposal brings together the investigators' skills in measuring UV damage together with the unique location, collaborators, and technical capabilities of the laboratories in Tromso, Norway. EARTH SCIENCES CONTINENTAL DYNAMICS Photoluminescence Studies of Modern and Pleistocene Lacustrine and Near-Shore Marine Sediments from Spitsbergen: A Potential New Geochronometer for Arctic Waterlain Sediment ATM 9121944 07/15/92; (ATM) $1, (OPP) $44,686; 36 months Ohio State University Research Foundation Columbus, OH 43210-1063 Steve Forman There is a clear need for the development of a dating technique that can provide reliable chronologic control for sediments deposited in polar marine and lacustrine environments during the late and middle Quaternary. This award supports a series of fundamental investigations to ascertain the utility of the emerging photoluminescence (PL) technique to date waterlain sediments. The energy selective analysis of PL could potentially supply a widely applicable and accurate geochronometer. Specifically, these experiments will test the accuracy and precision of the PL technique to date lacustrine and near-shore marine sediments from Spitsbergen, Svalbard. The sediments chosen for study are either modern or radiocarbon dated sediments from exposures or cores that were deposited during the last ca. 12 thousand years. These sediments are from a variety of aqueous sedimentary environments. The proposed research should provide coherent results to evaluate the promises and limitations of the PL technique. This project represents one element of the Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries activity. Collaborative Research: Crustal Evolution of the Bering Shelf-Chukchi Sea Region EAR 9316573 03/15/94; (EAR) $64,700; 11 months William Marsh Rice University Houston, TX 77252 James E. Wright EAR 9317142 03/15/94; (EAR) $60,207; 11 months University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Phillip B. Gans Collaborative Research: Crustal Evolution of the Bering Shelf-Chukchi Sea EAR 9317087 03/15/94; (EAR) $495,390, (INT) $39,067; 17 months Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 Elizabeth L. Miller EAR 9317531 03/15/94; (EAR) $24,703; 17 months Western Washington University Bellingham, WA 98225 David C. Engebretson Since the advent of plate tectonics, earth scientists have increasingly emphasized the importance of the lateral growth of continental crust by the processes of terrane accretion and magmatic arc development. The Cordilleran orogeny of North America is one of the prime examples of such crustal growth, and the Alaskan portion of this belt is considered to have been constructed almost entirely by the process of terrane accretion. This study will undertake an ambitious geological and geophysical transect across the northernmost portion of the Cordilleran orogeny in the Bering-Chukchi region of the Arctic, between mainland Alaska and Russia. The main goals of the research are to provide us with greater insight into the details of the creation, evolution, and modification of the crust beneath Cordilleran-style orogenic belts, to give us a better understanding of the coupling between tectonic and petrologic processes at deep and shallow crustal levels, and to help us determine the general links between processes at the scale of the crust and those at the plate tectonic scale. The project is a collaborative effort by researchers at Stanford (Miller and Klemperer), Rice (Wright), University of California Santa Barbara (Gans), and Western Washington (Engebretson). The project also involves scientists from the United States Geological Survey Branches of Pacific Marine Geology (Scholl, Childs), of Alaskan Geology (Grantz, Moore), and of Seismology (Brocher), and three well-known Russian scientists from Khabarovsk (B. Natal'in), Yakutsk (L. Parfenov) and Magadan (M. Gelman). GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY Paleozoic Faunal Affinity Studies in West-Central and East-Central Alaska EAR 9312854 06/01/94; (EAR) $38,232; 12 months University of Oregon, Eugene Eugene, OR 97403 Norman M. Savage The PI will collect brachiopod and conodont faunas of suspect terranes in central Alaska and compare these faunas with known faunas in southeastern Alaska and cratonic North America. The comparison of these faunas will help determine the history of terrane displacement in Alaska. The field effort will be coordinated with the U.S. Geological Survey. Collaborative Research: Iridium (Ir) Deposition in Central Greenland Ice_Temporal Variability of Cosmic and Volcanic Sources EAR 9316183 08/15/94; (OPP) $25,000; 11 months Rutgers University New Brunswick, NJ 08903 Robert Sherrell The PIs have found Ir anomalies in ice cores associated with the 1908 Tunguska event and the 1783 Laki eruption. In collaboration with Robert Rocchia (Paris), they will extend these analyses to other ice cores with the following goals: (1) test and verify findings; (2) make systematic studies on ice core samples to clarify partitioning of Ir; and (3) investigate temporal variability of background Ir deposition. The results have implications for debate over impact versus volcanic sources of Ir in the stratigraphic record and for linking volcanism and impacts to climatic changes. Improved Age Calibration of the 0-25 Ma (Miocene-Pleistocene) Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale EAR 9405347 09/15/94; (EAR) $82,226; 11 months Berkeley Geochronology Center Berkeley, CA 94709-1211 Carl C. Swisher This project is intended to improve the temporal calibration of the geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS) in the 0-25 million-age-range (Miocene-Pleistocene). Currently, calibration of the GPTS in this time interval based on three radioisotopic tie-points; 2.8 million, 14.8 million, and 23.8 million. We propose to obtain between 20 and 30 high-precision 40Ar/39Ar dates for specific reversals in this time interval from a variety of locations and geologic settings, including the Mediterranean, East Africa, Iceland, and North America. This project is partly an outgrowth and synthesis of several ongoing research efforts by the PIs whose integration will increase the efficiency and timeliness of obtaining accurate radioisotopic tie-points and will produce, for the first time, a GPTS based on the highest quality 40Ar/39Ar ages obtainable. This intercomparison will help evaluate the causes and timing of global climate change and will also be useful in assessing the ages of 40Ar/39Ar dates obtainable, one that is capable of rigorously testing orbitally tuned time scales beyond the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. This will also be useful in assessing the ages of 40Ar/39Ar dating standards for application well beyond the time range covered by this project. Modeling and Validating Cretaceous Climate and Ocean Circulation Based on New Boundary Conditions EAR 9405737 09/15/94; (EAR) $65,008; 11 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 William W. Hay It has been common practice to run an atmospheric or oceanic general circulation model (AGCM or OGCM) and search for results that might be confirmed or rejected by geologic data. AGCM output describes average conditions over large areas, but nonmarine geologic deposits providing the best record of climate were rarely laid down under average conditions. This mismatch between model results and geologic data that might be used for their validation has been a major problem in paleoclimate studies. A new Atmospheric Global Change Model, GENESIS, designed specifically for paleoclimate research, and the Proxy Formation Model (PFM), a new method for validating the results of a paleoclimate model, can be used together to make more realistic simulations that can be validated by comparison with real data. A validated AGCM can then be used to drive an OGCM to investigate circulation of the ocean. GENESIS began as a heavily modified version of Community Climate Model 1 and differs from it in treatment of water vapor transport, atmospheric convection from the Earth's surface, solar radiation related to aerosols, cloud parameterization, vegetation, soil, snow, and sea ice. Its ocean is a slab, with heat capacity and ocean heat transport included. GENESIS has independent AGCM and surface grids, allowing for much better representation of surface paleogeographic, vegetation, and soil conditions. The PFM is a quantitative link between climate model data and geologic observations. PFMs are being developed for sedimentary deposits that form under known climatic conditions, such as evaporites, bauxites and laterites, and coal (peat). The PFM prescribes boundary conditions that must have existed at the location where the deposits occur. This additional "grid point" is inserted into the climate model, and the calculated environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, etc.) are compared with conditions required for formation of the deposit. Under this proposal, we will develop four additional PFM's: (1) sand deserts; (2) coastal sea ice; (3) mountain glaciers; and (4) ice sheets. The climates of the Early and Late Cretaceous were different from each other and both were different from Late Cenozoic climates. In the Early Cretaceous, there was high-latitude sea ice, strong mid-latitude seasonality, and a tendency for the "Atlantic" to become anoxic. In the Late Cretaceous, there was no high-latitude ice, less seasonality, and a more oxic ocean (with two brief notable exceptions). The differences were a response to changing boundary conditions: (1) from isolation of the western Tethys-Atlantic-Indian seaway from the eastern Tethys-Panthalassic Ocean during the Early Cretaceous to more open connections in the Late Cretaceous; (2) a rise in the atmospheric content of CO2 from a lower level in the Early Cretaceous to a high level in the Late Cretaceous; (3) an increase in poleward ocean heat transport from a low level during the Early Cretaceous to a high level in the Late Cretaceous; and (4) a rise of sea level to a maximum in the Late Cretaceous. The paleogeography/paleoclimatology energy balance of the Earth in the Cretaceous are well enough known to run AGCM's and subsequently OGCM's that can be rigorously validated using PFM's based on geologic data. The Oxygen Isotope Geochemistry of Biogenic Phosphate EAR 9406067 07/01/94; (EAR) $92,513; 12 months University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 James R. O'Neil A newly developed simplified method of oxygen isotope analysis of phosphatic materials will be exploited in a program of interdisciplinary research projects that utilize basic principles of earth sciences, chemistry, and biology. Particular emphasis will be placed on applications of the method to paleoclimatology, determination of equilibrium fractionation factors at low and high temperatures, biomineralization, mechanisms of phosphate-water interactions, anthropology, and paleontology. The proposed research program includes, among others, the following projects: (1) bacterial synthesis of hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite with determinations of equilibrium fractionations between H2O and PO4 (dissolved and solid), as well as the mechanisms of the exchange reactions and rare earth element uptake; (2) paleoecology of Pleistocene cave bears (paleoclimate); (3) Viking settlements in Greenland during the Little Ice Age (anthropology, paleoclimate, paleodiet); (4) a test of proposed large oxygen isotope excursions in late Devonian oceans from analysis of conodonts; (5) paleoecology of whales and fishes; and (6) laboratory calibration of 18ø-fractionations between apatite minerals and water at high temperatures. Samples for all projects are in hand, and preliminary data have been obtained. Late Cretaceous to Paleocene Depositional Systems, Paleoclimate, and Strike-Slip Basin Development, Denali Fault System, Alaska EAR 9406078 08/15/94; (EAR) $16,508; 11 months Purdue University Research Foundation West Lafayette, IN 47907 Kenneth D. Ridgway The PI will investigate the Cantwell Basin strata in Alaska, addressing questions of depositional systems, basin development, and paleoclimate. Strata in the basin may preserve the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, as well as offer opportunities to investigate fossil-plant community changes at this time in a high-latitude basin. Analysis of the Cantwell Basin will be a key step in developing a regionally integrated data base for strike-slip basins along the Denali fault system. Population Genetics of DNA Polymorphisms SBR 9209262 07/01/92; (SBR) $38,736; 42 months University of Utah Medical School Salt Lake City, UT 84132 Lynn B. Jorde Genealogical records are an important resource for the study of human genetic change over short periods of time. The primary objective of this research is to utilize the archival records of the Aland Islands, Finland, for two such analyses. First, excellent archival records are available for the past 250 years, facilitating long-term demographic studies as well as the construction of multigenerational pedigrees. Second, this population has high frequencies of several genetic diseases that are very rare in other populations. The investigators are interested in determining the evolutionary forces responsible for these disease frequencies. The initial goal of this project is to complete the computer entry of archival records from the Aland Islands so that they can be used in a computerized construction of pedigrees for the entire population. This will allow the analysis of inbreeding levels, nonrandom mating, the degree of genetic isolation, and the extent to which individual ancestral founders may have made disproportionate genetic contributions to the current generation. These studies will have evolutionary significance and they will help to explain why the Aland Islands population has a high incidence of some genetic diseases. Collaborative Research on Snowcover and Near-Surface Climate Interactions SBR 9320786 02/01/94; (SBR) $51,137, (ATM) $51,136; 42 months Rutgers University, New Brunswick New Brunswick, NJ 08903 David A. Robinson Physical geographers, climatologists, and other scientists recently have come to understand the critical and highly variable role that snowcover plays in the global climate system. Recent research has gathered data over the past century from satellite images and ground station records. This research also has advanced analyses of relationships between the extent of snowcover and surface-air temperatures. This collaborative research project will continue this line of inquiry by expanding the study of snow kinematics to include data on snow depths and by extending analyses to consider associations among snowcover and depth, and other near-surface atmospheric conditions. Data will continue to be acquired from satellite and surface-based sources in order to better explore spatial and temporal patterns of the extent and depth of terrestrial snowcover throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The analyses also will identify and diagnose sensitivities of near-surface atmospheric variables to variations in snowcover across a range of spatial and temporal scales. The investigators also will test the capabilities of different general-circulation climate models to simulate observed patterns of snowcover and its relationships with other variables. This research will extend a productive line of inquiry on an important topic. The data collection activities will expand a database of Northern Hemisphere snowcover over the past century, further improving a resource that already has been used by other researchers. These activities are complemented by analyses of relationships between snowcover and a range of atmospheric variables. A more comprehensive understanding of these relationships should advance general knowledge and help refine meteorological forecasting techniques. The evaluation of general circulation models should also prove useful in assessing the possible consequences of continued increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide and other forms of global environmental change. Barium in Bone as a Paleodietary Indicator SBR 9409384 07/01/94; (SBR) $97,353; 12 months University of Wisconsin_Madison Madison, WI 53706 T. Douglas Price This project examines the usefulness of barium as a paleodietary indicator. Considerable research focusing on strontium has shown that it is discriminated against relative to calcium in biological systems. Therefore, relatively less strontium is present in herbivores than in the plants themselves. Likewise, bones of carnivores contain less strontium than do bones of their herbivore prey. Preliminary analyses conducted by Dr. Price and colleagues indicate that the same holds true for barium and that in this latter case the differences between trophic level are even more pronounced. However, relatively little is known about how barium moves through ecological systems, and preliminary data indicate that the patterning is complex. Marine, arid, and nonarid terrestrial systems all seem to act differently. To gain insight into this issue, the project will study how barium moves through several ecosystems. Dr. Price will examine the food webs in selected regions of the Alaskan coastline, Alaskan interior, U.S. Great Basin desert, and the Guatemalan tropics. He will also analyze prehistoric human, skeletal materials from many regions of the world. Because food is essential to human existence and social systems of necessity are built around this need, archaeologists pay a great deal of attention to the reconstruction of prehistoric diet. This has proven extremely difficult because various classes of food are differentially preserved in archaeological sites. Plants, for example, which formed an essential part of prehistoric diet, are rarely preserved. Chemical analysis of bone has proven extremely useful since different diets may leave telltale chemical fingerprints in skeletal remains. The proposed work by Dr. Price and colleagues will help to develop a new technique which may yield insight not into only diet but also paleoclimate. This work is important because the technique, when developed, will provide a useful way to address a number of archaeological questions in many parts of the world. Collaborative Research on Analysis of a High-Resolution Pollen Record from the Dunde Ice Cap of Western China SBR 9410411 07/01/94; (SBR) $37,890, (ATM) $3,000; 24 months Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Kam-biu Liu SBR 9412262 07/01/94; (SBR) $3,555, (ATM) $2,000; 24 months Ohio State University Research Foundation Columbus, OH 43210-1063 Lonnie G. Thompson Ice cores drawn from glaciers provide an important source of information about changes in climate, vegetation, and other phenomena over tens of thousands of years. Analyses of oxygen isotopes can generate proxies for temperature, and analyses of soluble and insoluble aerosols can provide indications of wind strength and direction, volcanic activity, and drought. Measurement of the thickness of annual ice layers yield valuable information about precipitation patterns. Pollen contained within ice cores has not been studied as extensively, but these fine particles offer great potential as sources of information about past patterns of vegetation. This collaborative research project will extract a long-term pollen record with a high temporal resolution from ice cores extracted from the Dunde Ice Cap in western China. This pollen record will supplement other climate proxy data to provide a detailed regional history of changes in the climate and related variables over the past 100,000 years. Special emphasis will be placed on the use of these data to examine vegetational responses to monsoon circulation changes induced by the Earth's orbit. Analyses also will be undertaken to consider vegetational responses to cooling during the "Little Ice Age" and to greenhouse-gas-induced warming during the late Pleistocene and Holocene periods. This project will provide valuable new data to facilitate the reconstruction and analyses of climatic changes over the past 100,000 years. Because subtropical glaciers like the Dunde Ice Cap contain far more pollen than do glaciers at higher latitudes, they permit examinations with relatively great temporal precision of changing patterns of climate and vegetation. They also provide valuable sources of data regarding current rates of change, and these data can be used to help validate a number of different climatic models. GEOPHYSICS Seismic Velocity Structure of the Aleutian Arc and Bering Shelf and the Composition of Continental Growth EAR 9204998 06/15/94; (EAR) $175,043; 11 months Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 Simon Klemperer This research will measure the seismic velocity structure of the Aleutian Arc and the Bering Sea Shelf in order to provide constraints on continental growth and composition. It is widely believed that two-thirds of the continental crust forming today does so at magmatic arcs, but, paradoxically, recent geological and petrological estimates of island arc composition suggest that arcs are substantially more mafic than average continental crust is believed to be. The best test of the composition of in situ crust is its seismic velocity, though many measurements of continental velocity have been made worldwide, very few data exist for island arcs because of the logistic difficulties of working in these areas. This project is coordinated with two other NSF-funded projects to collect seismic reflection data from the research vessel Ewing under a University of Delaware and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory grant and an ocean-bottom seismometer deployment under a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution grant. Seismic Attenuation Structure of the Alaskan Subduction Zone EAR 9303945 09/01/93; (EAR) $58,506; 30 months Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287 Christopher O. Sanders This research will image the attenuation structure of the Alaska subduction zone and overlying mantle wedge by means of seismic tomography. S-to-P amplitude ratios measured from earthquakes located in the Alaska subduction zone and recorded by the Alaska Earthquake Information Center seismic array will be inverted for three-dimensional attenuation structure using an algebraic reconstruction algorithm. The resulting image will be used to test hypotheses concerning metamorphic and thermal processes at, and above, the contact zone between the subducted oceanic crust and the mantle lithosphere. In addition to determination of the thermal and petrologic structure of the subduction zone, the study will constrain the importance of shear heating in subduction zones and further the understanding of arc magma genesis. Seismological Database Software Implementation EAR 9316337 04/01/94; (EAR) $78,661; 18 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Max Wyss This project involves the production of modern, portable software tools that will enhance researchers' capabilities throughout the seismological community by efficiently and effectively creating, managing, and using seismological databases. This work is in collaboration with U.S. Geological Survey, scientists, and other Alaska institutes. It will build on prior efforts to develop the Seismic Unified Data System (SUDS). One of the first implementations of the product will be to implement a relational database from the approximately 4,000 earthquakes and one terabyte of continuous data annually recorded by the Alaska Seismograph Network at the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska to aid in research, understanding, and mitigation of seismic and volcanic hazards. This research is a component of the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program. 20th International Conference on Mathematical Geophysics; Villefranche-sur-mer, France; June 19-24, 1994 EAR 9402044 06/15/94; (EAR) $48,000; 11 months Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 Daniel H. Rothman This research is to demonstrate that melt-flow patterns can be determined seismically by imaging the upper mantle beneath the mid-Atlantic in northern Iceland by deploying an array of 30 PASSCAL seismic instruments for 9 months. Oceanic crustal material is created by the pressure-release melting of upwelling mantle beneath midocean ridges; however, the details of the mantle flow pattern and the processes by which melt segregates and ascends to crustal levels are poorly understood. From surface-wave phase velocities and body-wave travel-time delays, the researchers will construct images of compressional and shear velocity in the upper mantle down to about 150 kilometers. The objectives are (1) to determine if mantle upwelling beneath the ridge is narrowly or broadly focused and to explore the effects of the Iceland hotspot, (2) to determine if retained partial-melt exists within the shallow mantle beneath the ridge, (3) to define the depth range of any zone of retained partial-melt, and (4) to distinguish among theoretical mantle flow and melt transport models on the basis of the width of the zones of upwelling and melt generation. PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY An Evaluation of Microstructural Processes Affecting Saline Ice Properties CMS 9312621 08/01/94; (CMS) $15,696; 12 months Montana State University Bozeman, MT 59717 Robert L. Brown The objective of this research is the development of a more comprehensive understanding of the dominant characteristics of saline ice that can be used to describe the mechanical behavior of saline ice relative to pure ice. This research is a continuation of a previous NSF grant which showed an order-of-magnitude difference in the material strength between saline ice and nonsaline ice single crystals and smaller differences between the moduli and flow stresses. In the continuation of this research, several possible microstructural mechanisms will be considered to explain these differences and to be combined into a single constitutive equation for saline ice single crystals. The importance of this work is based on the need for a better understanding of microscopic cavities and the role they play in the deformation of solid materials. Petrogenesis of Early Tertiary Rift-Related Basalts of the East Greenland Passive Margin EAR 9117239 01/01/92; (EAR) $12,138; 36 months University of California, Davis Davis, CA 95616-8671 Charles E. Lesher Detailed mapping and sampling of the lower-most volcanics of the Blosseville Coast succession were undertaken by the PI and a student in 1989. This material, supplemented by samples from the University of Copenhagen and Greenland Geological Survey collections, provides the framework for these detailed geochemical and experimental studies. The plan is to conduct major and trace-element analyses of whole-rock samples, to conduct microprobe studies of mineral phases, and to conduct strontium, neodymium, and lead isotope analyses of selected whole rocks and pyroxene separates to establish temporal changes in magma composition during the transition from continental rifting to oceanic spreading. Complementary experiments are proposed to characterize the compositional relations for "damp" melting of mantle lherzolite and to define the liquid line-of-descent of parental magmas for Blosseville Coast basalts. These geochemical and experimental results will form the basis for modeling East Greenland basalt petrogenesis and for an evaluation of proposed physical models of early rifting in the North Atlantic. Correlation of Phreatomagmatic Depositional Features with Eruptive Events at the Ukinrek Maars, Alaska EAR 9304430 06/01/93; (EAR) $3,500; 30 months Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, AZ 86011 Michael H. Ort The proposed project will correlate deposits and individual strata with recorded hydrovolcanic eruptive events at the Ukinrek Maars, Alaska, in order to understand the processes involved in eruption and emplacement of phreatomagmatic deposits. Our results will provide a means for inferring diverse phreatomagmatic eruption styles from the characteristics of deposits in places where the eruptions were not observed. The underlying reason for this research is to aid understanding of hydrovolcanic processes for hazards assessments. Hydrovolcanic eruptions commonly include "blast" events that are among the most devastating and hazardous of all eruptions. It is of fundamental importance for hazards evaluations to recognize these deposits, as they are commonly mistaken for reworked volcanic deposits. Hafnium Isotopes and Precambrian Crust-Mantle Evolution EAR 9316255 01/15/94; (EAR) $175,000; 29 months University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 P. Jonathan Patchett This project will continue hafnium and other isotopic research into problems of crustal and mantle chemical evolution, with two main thrusts: (1) to complete study of granitoids melted from different crustal sources, and (2) to undertake a new effort to definitively determine the depleted mantle source of new crust over geologic time. Terranes have been selected from Greenland, Australia, Africa, Canada, United States, and Saudi Arabia as representing known or potential juvenile additions to the continents over 3.8-0.7 Ga. Other terranes and collaborations may become necessary to determine the depleted source evolution fully. These data should constitute a firm basis for modeling by the PIs and others of crust-mantle evolution 4.0 Ga to present. TECTONICS Collaborative Research: Tectonic Consequences of Ridge Subduction and Plate Reorganization: The Chugach Metamorphic Complex, Alaska EAR 9304062 08/01/93; (EAR) $50,242; 24 months William Marsh Rice University Houston, TX 77252 Virginia B. Sisson Collaborative Research: Tectonic Processes during Ridge Subduction and Plate Reorganization: The Chugach Metamorphic Complex, Alaska EAR 9307169 08/01/93; (EAR) $45,141; 30 months University of New Orleans New Orleans, LA 70148 Terry L. Pavlis Most tectonic processes are ultimately driven by plate motions; however, the tie between the two is generally obscure except in the simplest cases. Recent work in the Chugach Metamorphic Complex of Alaska suggests that the history of the complex is intimately tied not only to ridge subduction but to a North Pacific plate reorganization that changed the plate configuration in the vicinity of the subducting ridge. This hypothesis will be tested by three-dimensional structural analysis, geochronology, and geochemical techniques. Results have important implications for early Cenozoic North Pacific plate reconstructions that ultimately ended with the demise of the Kula plate. In addition, it offers the opportunity to examine deep-seated processes that accompany ridge-trench-ridge triple junction interactions that involve a highly oblique component on one limb of the triple junction. Thermomechanical Development of the Internal Zone and Linkage with the Fold and Thrust Belt, Central Brooks Range, Alaska EAR 9405560 07/01/94; (EAR) $195,463; 36 months University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Brian E. Patrick The Brooks Range of Alaska is a major collisional belt that contains a metamorphic core of high-pressure/low-temperature rocks. It is thought that these blueschist and greenschist facies rocks in the metamorphic core resulted from a mid-Mesozoic collision between a north-facing island arc and an older passive continental margin. The PI's recent work in the area has shown that a proposed major thrust in the schist belt of the Central Brooks Range is in fact a stratigraphic contact, and there is evidence to suggest that the bulk deformation was mostly contractional, rather than extensional as proposed by other workers. This project will examine the petrology, structure, and geochronology of the transition between the internal metamorphic zone and the external zone of the Brooks Range. It will investigate the links between the internal and external zones and examine the contributions of extension and contraction during the collisional orogenic event. The results of this work will be broadly applicable to all major orogenic belts. Collaborative Research: Structural and Geochronologic Analysis of the Ruby Terrane Central Alaska: Thermal and Tectonic Processes of Arc-Continent Collision and Exhumation EAR 9406404 06/15/94; (EAR) $16,053; 11 months University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 93106 William C. McClelland Collaborative Research: Structural and Geochronologic Analysis of the Ruby Terrane, Central Alaska Thermal and Tectonic Processes of Arc-Continent Collision and Exhumation EAR 9406480 06/15/94; (EAR) $56,231; 11 months University of California, Davis Davis, CA 95616-8671 Sarah Roeske Northern and central Alaska consist primarily of large blocks of continental crust that are locally overlain by oceanic crustal fragments. Gross similarities between them has led to speculation that they are all fragments of North America's continental margin; however, data to support or refute this hypothesis are particularly sparse in the Ruby terrane of central Alaska. This project will provide the necessary thermal and structural history of this area in order to reconstruct the subduction and exhumation events so that firm comparisons with other continental blocks can be made. Results should lead to a robust model of the Mesozoic paleogeography of the northern Cordillera and answer the question of what the relative significance of strike-slip, thrust and extensional tectonics were in the history of the Ruby terrane and how it arrived at its current oblique angle to the regional trends in the northern Cordillera. GENERAL Undergraduate Research Projects on the Geology of a Deformed Continental Margin EAR 9300259 05/15/93; (EAR) $50,000; 29 months Colgate University Hamilton, NY 13346 Constance M. Soja Colgate University seeks funding for a 2-year, summer research program to enhance research opportunities in the field and laboratory for geology undergraduate students from Colgate University and other colleges. The goals of the project are to prepare undergraduate students better for graduate education in geology and to encourage pursuit of future careers in the geosciences and related fields by involving junior and senior undergraduates in a supportive research environment. Minority students enrolled in Colgate University's precollege summer program and in the geology department's field-based seminar for first-year students and students from other colleges will be strongly encouraged to participate in the summer program. Research topics provide undergraduates interested in geology with tractable study problems that will make significant contributions to the understanding of the geologic history of a classic deformed continental margin. Research topics in New York and New England will focus primarily on the Taconic fold/thrust belt, Adirondack massif, and Cortlandt Complex. Additional research opportunities will be available at Colgate on topics related to aqueous geochemistry, clay mineralogy, and geomorphology and in Alaska on the paleontology and sedimentology of Paleozoic carbonates. Student participants will begin the summer geology program by attending a 6-week orientation field exercise where they will learn the fundamentals of field-based research and undertake independent mapping exercises in a variety of geographical and geological contexts. For 7 weeks following the field program, students will work on research projects in close partnership with geology faculty at Colgate. Students will continue their research as independent study projects or as senior honors theses during the academic year. Students will learn how to use analytical instrumentation in geologic research and will be encouraged to incorporate departmental equipment (SEM/EDS, XRF, XRD, AA, ion chromatograph, magnetometer, gravity meter, resistivity meter, and exploration seismograph) into their studies. Students will present the results of their projects in a research symposium at Colgate and/or in coordination with faculty at regional geology meetings. Technical Support: Request for an Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) Technician at the University of Notre Dame EAR 9315930 09/01/94; (EAR) $60,000; 36 months University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN 46556 Clive R. Neal This award provides partial funding to support a technician assigned to the ICP-MS laboratory in the Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences at the University of Notre Dame. The ICP-MS instrument was recently obtained by Notre Dame through matching funds from a grant from the NSF Academic Research Infrastructure Program. It will be used primarily by students and staff of the University involved in research and teaching projects in the area of environmental geochemistry, pollution control, petrology, paleoclimatology, limnology, and groundwater hydrology. This award also provides partial funding for the support of a technician assigned to the Radiogenic Isotope Laboratory in the Department of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Wisconsin_Madison. The technician will assist in the operation and maintenance of the laboratory's equipment, which includes a multicollector thermal ionization mass spectrometer and associated instrumentation for sample preparation and data analysis. The laboratory is a resource for mass spectrometric analysis needed in research and teaching projects in the earth sciences by a large number of researchers on and off campus. Research applications include work on Arctic Ocean sediments, mantle geochemistry, volcanism, geochronology of carbonates in the Michigan Basin and Wisconsin Arch provinces, and Archean and Proterozoic granites. The technician will also participate in the technical developmental work of the laboratory, including the development of new methods for the quantitative measurement of the isotopes of hafnium. Acquisition of an Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) EAR 9316242 03/15/94; (EAR) $68,156, (OCE) $10,000; 30 months Rutgers University, New Brunswick New Brunswick, NJ 08903 Michael J. Carr This award provides funding for the acquisition of an ICP-MS system that will be housed and operated in the Department of Chemistry at Rutgers University. The instrument has the ability to measure the concentration of most elements dissolved in water or dilute acids to very low concentration levels. It will be used primarily in the research of geochemists at Rutgers who are engaged in research on Central American and Hawaiian volcanoes, iridium deposition in Greenland ice cores (for interpretation of past climate changes), trace-metal scavenging in the oceans, deep-sea spherules, and the composition of meteorites. Seismic Processing and Acquisition Equipment for the Rice Geophysics Program EAR 9316711 05/01/94; (EAR) $61,745; 24 months William Marsh Rice University Houston, TX 77252 Alan R. Levander This award provides 73 percent of the funds required for the acquisition of a 60-channel, digital, 24-bit seismograph, cables, geophones, and a seismic source to be used by the reflection seismology research group in the Department of Geology and Geophysics at Rice University. The University is committed to providing the remaining funds necessary to acquire the equipment. The Rice University program will utilize the seismograph system in their current research projects which include land and marine seismic experiments in the Blake Plateau, Carolina Trough, Gulf of Mexico, the Hatton-Rockall Bank, central California transform margin, Aleutian Arc, and the Brooks Range in Alaska. These and other active projects are supported by NSF and the Office of Naval Research and are aimed at a better understanding of the structure of the Earth's crust and of the methodology of seismic imaging techniques. Research Experience for Undergraduates in the Geosciences EAR 9322471 04/15/94; (EAR) $45,000; 17 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Douglas H. Christensen Research Experience for Undergraduates site grant support is requested for eight students in Solid Earth Geophysics for each of the next 3 years at the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska. The program will give undergraduates majoring in geology, geophysics, physics, and closely related disciplines an opportunity to experience working in a research environment. The program objective is to acquaint undergraduates with exciting research opportunities in the various fields of geophysics concentrating on seismology, volcanology, geochronology, geochemistry, paleomagnetics, and tectonics and to encourage the undergraduates to go on to graduate school in these or other scientific fields. Women and minorities will be particularly encouraged to apply. Many of the students will be recruited from small liberal arts colleges throughout the Nation, and programs such as this are likely to be their only opportunity for in-depth exposure to the fields of solid-earth sciences before they must make decisions regarding graduate school. In their contacts with graduate students and by attending seminars and thesis defenses, the students will obtain an accurate perspective of graduate student life. In this program, students are assigned to work with individual faculty investigators on projects assigned by the investigators. In addition, there will be an organized series of weekly lectures and field trips to expose students to other fields of research beyond the scope of their own project. Influence of the Active Layer and Snowcover on the Thermal Regime of Permafrost OPP 9122928 06/01/92; (OPP) $67,132; 42 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Thomas E. Osterkamp Permafrost temperatures are an extremely sensitive indicator of climatic change. Changes too small to be detected by continuous measurements of the surface energy budget occur as clear and robust changes in permafrost temperature profiles. This award supports research to allow rational utilization of permafrost temperature data and to improve current interpretations of permafrost temperature profiles. These tasks require a better understanding of the influence of the active layer and snowcover on the thermal regime of permafrost. The research program consists of field and laboratory measurements, interpretation, and modeling of the thermal response of permafrost to changes in climate. This research will be conducted at four established sites along the Haul Road between the Brooks Range and Prudhoe Bay in Alaska. Measurements will include daily temperatures at 11 levels from the air 1/2 meter or more into the permafrost, annual permafrost temperatures to depths of 80 meters, and in situ and laboratory measurements of thermal and other properties of the numerical model for predicting temperatures at all levels. This continuing research effort is necessary to develop an understanding of climatic change that has occurred and may be occurring in the permafrost areas of Alaska and the north polar region. Chronostratigraphy of Pleistocene Glacial and High-Sea-Level Deposits, Northeastern Bristol Bay, Alaska OPP 9210124 07/15/92; (OPP) $22,694; 42 months Bowdoin College Brunswick, ME 04011 Peter D. Lea This award is for support of a study to reconstruct the spatial and temporal pattern of pre- to late- Wisconsinian glacial and sea-level fluctuations of the northeastern Bristol Bay region of southwestern Alaska. A wide spectrum of geochronological methods, including aminostratigraphy, tephrostratigraphy, thermoluminescence, and radiocarbon dating will be used to date the stratigraphic records that are available. An improved chronostratigraphy will allow the spatial and temporal variability in the response of the glacial and periglacial systems to be assessed in terms of the changing oceanic and atmospheric boundary conditions of the last interglacial to late Wisconsinian time. Paleoclimatic Significance of Major High-Latitude Post-Glacial Tephra Eruptions in Alaska and Siberia OPP 9223790 07/01/93; (OPP) $45,695; 30 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 James E. Beget This award supports a program to characterize tephras in Alaska and Siberia in order to understand better the volume, extent, and climatic effects of large volcanic eruptions in the Arctic. The project will fingerprint tephras by major and trace-element analytical methods and will develop a chronologic record of tephras that can be used for correlating volcanic ash layers in ice core, acquired through the Greenland Ice Sheet Project II. Estimates of the volume of ash erupted in each event will be important input to climate models because volcanic ash in the atmosphere is known to cause temperature decreases. Mesozoic to Present-Day Tectonics of the Eastern Sakha Republic, Russia: A Cooperative Research Proposal with the Yakut Science Center at Yakutsk, Russia OPP 9224029 09/15/93; (OPP) $8,420; 29 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 David B. Stone This project is a collaborative venture between investigators from the United States and Russia. This award supports a multidisciplinary study (seismology, geochronology, and paleomagnetism) toward an understanding of the present tectonics and recent tectonic history of the Sakha Republic in Russia. The projects' goals are to determine the geometry of present plate boundaries, as well as the geologic and tectonic development of this part of northeastern Russia in relation to the tectonic development of northwestern Alaska. Of particular importance is distinguishing between tectonic models which involve large-scale relative motion between Alaska and far-eastern Russia. The Final Stages of a Collapsing Marine Ice Sheet: Late Glacial Sediment Fluxes, Paleo-oceanography, and Chronology_Hudson Strait and Adjoining Shelf, Canada OPP 9224251 07/01/93; (OPP) $100,000; 30 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Anne Jennings This award supports the study of sediment cores from the Hudson Strait, which is widely believed to have been the drainage path for a major part of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The goals are to understand the dynamic processes associated with the last stages of collapse of this marine-based ice sheet. The project will use oxygen isotopes, carbon 14 ages, benthic foraminifera, and sediment provenance studies to develop a history of the changing paleoenvironmental conditions during the time that the Laurentide Ice Sheet was deteriorating. Ice Sheet-Ocean Interactions on the East Greenland Continental Margin During the Past 14,000 Years OPP 9224254 08/15/93; (OPP) $52,300; 29 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 John T. Andrews This award supports a project to study sediment cores from the inner continental shelf and fjords of east Greenland. The goals are to determine paleoclimatic conditions and to understand ice-sheet-ocean interactions during the late Quaternary period. The project will use oxygen isotopes, carbon 14 ages, benthic foraminifera, and sediment provenance studies to develop a high-resolution history of the paleoenvironmental conditions in the region. This project will develop information about the extent and duration of sea-ice cover on the inner continental shelf of east Greenland during the late Quaternary period and about the freshwater discharge from the melting of land-based ice in the Arctic Basin. The results of this work should be useful to help constrain models of climate change that are being developed from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project ice core. Paleomagnetic and Stable Isotope Analyses of Sediments from the Northwind Ridge in the Central Arctic Ocean OPP 9224288 06/15/93; (OPP) $100,852; 29 months Woods Hole Ocean Institute Woods Hole, MA 02543 David A. Schneider This award supports a program to perform paleomagnetic and stable isotope measurements on deep-sea sediment cores from the Northwind Ridge in the central Arctic Ocean. This region appears to offer considerably higher sedimentation rates than most areas of the Arctic Ocean. Consequently, it offers a higher likelihood of success for producing a reliable magnetostratigraphic framework for interpretation of a benthic-foraminifera-based oxygen-isotope record. This research will provide a valuable proxy climate record for a part of the Arctic about which very little is known. Holocene Glaciation of the Barents and Kara Seas OPP 9224471 07/15/93; (OPP) $83,217; 29 months Woods Hole Ocean Institute Woods Hole, MA 02543 Scott J. Lehman This award supports a multidisciplinary study (sedimentology, paleontology, and oxygen-isotope stratigraphy) of glacial sediments in the Kara and Barents Seas. At present, melting of ice sheets that are known to have existed cannot explain completely the well-documented postglacial rise in sea level. An ice sheet in the Kara and Barents Seas region could have contributed substantially to postglacial sea-level rise. The goal of this study is to determine the extent of an ice sheet that is thought to have existed in this region during the last glacial maxima, the timing of its disintegration or retreat, and its potential for contributing to postglacial sea-level rise. Paleozoic Conodonts from the Arctic Ocean and their Significance for the Tectonic Evolution of the Western Arctic Basin OPP 9321204 04/01/94; (OPP) $49,983; 12 months University of Wisconsin_Madison Madison, WI 53706 David L. Clark This award supports a study of Paleozoic conodonts from cores collected on the Northwind Ridge in the Arctic Ocean. The conodonts include both Permian and either Ordovician or Silurian forms and were derived from submarine weathering of Paleozoic rocks underlying the Northwind Ridge. Study of these conodonts is expected to lead to fingerprinting of the Paleozoic stratigraphic units. This information will provide constraints for the original location of the crustal block represented by the Northwind Ridge, which will, in turn, help to constrain models of the tectonic evolution of the Amerasian Basin portion of the Arctic Ocean Basin. Development of a Differential Frost-Heave Model: Application to Patterned Ground Formation OPP 9321405 07/01/94; (OPP) $78,873, (CTS) $13,900; 12 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 William B. Krantz This award supports a project to extend predictive frost-heave models to full three-dimensional forms in an effort to understand better the processes involved in development of patterned ground, such as earth hummocks, that occur in periglacial environments. Of the 19 mechanisms thought to be important, either singly or in combination, for formation of patterned ground, only two have been incorporated into mathematical models. The objectives of this work are (1) to use published laboratory frost-heave data to test a simplified form of the one-dimensional secondary frost-heave model of O'Neill and Miller which can be generalized to three-dimensional; (2) to ascertain the ability of a new differential frost-heave model based on this simplified form of the O'Neill and Miller model to describe earth hummocks for which relevant properties have been characterized; (3) to refine this differential frost-heave model based on the laboratory and field observations; and (4) to explore the applicability of this model to describe features of other forms of patterned ground. In addition to improving models of periglacial processes, this work will benefit researchers correlating ancient geomorphic features with past climate, as well as engineers developing construction projects in periglacial regions. Structure and Evolution of the Canada Basin: An Aerogeophysical Study OPP 9321628 08/01/94; (OPP) $219,928; 12 months Naval Research Laboratory Arlington, VA 20350 John M. Brozena This award supports a geophysical investigation of the northern Canada Basin, part of the Arctic Ocean Basin. A well-constrained understanding of the tectonic evolution of the Canada Basin is critical for determining the geological evolution of the northern margins of Alaska, Canada, and Siberia, and for determining the tectonic framework under which paleoclimatic change occurred. The current regional geophysical knowledge of the region is not comprehensive enough to constrain even zeroth-order tectonic models of the evolution of the region adequately. This is reflected in the continuing scientific controversy over the timing and most basic tectonic characteristics of those models. This project will conduct a regional aerogravity-aeromagnetic investigation of the northern Canada Basin with the goal of determining the structure and tectonic evolution of this region. To conduct these flights, Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) will deploy its RP-3 Orion long-range aircraft equipped with the NRL Airborne Geophysical Sensor Suite (AGSS) from Pt. Barrow, Alaska for a 1- to 2-month study over a section of the Canada Basin chosen to provide the highest likelihood of important tectonic signatures diagnostic of opening direction and timing. Funds from NSF will partially support 1 month of the field program. NRL will support the balance of the costs with internal research funds and support from other Federal agencies. The AGSS consists of multiple redundant gravimeter, kinematic global positioning systems (GPS), and radar/laser altimeter systems in addition to a standard airborne proton precession magnetometer. This system has successfully collected over 200,000 line kilometers of high-quality gravity, magnetics, and topography data over Greenland in 1991 and 1992. In addition, 40,000 line kilometers of similar data were collected over the northern Canada Basin adjacent to Arctic Canada in 1992 as a pilot program for the proposed work. Typically, the accuracy of the system at the altitudes and speeds proposed (600 meters and 240 knots) is about 2-3 meters root-mean-square at the track crossings, resolving crustal features with wavelengths of 15 kilometers and longer. The project will be performed under the framework of a cooperative, international program involving scientists from the United States, Canada, and Russia. This work will yield a geophysical data set that will be used to interpret the tectonic and geologic evolution of the region but the data set will also be used by many parts of the broader earth sciences community. Geochronological Evaluation of Events 600 Million Years Ago in Northwest Svalbard, Arctic Caledonides OPP 9416211 07/15/94; (OPP) $22,496; 17 months Brown University Providence, RI 02912 L. Peter Gromet This award supports a U.S. contribution to a collaborative project with Swedish geologists to evaluate the geochronology of the Richarddalen Group of northwestern Svalbard. These rocks have recently yielded "Pan African" aged zircons (620-660 million years old) that are enigmatic because there is little other evidence in the Arctic or Scandinavian Caledonides to rock forming or metamorphic/deformational events of this age. Detailed geochronologic studies based on field and microstructural study, and high-precision U-Pb methods will be used to date metamorphic and deformational fabrics directly. Lead-207/Lead-206 ages will be measured by direct evaporation of single zircon grains to test for the presence of older (inherited) components, thereby further constraining the interpretation of existing zircon ages. These new data will permit a direct assessment of whether the isotopic ages reflect protolith, metamorphic or deformational, or mixed ages, and the significance of these rocks to global tectonic reconstructions in the Neoproterozoic. Kara Sea Ice Dome of the Eurasian Ice Sheet: Taimyr Peninsula Record OPP 9419532 08/15/94; (OPP) $17,288; 11 months University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 Michael L. Prentice This award supports a U.S. contribution to a collaborative project with Russian and Swedish glacial geologists to test the existence of a hypothesized Holocene ice dome centered on the Kara Sea. This hypothesized dome could account for a maximum of 17 meters of sea-level rise, and thus the question of its existence has important implications for models of Holocene climate. However, its existence is a highly contentious question. The goal of the project is to produce well-constrained radiocarbon ages of the northernmost terrestrial moraine complex along the margin of the Kara Sea. The work will focus specifically on the area east of Dikson, Russia, where the Leneevaya River intersects the northern Taimyr moraine. Accurate ages of the moraines are required in order to determine if an ice dome is likely to have existed in the Kara Sea region during the last ice age. If the existence of the ice dome is supported, then this work would also be key to formulating further work to characterize the dome fully. The results of this project are expected to help resolve an important and contentious question about the nature and extent of ice sheets during the last ice age. OCEAN SCIENCES FACILITIES Shipboard Scientific Support Equipment OCE 9321824 04/01/94; (OCE) $19,772; 18 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Thomas D. Smith This project will provide shipboard scientific support equipment for the research vessel Alpha Helix, an NSF-owned ship operated by the University of Alaska's Institute of Marine Science, and dedicated to use in support of ocean science research. The Shipboard Scientific Support Equipment Program provides funds for ship equipment deemed essential to the proper and safe conduct of ocean science research. This program provides support items such as winch systems for the deployment and retrieval of scientific instrument; navigational equipment such as radars, gyroscopes, and earth satellite receivers to pinpoint the location of research sites; communication equipment including radio transceivers and satellite transceivers for voice and scientific data communications; and other equipment such as motorized workboats for transporting scientists to and from data retrieval sites. The PI, Thomas D. Smith, is fully qualified to direct this project having had considerable experience in overseeing the acquisition and installation of shipboard equipment. This project will allow the institution to replace data wiring, two outboard motors, and a science materials freezer and to obtain a navigational computer and a radioactivity monitor. Marine Technicians OCE 9400282 04/01/94; (OCE) $164,134; 18 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Thomas D. Smith The University of Alaska requests renewed funding for shipboard technician activities associated with the research vessel Alpha Helix. The Alpha Helix is owned by the NSF and operated by the university. In 1994, the Alpha Helix will support 145 days of NSF-funded research projects in the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea. University technicians will be responsible for operating and repairing instruments while at sea, maintaining instruments ashore, and assisting with scientific operations necessary before and after cruises. Budgets for years two and three of this award will be negotiated when ship schedules for those years are finalized. Construction of an Inlet System for Automated Tritium Measurements by Helium (He) Isotope Mass Spectrometry OCE 9402110 07/01/94; (OCE) $73,337; 12 months Columbia University New York, NY 10027 Peter Schlosser This award provides funding to construct an inlet system for mass spectrometric measurement of tritium by the He in growth method. The inlet system will automate the processing of tritium samples to increase the capacity of the laboratory and improve the quality of tritium measurements. The increased capacity of the laboratory will be necessary to process the large number of samples generated by a variety of NSF-funded research projects, particularly World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) studies of deep water formation in the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans and long-term observations of deep water formation in the Greenland/Norwegian and Labrador Seas. The PI has established a state-of-the-art laboratory for noble gas measurement over the past 6 years. The laboratory currently consists of two mass spectrometers; one dedicated to heavy noble gas measurements (from 3He to 136Xe) and the other dedicated to He isotope and tritium measurements. The demand for He isotope and tritium measurements has grown to the point that separated mass spectrometers are needed for He and tritium. This demand has been created by oceanographic studies funded by NSF's Division of Ocean Sciences (OCE) and Office of Polar Programs, and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA has provided $200,000 for acquisition of a third mass spectrometer that will be dedicated to tritium measurements. This proposal will allow the PI to construct an inlet system for the new tritium mass spectrometer consisting of (1) a cryogenic cold trap system for separation of He from other gases; (2) gas pipettes for standardization; and (3) sample inlet and purification lines. The expected capacity of the new system will be 1,500 samples per year which should be sufficient to meet the demands of currently funded research projects. Future expansion of the inlet system will be possible should demand exceed 1,500 samples per year. Joint funding for this award will be provided by the OCE Arctic Systems Science Program, the OCE Physical Oceanography Program, the OCE Instrumentation and Technical Services Program, and the Polar Ocean and Meteorology Program. MARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS Volcanoes and Crustal Construction at the Reykjanes Ridge OCE 9224738 01/15/94; (OCE) $55,068; 17 months Woods Hole Ocean Institute Woods Hole, MA 02543 Deborah K. Smith The PI will test whether the effects of the Iceland hot spot are decoupled from the processes that build the axial topography and thus shallow crust at Reykjanes Ridge, or whether the hot spot produces an observable morphological signature at the axis. She will use hydroweep multibeam cum Towed Ocean Bottom Instrument deep tow data to investigate the characteristics of volcano morphology in three areas of the axis of Reykjanes Ridge. Seismicity of the Nordic Mid-Ocean Ridges: New Constraints from Norwegian Seismic Hydrophone Arrays OCE 9314502 05/15/94; (OCE) $50,000; 11 months University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institute La Jolla, CA 92093 John A. Orcutt The broad motivation for this study is to further understanding of the relationship between the nature of the seismicity (depth, mechanisms, spatial-temporal behavior), the character of ridge axis morphology, and the generation of acoustic T-waves along the Iceland-Svalbard plate boundary. The recent availability of several new seismic/acoustic data sets (the Norwegian land-based seismic array data, the U.S. Navy hydrophone array data, and detailed data on the plate geology and tectonics) provides an exciting opportunity for a well-constrained investigation. OCEANOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM Engineering Research Equipment: Sensors to Advance Autonomous Underwater Vehicles as Oceanographic Research Tools BES 9311151 01/15/94; (BES) $25,000; 17 months Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 Chryssostomos Chryssostomidis The Underwater Vehicles Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sea Grant College Program will purchase oceanographic sensors and sensor support equipment to enable the use of existing Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) as tools for oceanographic research. Six missions have been chosen to direct this effort, including (1) the investigation of plate tectonics and spreading centers through geomagnetic measurements off the coast of Antarctica, (2) the development of geophysical navigation methods, (3) the creation of a rapid-response AUV to investigate transient ocean events, (4) the use of AUV development as a method of enhancing engineering education, (5) the development of methodologies for applying AUVs to the study of shallow-water environments, and (6) the study of the mechanics of arctic ice. The high operating cost of research vessels constrains oceanic research. AUVs increase the search rate of the ocean floor, greatly increasing the efficiency of the time spent at sea. OCEANOGRAPHY Interrelations between Structural Characteristics, Physical Properties, and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Signatures of Late Summer Pack Ice in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas OPP 9122948 06/01/92; (OPP) $74,825; 42 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Martin O. Jeffries This project is a study of the composition and properties, as well as the associated SAR signatures of warm arctic sea ice. Direct measurements will be made from U.S. Coast Guard icebreakers in the late summers of 1992 and 1993 in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas. Sea-ice characteristics to be investigated will include thickness, salinity and temperature profiles, dielectric properties, crystal structure, and surface conditions. These characteristics will be used to model the expected microwave backscatter intensities, which will be compared with observed backscatter intensities obtained by the SAR instruments on board the ERS-1 and JERS-1 satellites. The project will contribute to an improved understanding of the internal structure of arctic pack ice, of the specific summer properties of warm sea ice, and of SAR signature variations produced by differing ice characteristics. The information produced by this study is expected to be particularly valuable in other fields of polar oceanographic research, such as sea-ice dynamics and thermodynamics, ice mechanics and rheology, oceanic heat and salt fluxes, and sea-ice biological processes. PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY Hydrographic Support for World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Hydrographic Program Line P-17N OCE 9103165 03/15/93; (OCE) $119,584; 23 months University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institute La Jolla, CA 92093 James H. Swift P-17N: A World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Hydrographic Program Section (WHP) in the Northeast Pacific OCE 9106472 03/15/93; (OCE) $175,000; 29 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 David L. Musgrave In this project, the PIs will collect and interpret high-quality and high-resolution conductivity, temperature, depth, oxygen, and nutrient data in the northeast Pacific Ocean, along a line designated as P-17N by the World Ocean Circulation Experiment and running generally parallel to the coast from San Francisco to the Shumagin Islands, with an intersecting leg into Sitka, Alaska. Specific science issues to be addressed include heat and fresh water divergences, exchange of properties between the Alaska Gyre and the Subtropical Gyre, spreading and ventilation rates of North Pacific Intermediate Water, and bottom boundary interactions as seen in silica distributions. OCEAN SCIENCES RESEARCH SECTION Phytoplankton Organic Carbon and Sulfur Cycling at the Marginal Ice Edge Zone OPP 9200436 03/15/92; (OPP) $92,343; 36 months University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA 92093 Maria Vernet Role of Phytoplankton in the Cycling of Carbon and Sulfur at the Marginal Ice Zone of the Barents Sea OPP 9200847 03/15/92; (OPP) $71,000; 36 months University of Miami School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Miami, FL 33149 Patricia A. Matrai Arctic phytoplankton may act as a sink for carbon dioxide (CO2) and a major producer of dimethylsulfide (DMS). Maximum effects are expected in the marginal ice zone where phytoplankton blooms extend from May to September as the ice recedes northward. These productive waters can cover more than half the area of arctic shelf seas, such as the Barents Sea, in any one growth period. One of the main components of the phytoplankton at the marginal ice zone is Phaeocystis pouchetii which, in its colonial form, is a high producer of DMS. This species is known to excrete a high proportion of newly fixed carbon as high molecular weight polymers in order to form the colony. Later, it sinks in mass in the latter stages of the bloom when nitrate becomes limiting. Diatoms, such as Thalassiosira gravida, may dominate the bloom at the ice edge late in the summer and may also precede the P. pouchetii bloom in early spring (i.e., Chaetoceros socialis). The different patterns of dissolved organic carbon formation and cell sedimentation between P. pouchetii and diatoms need to be included in productivity models for an understanding of the production and sink of CO2 and DMS in arctic shelf areas. The objectives of this field and laboratory study, in collaboration with Norwegian scientists, are (1) to determine the quantitative differences between P. pouchetii and diatoms blooms in the ice edge with respect to primary production, proportion of carbon fixed that is extracellular, DMS production, and sedimentation of particulate carbon and sulfur to depth; (2) to determine which are the main environmental variables that favor each type of bloom using a 10-year time series from the Barents Sea; and (3) to estimate a 10-year time series of DMS production and CO2 uptake by combining the existing time series with carbon and sulfur budgets of the ice edge blooms. This research will provide a first approximation to the seasonal and interannual variability of the phytoplankton contribution to the carbon and sulfur cycle during the ice edge bloom in arctic shelf areas. Origin, Development, and Transport of Arctic Sea Ice OPP 9400144 10/01/94; (OPP) $91,322; 24 months Barnard College New York, NY 10027 Stephanie L. Pfirman This project will investigate the redistribution of sediment and pollutants over the Arctic Basin through transport by sea ice, a neglected aspect of the depositional history of the arctic sea ice and ocean bottom. The project will focus on the reconstruction of sediment and pollutant incorporation mechanisms, as well as the origin, development, and transport history of individual floes. The study will concentrate on the Beaufort Gyre, where the ice is relatively old, and where individual floes may have significantly different histories. Multiple variables including the physical properties of the sea ice and the sediments, the contaminant chemistry, and the isotopic oxygen analysis will be combined in an analysis for the origin, development, and transport history of sea ice in the Amerasian Basin. The work can potentially develop techniques for distinguishing on the basis of the combined indicators between ice formed in the Canadian or Siberian sectors of the Arctic Ocean and can provide information on such questions as how widely distributed is ice with an apparent river signal (relative depletion of oxygen-18) and does it tend to have greater contaminant loads. Travel Support for United States Participation in the Advanced Study Institute's "The Physics of Ice-Covered Seas" June 1994, Savonlinna, Finland OPP 9408647 04/15/94; (OPP) $14,000; 5 months American Geophysical Union Washington, DC 20009 A.F. Spilhaus This award will support the travel of approximately 10 U.S. scientists to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on the Physics of Ice-Covered Seas, June 6-17, 1994, in Finland. Ice-covered seas in the Antarctic and the Arctic are thought to be important components in global climatic change, since the presence or absence of sea ice has an enormous effect on the surface albedo, surface temperature, water vapor flux, and low cloud amount. It is possible that a positive feedback loop exists in that the reduction of sea ice produces a lowered albedo, which leads to further surface warming. The formation of sea ice moreover, has profound oceanic effects by destabilizing the surface layers and promoting deep vertical convection in regions that are only marginally stable. The ASI is sponsored by the International Union pf Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) International Association of the Physical Sciences of the Ocean, and the IUGG Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research. GENERAL Trace Elements in the Overflow Waters of the North Atlantic OCE 9302563 05/01/93; (OCE) $77,796; 24 months University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, HI 96822 Christopher I. Measures The PIs will participate in the 1993 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission-sponsored baseline cruise in the North Atlantic. This cruise will conduct a detailed sampling and trace-element characterization of the northern overflow waters at the various sills in the area of the Denmark Strait and Iceland-Scotland Ridge as well as their downstream mixing products. This sampling opportunity will be used to extend the investigations of aluminum and beryllium geochemistry to the source regions of the various components of the North Atlantic Deep Water. In addition, it is proposed to commence a detailed study of the geochemistry of dissolved iron in this region using a new onboard measurement technique. Turbulent Mixing in Barrow Strait OPP 9224303 06/01/93; (OPP) $79,100; 30 months Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331-5503 Laurence Padman This study of the heat and volume transport from the Arctic Ocean through the Canadian Archipelago to Baffin Bay and the North Atlantic Ocean will be based in Resolute, Northwest Territories, Canada. The project will examine the exchange of energy, salt, and momentum among the various regional water masses. An observational phase will include measurements of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy, the vertical temperature and salinity microstructure, and the high-resolution current structure. Barrow Strait is bathymetrically complex, consisting of several narrow, deep, interconnecting passages, partially isolated by relatively shallow sills. It is, however, the pathway for a significant fraction of the outflow from the Arctic Ocean. This will be the first detailed investigation of the principal mechanisms responsible for the vertical diffusion of heat, salt, and momentum in this region. These factors not only affect the seasonal growth and melting of sea ice but also modify the advective exchange rates by affecting the upwelling of deep warm water that is otherwise blocked by the shallow sills in the strait. The Geochemistry of Trace Elements in Arctic Shelf Waters OPP 9224921 06/01/93; (OPP) $74,000; 24 months University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, HI 96822 Christopher I. Measures This project examines the geochemistry of naturally occurring trace elements in the Arctic Ocean. The primary trace element is aluminum, but iron, beryllium, and selenium will also be measured. The objective is to determine the magnitude, variability, and source of aluminum enrichment of the shelf brines in the Barents, Kara, and Laptev Seas and to use these results to infer hydrographic processes of the eastern Arctic Ocean. The Norwegian and Greenland Seas have a concentration of dissolved aluminum that is considerably higher than expected from the exchange of water masses, pointing to a regional external source of aluminum. While the normal pathways are the dissolution of aluminum carried through the atmosphere and deposited at the ocean's surface and through river discharge, an additional arctic pathway is by fractionation in the freezing process. That is, sea ice is depleted, and the resulting brine is enriched in aluminum. The measurements will be made on a summer 1993 cruise of the German polar research vessel Polarstern as part of a wide-ranging physical and chemical observation program. An exceptional framework of hydrographic data will be available for the interpretation and analysis of these geochemical measurements. Chemical Constituents in Air and Snow at Summit, Greenland: Interpretation of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II Ice Core OPP 9321642 07/01/94; (OPP) $108,302; 24 months Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Cliff I. Davidson This project is the continuation of an investigation of the transport of chemical trace elements and species from source regions through the atmosphere to the Greenland ice sheet. Its goal is to provide information for the interpretation of the trace-element distribution in a long ice core being obtained through the GISP II drilling effort. The ice core is expected to provide a detailed record spanning 200,000 years. The project has three specific objectives: (1) the identification of source regions and atmospheric pathways for the chemical constituents reaching the drill site, including the possible changes in air mass characteristics during transit; (2) the study of the wet and dry deposition mechanisms and rates of incorporation of chemical species into precipitating snow; and (3) the development of methods of interpreting the deep-ice-core data. Prior field work has resulted in the collecting of air, aerosol, precipitation, and deposited snow samples, which will be analyzed for various anions and cations, trace elements, carbon compounds, and trace gases. This project will emphasize the deposition mechanisms. GLACIOLOGY Water in Frozen Media DMR 9400637 07/15/94; (DMR) $50,000; 11 months University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 J. Gregory Dash The research studies the fundamental basis of the premelting of ice and thermomolecular pressure, which cause frost heave in frozen ground. The dynamics of the effect are studied, by polarimetry and interference microscopy, on single crystal facets of ice, where interfacial melting causes a thin, liquid film wetting the interface. The results are compared with theory in order to investigate the orientation dependence and the proximity effect. A second part of the program studies transport of unfrozen liquid in monosized powders, as simple examples of porous media. In nontechnical terms, this program studies the fundamental mechanisms of frost heave. Typically, in frozen ground, frost heave occurs as moisture is drawn toward lower temperatures. This project investigates the basic driving pressure and the flow of moisture, by measurements of the effect on a single crystal of ice. The experimental results are compared with prediction based on a new, detailed theory of frost heave. The program also includes a study of frost heave in porous media, using specially prepared artificial powders. These powders are more uniform than typical soils, thereby permitting a more detailed comparison with the theory. Polar Ice Coring Office OPP 9423042 09/01/94; (OPP) $123,500; 12 months University of Nebraska, Lincoln Lincoln, NE 68588-0135 Karl C. Kuivinen This amendment continues funding of the Polar Ice Coring Office at the University of Nebraska (PICO/UNL). The program plan is divided up into the two broad areas of drilling and the arctic logistics termed "Science Support." Support for Polar Ice Coring Office OPP 8920948 09/01/88; (OPP) $1,836,910; 77 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Luis M. Proenza The Polar Ice Coring and Support (PICS) contract is a multiyear award funded in annual increments. The tasks are as follows: (1) maintain administration of the Polar Ice Coring Office (PICO); (2) maintain the current inventory of ice coring equipment; (3) continue the development and testing of an instrumented electromechanical drill capable of retrieving core from a fluid-filled hole. National Ice-Core Curatorial Facility OPP 9016366 01/01/91; (OPP) $83,736; 50 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309-0019 Mark F. Meier This award supports the establishment of a National Ice-Core Curatorial Facility to be located on the grounds of the Denver Federal Center, operated by the University of Colorado, Boulder and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as an extension of the USGS Core Research Center (CRC). The facility will provide 50,600 cubic feet of safeguarded core storage at -35ø C. Refrigerated examination room, holding, staging, and changing areas will be provided, as will instruments and equipment for routine core examination and processing. Additional facilities will be available at the CRC. The Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado will be responsible for the facility and will provide direction and communication with the scientific community. The University will also provide a background of relevant research and educational activities that will enhance the facility and provide new scientific opportunities. The USGS will provide the physical facilities and staff and will operate and maintain the facility. The USGS will also act in a curatorial capacity, providing for the processing, cataloging, and distribution of samples_an area in which CRC personnel have over 40 person-years of experience. Presidential Young Investigator Award OPP 9058193 08/15/90; (OPP) $29,000; 66 months Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802-1503 Richard B. Alley The PI intends to continue two lines of scientific inquiry currently under investigation. The first involves studies in ice-sheet stability as a function of basal flow of a deforming bed, where instability caused by marginal melting triggers ice sheet collapse. Field and modeling work support the idea of a triggering mechanism, which would also explain the patterns of ice-related sediment deposition associated with glacial movement. In addition, the PI will continue work in the basic physics of glacial ice, its transformation, and the implications to the broader field of paleoclimatology. Geophysical Investigation of Seasonal Changes in the Basal Zone of Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska OPP 9122540 07/01/92; (OPP) $54,307; 48 months University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Charles F. Raymond OPP 9122783 07/15/92; (OPP) $123,506; 48 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Keith Echelmeyer This award is for support of a program of high-resolution seismic reflection and radio-echo sounding on the surge-type Black Rapids Glacier in Alaska. Determination of changes in the structure of the glacier bed during seasonal fluctuations in velocity will be made. The measurements will be made at a location where a 100- to 400-percent increase in speed is known to occur each year in the early melt season. Geophysical sensing of the basal zone will be performed before and during the speedup. Surface motion and uplift, the discharge of water, solutes and sediment in the terminal stream, meteorological conditions, and water level in moulins will all be monitored. These measurements will allow the morphology of the glacier bed to be determined at times of differing levels of basal motion and thus provide valuable insight into the mechanisms of glacier and ice-stream motion and the role of basal water. Improvement and Validation of Glacier Dynamics Models: A Collaborative Study OPP 9122916 07/15/92; (OPP) $115,000; 48 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Tad Pfeffer OPP 9122966 07/15/92; (OPP) $89,999; 48 months University of Wyoming Laramie, WY 82071 Neil F. Humphrey This award is for support of a 3-year collaborative program between the University of Colorado, Boulder and the University of Wyoming, Laramie to improve and validate glacier dynamic models. An isothermal, active glacier will be selected and the surface, englacial, and basal velocity field will be determined on a three-dimensional array of points over the glacier. These results will be used to test an improved top-down model, to compare top-down and bottom-up models, and to define further the constitutive law and sliding relations. Distribution of Reactive Chemical Species in Ice and Snow OPP 9123025 06/01/92; (OPP) $5,000; 30 months University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 Roger C. Bales This award is for support of a 2-year program to study the air-snow exchange processes controlling the uptake, release, and incorporation of reactive gases into polar firn. The concentrations of two reactive species, hydrogen peroxide and formaldehyde, in the air above and below the snow surface will be measured, and the equilibria and kinetics of the absorption and release of these gases at the ice-air interface will be studied. A mathematical model to describe gas-snow interactions will be developed, calibrated, and validated using field data obtained at Summit, Greenland. Research Experience for Undergraduates on the Juneau Ice Field, Alaska OPP 9200798 06/15/92; (OPP) $47,775; 42 months University of Idaho Moscow, ID 83843 Maynard M. Miller Ten undergraduates will be selected to participate in research projects on the Juneau Ice Field, Alaska. For more than 40 years, research emphasizing geology, glaciology, geophysics, glaciometeorology, geobotany, and surveying has been conducted on this ice field. With cooperation between the University of Idaho's Glaciological and Arctic Environmental Sciences Institute and the Foundation for Glacier and Environmental Research, this research/educational activity aims at a total systems study of one of North America's largest ice fields. Under supervision of professors with unique experience, drawn from the University of Idaho and other universities, each undergraduate will select a research project and be encouraged to exercise as much independent judgment and initiative as possible in its development. Undergraduates selected will be earth science students who demonstrate scholarly aptitude, motivation, and research potential. The staff will be available throughout the season for advice and help, including lectures, seminars, and site-specific instructions in methodologies to insure an effective research experience. Evaluation of Processes at Polar Glacier Grounding Lines To Constrain Glaciological and Oceanographic Models OPP 9219048 05/01/93; (OPP) $12,280; 30 months Northern Illinois University De Kalb, IL 60115 Ross D. Powell This award is for support of a project to evaluate processes occurring at the grounding line of polar glaciers in order to constrain both glaciological and oceanographic models. A Remotely Operated Submersible Vehicle will be used to help obtain the data. The project will examine the physical processes involved in the release of debris from the glacier and its dispersal in the ice-proximal marine environment. Sedimentary processes, surface sedimentary facies, and biological communities will be studied to improve interpretation of older glacial sedimentary facies. Collaborative Research: Late Weichselian (Valdi) Glaciation and Deglaciation of Franz Josef Land, Russia OPP 9222972 05/01/93; (OPP) $73,739; 24 months Ohio State University Research Foundation Columbus, OH 43210-1063 Steve Forman Collaborative Research: Late Weichselian (Valdi) Glaciation and Deglaciation of Franz Josef Land, Russia OPP 9223493 05/15/93; (OPP) $56,546; 29 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Gifford H. Miller This award supports a glacial geologic, stratigraphic, and geochronologic study of the limits and timing of Late Weichselian/Holocene glacial and deglacial events on Franz Josef Land, Russia. High-resolution satellite imagery will be used to identify study areas; radiocarbon dating of subfossils included in raised beaches of known elevation will provide information on the timing and rate of glacial-isostatic uplift; stratigraphic and sedimentological studies of glacial deposits will provide information on provenance; and integration of field data with isostatic and glaciological modeling will provide insight into glacial thickness, position of ice divides, domes, streams, and possible response to sea-level rise. This study will provide new data on Holocene and Late Weichselian glacial geometry in the Russian Arctic where little data currently exist. Collaborative Research: Definition of High-Resolution Seismic Facies for Interpreting Glacial Fluctuations OPP 9223990 05/01/93; (OPP) $44,406; 30 months Appalachian State University Boone, NC 28608 Ellen A. Cowan OPP 9223992 05/15/93; (OPP) $117,721; 29 months Northern Illinois University De Kalb, IL 60115 Ross D. Powell This award is for support of a collaborative research project between Northern Illinois University and Appalachian State University. The project involves a 3-year investigation to characterize seismic reflection facies of temperate glaciers in order to help infer climatic, glaciologic, and marine conditions associated with the last glacial maximum advance and subsequent retreat in Glacier Bay, Alaska. The study will use the research vessel Alpha Helix for collection of data by seismic reflection profiling, side scan sonar, and piston and gravity coring. This work will provide critical data for modeling the depositional systems of glacial grounding lines. Relationships Among Water Input, Water Pressure, Surface Speed, and Basal Till Deformation, Storglaciaren OPP 9224175 04/15/93; (OPP) $29,451; 29 months University of Delaware Newark, DE 19716 Brian Hanson OPP 9224209 04/15/93; (OPP) $118,681; 29 months University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Minneapolis, MN 55415 Roger Hooke This award is for support of a project to study a small valley glacier in northern Sweden, Storglaciaren. The three objectives of this project are (1) to develop an empirical relationship between melt rates on the glacier surface and meteorological forcing; (2) to establish a relationship between subglacial water pressures and velocities at the glacier surface; and (3) to measure strain rates, shear stresses, and water pressures in the subglacial till in order to establish a constitutive relation for till deformation. A long-term goal of this work is to develop a model to predict glacier motion and diurnal and seasonal time scales. Dynamics of Subglacier Water Routing and Characterization of the Basal Hydraulic System OPP 9224244 05/15/93; (OPP) $89,817; 29 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Mark F. Meier This award is for support of a project to measure subglacial water pressure, turbidity, electrical conductivity, and flow velocity beneath a nonsurge glacier for a continuous period of 2 full years. Measurements will be made directly at the glacier bed in boreholes having known trajectories. The data that are collected will be used to test and refine existing theories of subglacial drainage and to construct and verify a generalized model of basal hydrology. Reconstruction of the Subarctic Climatic History and High-Resolution Dating of Glacier Fluctuations Using Tree-Ring Analysis at Yakutat and Icy Bays, Alaska OPP 9321213 06/01/94; (OPP) $90,604; 12 months State University of New York, Buffalo Buffalo, NY 14214 Parker E. Calkin This award is for a 3-year study to investigate the subarctic climatic history as recorded largely in the tree-ring record and to date precisely glacial fluctuations of ice tongues terminating in and occurring at the margins of the deep, 50-kilometer long fjords of Yakutat and Icy Bays of southeastern coastal Alaska. Chronologies drawn from 500- to 900-year-old living trees cross-dated with logs of buried forests at multiple sites in each of the fjords will provide the main basis for climatic reconstruction over the past 2 millennia. Climatic and glacial series together are expected to yield the first sound basis for testing response of fjord glaciers to climate change. Paleoenvironments of the Bering Land Bridge at the End of the Last Glaciation OPP 9223654 04/01/93; (OPP) $75,042; 30 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Scott A. Elias This award supports an integrated research project to develop chronostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental records of the continental shelves of the Chukchi and Bering Seas off the coast of northwestern Alaska. The project will focus on the paleontology of peat layers in late Pleistocene terrestrial and marginal marine (marsh) sediments from existing cores. Development of these records will involve an integrated study of insects, pollen, plant macrofossils, ostracods, and foraminifera. The goal of this project is to understand the Pleistocene paleoecology and the inundation history of the Bering land bridge. In addition to providing a better understanding of Pleistocene paleoenvironmental conditions, the results of this work have implications for paleoclimatology, through improved records of sea-level change, and anthropology, through a better chronology and understanding of the Bering land bridge. Ice-Radar and Satellite Remote-Sensing Studies of Glaciers and Ice Sheets OPP 9300165 05/01/93; (OPP) $62,513; 30 months Saint Olaf College Northfield, MN 55057 Robert W. Jacobel This award supports a 3-year project to establish a Research Experience for Undergraduates site at St. Olaf College to involve undergraduates in ice-radar and satellite remote-sensing studies of glaciers and ice sheets. In addition to ongoing work on radar data obtained from field studies of ice streams in West Antarctica and glaciers in Washington State, this project will use radar and satellite imagery information to help improve models of ice-stream flow. In addition to the laboratory work, the students involved in this project will participate in field work on the South Cascade Glacier in Washington. This work is a collaboration with glaciologists at National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Goddard and the University of Chicago at no cost to this grant. Laurentide Ice-Sheet Instability: Heinrich Events in the Labrador Sea and Rapid Climate Changes OPP 9321135 04/01/94; (OPP) $103,933; 18 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 John T. Andrews This award is for support of a study to continue development of a chronology, reconstruct paleoenvironments, and understand the processes associated with major ice-sheet instability (Heinrich events) of the eastern sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet over the last glacial cycle. During the continental glaciation of North America, Hudson Strait drained a quarter to a third of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and was the major conduit for the transport of water, sediment, and icebergs from the ice sheet into the North Atlantic. The fluxes of these materials into the Labrador Sea and North Atlantic would have had a dramatic effect on the global climate system. A number of cores have been identified for study that will provide high-resolution records of ice-sheet (Heinrich) events on centuries to decadal time scales. Evaluation of a General Sliding Law by Flow Simulation, Haut Glacier D'Arolla, Switzerland OPP 9321350 05/15/94; (OPP) $89,834; 26 months Kent State University Kent, OH 44242 Jonathan Harbor This award is for support of a project using a finite element model for cross-sectional flow to constrain sliding and flow laws for the Haut Glacier d'Arolla in Switzerland. If varying sliding-law exponents, the piezometric surface form and position, and the pattern of basil friction are varied, it will be possible to constrain the range of conditions that yields velocity fields consistent with empirical data. This work takes advantage of a unique chance to test and refine the general sliding law, and an opportunity to examine spatial variations in sliding explicitly in the context of detailed information on the temporal and spatial development of the glacier's hydrologic system. Although this work will be based on data collected in a mid-latitude alpine area, the results will be of direct relevance to polar glaciology because they can also be applied to glaciers with temperate (warm-based) areas in polar regions. Numerical Simulations of Heinrich Events (Binge/Purge Oscillations of the Laurentide Ice Sheet) OPP 9321457 06/01/94; (OPP) $117,615; 12 months University of Chicago Chicago, IL 60637 Douglas R. MacAyeal This award is for support for a project to conduct a finite-element modeling study of the mechanism for Heinrich Events (brief, but violent episodes of iceberg disgorgement from the Laurentide Ice Sheet occurring approximately every 7000 years). The research assumes that Heinrich events were caused by free oscillations in the flow of the Laurentide Ice Sheet ("binge/purge" oscillator theory) which arose because the floor of Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait is covered with soft, unconsolidated sediment that forms a slippery lubricant when thawed. The modeling work will be novel in the sense that two separate finite-element grids, each designed to optimize computational performance under the restrictions of diverse ice-flow mechanisms, will be used to advance the ice-thickness distribution (and other fields) of the Laurentide Ice Sheet through time asynchronously. The outcome of the proposed research will include (1) a verification of the binge/purge oscillator theory of Heinrich Events through comparison of model output with the geologic record, (2) estimation of the ice-rafted debris flux associated with various methods of basal debris entrainment, and (3) determination of the pre- and post-Heinrich Event ice topographies for use in atmospheric circulation models. Reconstructing Earth's Volcanic History from High-Resolution Polar Ice Cores OPP 9321478 06/01/94; (OPP) $129,065; 36 months Ohio State University Research Foundation Columbus, OH 43210-1063 Ellen Mosley-Thompson This award is for support of a study to conduct anion and cation analyses of samples from polar ice cores to establish an annually resolved 800-year volcanic history for Greenland and a 4,000-year history for Antarctica. The proposed 800-year Greenland record will complement the existing 1,000-year record from South Pole Station and make detailed interhemispheric comparisons possible. The proposed 4,000-year Antarctic record will extend from the South Pole volcanic record and ultimately complement the longer histories expected from central Greenland cores. Interhemispheric comparison of these high resolution (annual to decadal) time series will allow identification of those near-tropical eruptions which perturb the sulfuric acid content of the global atmosphere. Dispersal History of Ice-Rafted Detritus in the Arctic Ocean OPP 9321487 05/01/94; (OPP) $107,195; 18 months Old Dominion Research Foundation Norfolk, VA 23508-0369 Dennis A. Darby This award supports a continued study of sediment from piston and box cores from the Arctic Ocean. The method employs petrographic analysis of lithic fragments and heavy minerals and reflected-light petrography and microprobe analysis of iron-opaque grains in a comparative study of sediment cores and potential source areas around the Arctic. Comparison of the petrographic and chemical data from the sediment cores and potential source areas is facilitated by statistical methods to ensure best-fit matches of sediment and source for determining the origin of sedimentary material. Sediment provenance determined in this way forms the basis of inferences about transport pathways, and the petrographic characteristics are used to infer transport mechanisms. This project will use existing material as well as cores to be collected during the Arctic Ocean Section cruise in the summer of 1994. The goals are to (1) determine the source of ice-rafted sediment for the latest major glacial and deglacial events and to infer Arctic Ocean surface circulation patterns during the last 18,000 years; (2) infer the drift patterns for older ice-rafting events; (3) assess the potential distribution of contaminated sediment from Russian rivers which are redistributed by sea-ice rafting; and (4) expand the database from which sediment provenance for the Arctic Ocean is derived. This work is basic information about sedimentation in the Arctic Ocean and represents a significant investment in geologic information that will be valuable for other projects focusing on past climates and recent geologic processes active in the Arctic. Studies on the Mechanics of Columbia Glacier, Alaska, and the United States during its Rapid Retreat OPP 9321556 06/15/94; (OPP) $59,305; 11 months Ohio State University Research Foundation Columbus, OH 43210-1063 Cornelis J. Van der Veen This award is for support for a study on the mechanics of Columbia Glacier, Alaska, and the United States, during its current rapid retreat. The extensive data set of surface elevations and velocities obtained from many repeat aerial photogrammetries of the glacier will be analyzed in order to identify the sites of, and magnitudes of, mechanical controls on the lower part of the glacier. These data will also provide information to help determine whether the ongoing retreat is associated with a major change in flow style and to test various calving relations at each phase of retreat of the ice front. The understanding of the controls of the collapse of the Columbia Glacier, obtained from these data, will be very helpful in understanding major collapses of other glaciers. Geologic Test for Extent of Wisconsinian Glaciation on Southern Baffin Island, Arctic Canada, from Exposure Ages Determined by Radionuclides 26Al and 10Be OPP 9321733 06/01/94; (OPP) $149,570; 42 months Bentley College Waltham, MA 02154-4705 P. Thompson Davis This award provides support for a project to refine the glacial chronology on southern Baffin Island by determining cosmogenic exposure ages of polished and striated bedrock surfaces and morainal boulders. For the timing of deglaciation to be estimated, the Beryllium-10 and Aluminum-26 in quartz separates from (1) polished and striated bedrock surfaces on valley bottoms and along fjord sidewalls and (2) boulders on nested sets of moraines will be measured. Preliminary results suggest that deglaciation in the Pangnirtung area of southern Baffin Island occurred around 7,500 years ago. This work will provide information to help resolve a long-standing controversy in Quaternary science involving the extent of ice sheets in the eastern Canadian Arctic during the late Wisconsinian. International Symposium on the Role of the Cryosphere in Global Change OPP 9413873 07/01/94; (OPP) $10,000, (ATM) $5,000; 6 months Ohio State University Research Foundation Columbus, OH 43210-1016 Kenneth C. Jezek This award provides partial funding of the symposium volume for a symposium to take place this summer in Columbus, Ohio, entitled "The Role of the Cryosphere in Global Change." The purpose of the meeting is to bring together scientists involved with observing and modeling high-latitude processes and assessing the impact of changes in those processes on global climate. This symposium is being organized by the International Glaciological Society and is cosponsored by the Byrd Polar Research Center, the American Meteorological Society, and the American Geophysical Union. The symposium volume is to be published as a proceedings volume of the Annals of Glaciology. ARCTIC SYSTEM SCIENCE GREENLAND ICE SHEET PROJECT (GISP) II Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II: Helium and Rare Gas Studies OPP 9122991 05/01/92; (OPP) $13,915; 36 months University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institute La Jolla, CA 92093 Harmon Craig This award is for support of a 2-year project to measure the helium concentrations and isotope ratios, potassium/argon ratios, and krypton-81 ages in ice from the GISP II core. The helium program is a search for nulls and/or reversals of the Earth's magnetic field, which should leave a strong signal in the helium-3 to helium-4 ratios and the helium-3 concentrations in ice-core helium. If a geomagnetic helium event is recorded in the ice sheets, it will provide a worldwide traceable horizon in both Greenland and Antarctica for model studies of ice flow and for chronology. The potassium/argon measurements are to study gravitational fractionation of gases in the firn. The krypton-81 dating will provide one of the first absolute ages on the GISP II core. Collaborative Research: An Ice Modeling Program for Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II OPP 9123437 07/01/92; OPP $95,000; 36 months Ohio State University Research Foundation Columbus, OH 43210-1063 John Bolzan An Ice Modeling Program for Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II OPP 9123660 06/15/92; OPP $155,000; 42 months University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Edwin D. Waddington This award is for support of a 3-year cooperative modeling program involving the University of Washington (UW) and the Ohio State University (OSU). Each research team will focus on complementary parts of the ice modeling program which must be known before adequate models can be constructed: UW on derivation of paleoclimate forcing on the ice flow and OSU on the development of ice fabric and hardness variations. Formal inverse techniques will be used to derive rheological parameters and climate forcing histories. Ice-core and bore-hole data will also be used to test the model. An Ice Motion Survey for the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II, Flow Modeling, and Ice Core Data Interpretation OPP 9224132 05/15/93; (OPP) $28,728; 29 months University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Edwin D. Waddington This award is for support of a 2-year project to extend a strain network, established by a European group, 30 kilometers downstream from the GISP II drilling site to provide additional data needed for modeling of the ice flow at the GISP II site. This modeling provides information on the depth-age relationship of the deepest ice where annual layers are lost, information that is critical for dating the deep ice of the GISP II core. Effects of Greenland Ice on the Earth's Gravity, Crustal Deformation, and Tilt OPP 9320568 09/01/94; (OPP) $34,515; 12 months Vassar College Poughkeepsie, NY 12601 Andrew Trupin This award supports a theoretical and modeling effort to determine the effects of the Greenland Ice Sheet on the rotation and gravity field of Earth. For these goals to be accomplished, the secular and interannual changes in the geopotential, the position in the Earth's rotation axis, and certain other parameters, such as center-of-mass motion and length of day, will be calculated from mass balance changes in ice. The largest gravitational effects of ice-thickness change shown in simple models are up to many times higher than the observed effects. This suggests that the viscous response of the mantle to long-term changes in ice loading may be canceling some of the elastic response. Current changes in gravity and crustal motion depend critically on the time-lagged response of the Earth's mantle to previous loading histories lasting as long as tens of thousands of years. Spatial and temporal changes in mass balance from late Pleistocene deglaciation and the subsequent interglacial period will be combined with current mass balance estimates to assemble time histories for ice thickness throughout the ice sheet. From these histories, the elastic results for gravity, rotation, and deformation can be corrected by the use of glacial rebound models, such as the visco-elastic spherical Earth model. The viscous correction to the elastic loading for several cases of late Pleistocene deglaciation and more recent thickness change will be calculated for various upper and lower mantle viscosity profiles. A 20-kilometer by 20-kilometer grid will provide means of projecting the viscous rebound rates for the point mass model into the nonpointlike structure of the Greenland Ice Sheet. In addition to gravity, the components of crustal deformation and tilt are important in geodetic measurements from space. This project will also assess the impact that future observational improvements will have on understanding the mass balance of Greenland. The observational improvements are anticipated from global positioning system (GPS) studies and studies involving satellites that use laser ranging. The use of existing gridded meteorological, accumulation, ablation, and ice-thickness data, along with ice-flow models to predict future ice thickness changes in Greenland, is expected to greatly reduce the difficulty in calculating gravity coefficients and crustal motion for both the elastic and viscous cases. The effects of the possible changes in the position of the upper boundary of appreciable summer-snow melt that roughly follows the periphery of the ice sheet called the Benson Line can be used to predict vertical motion near the ice-sheet boundary; the results may be checked against sea-level records, where they exist. Greenland strain and velocity data may be used to estimate retention time of new accumulation and the rates of discharge at the perimeter of the ice sheet. The sensitivity of ice model contributions to the total mass loss (or gain) to the oceans and to changes in other ice systems will also be investigated. Anticipated results include high-resolution surface models of gravity; deformation; and tilt for the Greenland Ice Sheet, based on refinements of existing models of ice-thickness change and corrected for the viscous response of the mantle. Since these results are expected to fall within the detectable range of GPS receivers and possibly absolute gravity meters, they may be tested against space- and ground-based geodetic observations. This research will lead to a better understanding of the dynamic relationship between ice sheets and Earth's crust. The Oxygen Isotope Record of Climatic Change in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II Core OPP 9321164 05/01/94; (OPP) $130,000; 12 months University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Minze Stuiver This award is for support to complete the oxygen-isotope determinations of the GISP II ice core at 1.0-meter and 0.2-meter resolution. The relative importance of central Greenland temperature change versus ocean-source temperature change will be investigated (in cooperation with J.W.C. White, University of Colorado, Boulder) by calculating the deuterium excess of these samples. In addition, the phase relationships between oxygen-isotope patterns and changes in accumulation rate, ice chemistry, dust content, and atmospheric-trace gases will be determined. The climatic and environmental significance of the ice-core record will be assessed, and the spatial and temporal variability of the isotope record will determined. Continuation of Physical Properties of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II OPP 9321261 06/01/94; (OPP) $239,908; 36 months Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16801 Richard B. Alley This award is for support of a 3-year program to continue the physical properties measurements and dating of the GISP II ice core, reconstruct accumulation rates, and interpret jointly the accumulation rate, contaminant and isotopic records. Dating of the GISP II ice core has relied most heavily on visible strata, although other indicators have been critical. Flow discontinuities in the deeper part of the GISP II core could invalidate the climate record obtained there. It is thus critical to know at what depth the climate record becomes suspect. Fortunately, flow discontinuities have a physical signature that may be detected by study of the size, shape, and arrangement of grains and their "c" axes using optical and sonic techniques. Physical data are also important in ice-flow modeling for dating of the deep-ice core and for understanding any past and future changes in the ice sheet. Interpretation of Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II Electrical Conductivity Record OPP 9321343 08/15/94; (OPP) $226,822; 36 months University of Nevada Desert Research Institute Reno, NV 89506 Kendrick C. Taylor The GISP II has recovered an ice core from central Greenland covering a time that extends at least 100,000 years before the present. The high-accumulation rate at the site makes it an ideal record for studying climate mechanisms and variability. The electrical conductivity, which is a function of the acid/base balance of the ice, has been measured continuously along the core and provides the highest time resolution of the many measurements that have been made on the core. The existing conductivity record will be interpreted in conjunction with other records. Specific goals are (1) investigate decadal and century scale climate change, (2) develop a chronology of volcanic activity record in the GISP II core, (3) improve the understanding of ice flow in the Summit region, (4) improve the dating and accumulation record of the GISP II core, and (5) develop a chronology of Northern Hemisphere biomass burning as recorded by the GISP II core. The GISP II is a component of the NSF Arctic System Science Program. High-Precision Temperature Log of Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II and Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) Boreholes, Greenland, for Paleoclimate Reconstruction and Ice Dynamics Studies OPP 9321376 05/01/94; (OPP) $25,122; 12 months University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Edwin D. Waddington This award is for support of a 3-year project to obtain temperature logs in the GISP II and GRIP boreholes at Summit, Greenland, using the U.S. Geological Survey's high-precision temperature-logging system. Temperatures will also be logged in several dry holes near GISP II and GRIP, since the upper 100 meters in the main holes have been thermally disturbed by the drill domes and drilling activities. The data are needed to derive surface paleotemperatures directly from the present-day temperature transients remaining at depth at these sites and to calibrate better the isotope paleothermometer over the past 25,000 years. Simultaneous inversion of high-precision data from both deep holes will allow isolation of the paleoclimate signal from ice dynamics effects. The temperature data may also allow detection of rapid shearing in the silty, basal ice, thus providing a test independent of the bore hole deformation. Cosmogenic Radionuclides in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II Ice Core: 10Be, 26Al, and 36Cl OPP 9321407 09/01/94; (OPP) $80,000; 12 months University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 Kunihiko Nishiizumi This award supports a program to measure Beryllium-10, Aluminum-26, and Chlorine-36 in samples from the GISP II ice core. A continuous profile of cosmogenic nuclide concentrations from the surface to the bottom of the core will be measured and the resulting time series of nuclide concentrations will be applied to deducing the history of solar activity, deducing the history of variations in the geomagnetic field, and dating the ice cores. The time series will also be used to study climatic history through the effects of atmospheric circulation and of atmospheric chemistry on nuclide deposition. The successful coring of the subice bedrock has also provided the opportunity of studying the exposure age of the subice surface. Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II Major Ions_History and Cause(s) of Climate Change OPP 9321428 05/01/94; (OPP) $130,011; 18 months University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 Paul A. Mayewski This award is for support to provide a high-resolution paleoenvironmental record of major anions and cations in the GISP II ice core. The parameters to be measured include chloride, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and ammonium. The high-quality, continuous, high-resolution multivariate chemical series will be combined with mathematical and statistical techniques in order to examine the history and understand the causes of climate change. This work will allow the characterization of the fundamental connections among the glaciochemical signals and the other parameters measured in the GISP II core and will permit a comparison with other ice-core records, instrumental records, and other proxy records. This study will also allow for the interpretation of changes in the sources and production rates of the chemical species recorded in the GISP II ice and will permit an investigation into the causes of climate change on a variety of time scales. In-Depth Study of Cosmogenic In Situ 14CO, 14CO2[KR1] and Atmospheric CO2 in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II Firn and Ice OPP 9321448 08/01/94; (OPP) $35,283; 12 months University of California, San Diego, Scripps InstituteLa Jolla, CA 92093Devendra Lal This award is for support for a 2-year continuing grant to study the cosmogenic in situ carbon-14 trapped in the GISP II core. Total amounts of carbon-14 activities in the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide phases will be studied using previously developed techniques. New techniques will be developed for the measurements of carbon dioxide concentrations in ice using wet and dry extraction methods and of carbon-14 activities using a dry extraction procedure. Through the study of the total carbon-14 activities in ice samples of known age information on the dependence of retention of both atmospheric carbon dioxide and in situ carbon-14 activities on the ambient, temperatures will be determined. The proposed studies will provide an algorithm for using the hybrid carbon-14 chronometer (hybrid because carbon-14 is derived from two sources) and should allow accurate carbon-14 dating of other ice cores. University of New Hampshire Science Management Office: Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II OPP 9321499 05/01/94; (OPP) $109,033; 12 months University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 Paul A. Mayewski This award is for support for 3 years of funding for the Science Management Office for GISP II. The major tasks are to act as an organizational tool for GISP II PIs; to continue data handling and development of a "final" data set; to coordinate ice-core collection activities in Denver at the National Ice Core Laboratory; to guide and organize statistical tools; to maintain current ties with the European Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP); to include additional viewpoints and disciplines; to handle specific issues (e.g., dating and intercalibration); to coordinate workshops and meetings; to organize final products including a compendium volume and papers; and to continue communications with PIs, other scientists, the NSF, GRIP, and the public. The Geochemistry of Trapped Gases in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II Ice Core OPP 9321514 08/01/94; (OPP) $70,000; 12 months University of Rhode Island Kingston, RI 02881 Michael L. Bender This award is for support to continue research on the concentration of methane, the isotopic composition and concentration of oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and total gas content of samples from the GISP II ice core. The methane concentration of air is a proxy for the extent of wetlands and the warm, wet climates they signify. Methane is also a radiatively active gas that affects climate. The isotopic composition of oxygen in air reflects relative rates of primary production in the terrestrial and marine environments and humidity in productive continental areas. Methane and the isotopic composition of oxygen are also constant (or nearly so) throughout the atmosphere at any one time. They therefore serve as time-stratigraphic markers for correlating Greenland and antarctic ice cores. Nitrogen and argon isotopes indicate the extent of gravitational fractionation during the trapping process and allow for correction of the measured concentrations and isotopic compositions of these gases. Total gas content reflects paleoelevation of ice sheets among other poorly understood influences. This work will provide information on climate and biogeochemistry during approximately the past 250,000 years of Earth history. Reconstruction of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Delta Carbon-13 from the High-Resolution Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II Ice Core OPP 9321552 05/01/94; (OPP) $110,000; 12 months University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA 92093 Martin Wahlen This award is for support to investigate, in detail, the timing between changes in temperature (indicated by the isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the ice, as well as by the accumulation rate) and atmospheric carbon dioxide (from measurements of occluded air) in the high-resolution GISP II ice core from central Greenland. The carbon dioxide measurements will be performed over periods of rapid climate change, such as the last glacial to interglacial transition and during the glacial interstadials, the Eemian, and the previous glacial event. The determination of leads or lags between temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide will help to understand the interplay of carbon dioxide and climate. The carbon isotope composition of atmospheric carbon dioxide will also be analyzed for these periods in order to gain more information about the mechanisms and processes responsible for carbon dioxide and climate variations. Constructing a 200,000-Year Atmospheric N2O Record from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II Ice Core OPP 9321558 07/01/94; (OPP) $132,597; 36 months Columbia University New York, NY 10027 Todd Sowers This award is for support for a study to construct a 200,000-year record of the concentration of nitrous oxide (N2O) in the atmosphere from the occluded air parcels in the GISP II ice core. This record will provide information on nitrogen biogeochemical cycles over glacial/interglacial time periods. The concentration of nitrous oxide in air is determined by the sources and sinks of this gas on a global scale. Estimates of the sources (terrestrial and marine biospheres) and sinks (photodissociation in the stratosphere) are not well constrained but the terrestrial biosphere is thought to contribute about 80 percent of the global nitrous oxide emissions, with the other 20 percent being made up from an oceanic contribution. Comparing an atmospheric nitrous oxide record with other bioactive gases such as carbon dioxide and methane will help in understanding the nature of changes in global carbon cycling throughout the past 200,000 years and will be a useful stratigraphic tool for correlating Greenland and antarctic ice cores. Deuterium and Deuterium Excess in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II Ice Core OPP 9321564 07/15/94; (OPP) $80,000; 11 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 James W. White This award is for support to continue measurements of deuterium on samples from the GISP II ice core. The values of deuterium measured on the GISP II ice core samples will be used to reconstruct and interpret the temperature history recorded in the core. Deuterium excess values will also be calculated in order to determine the climate conditions at the oceanic moisture source. This work will be coordinated with the group from the University of Washington that is measuring oxygen isotope ratios on the ice core. Work to date suggests that records of pressure (North Atlantic Oscillation) and temperature (Jakobshave-Oslo seesaw) oscillations are recorded in the deuterium and deuterium excess values. Values of deuterium excess during the last glacial period show sharp changes at the times of some, but not all, of the massive fluxes of icebergs into the North Atlantic ocean (Heinrich Events). Major questions to be addressed include the nature of rapid climate changes seen in many of the climate proxies measured in the core, the existence of modes of climate as reflected by preferred states of the climate proxies, and the importance for the climate record of differential thinning and thickening of layers, as well as possible folding and faulting of the near basal ice. Geochemistry of Trapped Gases in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project II Ice Core OPP 9321623 07/01/94; (OPP) $9,856; 12 months Columbia University New York, NY 10027 Todd Sowers This project supports continued research on the concentration of methane, the isotopic composition and concentration of oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and total gas content of samples from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II ice core. The methane concentration of air is a proxy for the extent of wetlands and the warm, wet climates they signify. Methane is also a radiatively active gas that affects climate. The isotopic composition of oxygen in air reflects relative rates of primary production in the terrestrial and marine environments, and humidity in productive continental areas. Methane and the isotopic composition of oxygen are also constant (or nearly so) throughout the atmosphere at any one time. They therefore serve as time stratigraphic markers for correlating Greenland and Anarctic ice cores. Nitrogen and argon isotopes indicate the extent of gravitational fractionation during the trapping process and allow for correction of the measured concentrations and isotopic compositions of these gases. Total gas content reflects paleo-elevation of ice sheets among other poorly understood influences. This work will provide information on climate and biogeochmeistry during the last approximately 250,000 years of Earth history. Physical and Structural Properties of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP II) Deep Core OPP 9321624 05/01/94; (OPP) $80,214; 12 months U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) Hanover, NH 03755 Anthony J. Gow This award supports a 3-year project that will complete physical properties work (analysis of visual stratigraphy, density variations, and c-axis fabric measurements) on the GISP II ice core. The objectives of this project are to (1) complete the dating of the core, providing as highly accurate a depth/age scale as is possible using all available parameters; (2) determine the accumulation history at Summit to the maximum possible depth; (3) use ice crystal c-axis fabrics and related structural parameters to assess the extent and nature of the distortion which has been observed in the bottom 200-300 meters of ice; (4) continue monitoring relaxation characteristics of the ice through repeated measurements of ice sample density and ultrasonic velocities; and (5) carry out detailed examination of the basal debris layer to determine its compositional and structural characteristics and to delineate the origin and mechanics of incorporation of the debris-rich ice. Origins of Particles in Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II Ice OPP 9321910 05/01/94; (OPP) $65,000; 12 months Columbia University New York, NY 10027 Pierre E. Biscaye This award provides support for a 1-year project to apply a variety of natural tracer techniques to the varying concentrations of dust in the GISP II ice core, during the period from the Older Dryas to the Pre-Boreal, and to the varying dust concentrations deposited during the stadials and interstadials which correspond to Heinrich Events H4 and H3. Several natural tracers including mineralogical analysis, isotopic analysis of aluminosilicates (strontium and neodymium) and of soluble minerals such as calcite and gypsum (oxygen, sulfur, and carbon), and pollen analysis are proposed to help determine the origins of this material. Preliminary work on ice core samples from the last glacial maximum have demonstrated significant mineralogical variation, indicating a southward shift in dust source area between samples from a lower-dust, interstadial period and a higher-dust, stadial period about 700 years apart. With this information, net air mass transport pathways can be used to aid in the modeling of atmospheric paleocirculation patterns. An Ice-Core-Derived Multivariate Proxy Record of Holocene Climate Change from the Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Canada OPP 9322045 04/15/94; (OPP) $97,356; 17 months University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 Gregory A. Zielinski This award supports participation by a U.S. research team from the University of New Hampshire in an international collaborative effort to collect and study an approximately 500-meter-long ice core from the Penny Ice Cap on Baffin Island, Canada. This project is collaborative with the Geological Survey of Canada and Japan's National Institute of Polar Research. Field work includes study of snow pits and shallow cores in addition to collection and analysis of the main 500-meter-long core. Laboratory work supported by this award includes analysis of major ions (sodium, ammonium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate), insoluble microparticles, and methanesulfonic acid. These data will be integrated with analytical data collected in Canada and Japan, and the complete set of analyses will be used to construct a proxy record of climate and environmental conditions for Baffin Island for the Holocene. These data from the Penny Ice Cap will complement records from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP); specifically, these data will provide information about climatic conditions at lower elevations that will allow a useful comparison to interpretations from the GISP cores. Insoluble Particles in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II Ice Core: (a) Analysis of Core Stratigraphy by Laser-Light Scattering, (b) Changes in Mineralogy and Particle Size in Glacial Ice OPP 9322401 05/01/94; (OPP) $80,001; 12 months State University of New York, Buffalo Buffalo, NY 14214 Michael Ram This award is for support for a 3-year project to complete measurements of stratigraphy on the GISP II ice core with laser-light scattering, using both a solid technique and a technique that involves analysis of meltwater. At present, the resolution of the meltwater measurements allows annual layers only larger than 3 centimeters to be distinguished, so ice below 1,900 meters cannot be properly analyzed by scattering from meltwater. The resolution of these measurements will be improved so that annual layers as small as 1 centimeter will be able to be measured by this technique. Measurements using the solid technique have, so far, only been applied to bubble-free ice. It will be demonstrated that this technique can be extended to bubbly ice, and this method will be used to analyze all remaining sections of the ice core. The laser-light scattering measurements will be calibrated so that they give the variation in number of particles larger than 0.5 micrometers along the core, rather than just the relative scattered light intensity. Finally, selected sections of the core will be remeasured at regular time intervals to determine how the scattered signal changes with time as bubbles re-emerge. Methanesulfonate in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II Ice Core (Summit, Greenland) OPP 9322518 05/15/94; (OPP) $95,000; 11 months University of Miami Miami, FL 33149 Eric S. Saltzman This award is for support for an investigation of the distribution of methanesulfonate (MSA) in the GISP II ice core in order to assess the relationship between biogenic sulfur emissions, atmospheric aerosols, and climate change over the North Atlantic Ocean. This project is primarily directed at completing the GISP II MSA record from Summit, Greenland, which will cover an entire glacial/interglacial cycle. The GISP II record has already demonstrated dramatic differences between glacial/interglacial trends in Greenland as compared with Antarctica. This work will provide new information about the factors controlling the variability in the atmospheric sulfur signal and its relationship to other changes in atmospheric chemistry. Samples from two other Greenland ice cores (Camp Century and Dye-3) will also be studied to examine climate-related variability of MSA during the Holocene. OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE-ICE INTERACTIONS (OAII) Icebreaker Support OPP 9444171 09/01/94; (OPP) $250,000; 6 months Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard Washington, DC 20591 Allan D. Summy The U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) provides icebreaking services in support of National Science Foundation sponsored projects in the polar regions. OPP determines the operating missions of the icebreakers in the polar regions for the assigned period. The USCG primarily supports the Antarctic Program, however, the funds for this award are for the estimated costs of icebreaking support in the Arctic region. In particular, icebreaker support will be provided for the Arctic Ocean Section cruise. The funds will cover fuel, maintenance, and helo costs. Science Management Office Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) OCE 9224892 05/15/93; (OCE) $54,627, (OPP) $54,626; 29 months University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Richard E. Moritz The Polar Research Center at the University of Washington will establish a science management office for the OAII component of ARCSS global change research program. Initial science planning and management for this activity established initial plans and priorities for interdisciplinary ocean- and atmosphere-related arctic research, and an ARCSS OAII Science Plan was developed. The Science Management Office (SMO) will support the OAII science steering committee and various working groups. The steering committee formulates recommendations on research priorities and assists in developing Announcements of Opportunity for ARCSS research, based on community input. The steering committee annually reviews and updates the OAII science plan and provides recommendations to funding agencies. The SMO will organize and conduct workshops that bring together experts to define further and to rank scientific initiates and related activities. It will also serve as a point of contact for coordinating the diverse research activities of OAII investigators. Information will be disseminated from the SMO through newsletters, electronic mail, and other means to keep the scientific community informed about program activities, directions, and opportunities. Ship Operations OCE 9300402 01/01/93; (OCE) $755,740, (OPP) $500,000; 30 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Thomas D. Smith The University of Alaska will operate the research vessel Alpha Helix during 1993 as a general oceanographic research vessel in support of NSF-funded projects. The Alpha Helix is a 133-foot (40.5-meter) general research vessel owned by the NSF and constructed in 1966. The ship is scheduled for 167 operating days in 1993, of which 129 days are in support of NSF-sponsored project. The cruises will be primarily in the north Pacific Ocean, but will include significant research cruise legs to the Bering and Chukchi Sea regions for Arctic Systems Science research. This vessel is part of a fleet used by NSF to support oceanographic research. Most oceanographic research requires specialized equipment that must be permanently installed on the research vessel. Trained crew members are also required to support the equipment systems and research operations. This is the first year of a planned 3-year award. Small Grants for Exploratory Research (SGER) Natural and Artificial Radionuclides as Tracers of Particle Cycling and Circulation Time Scales in the Arctic Ocean OCE 9408945 04/01/94; (OCE) $24,964, (OPP) $24,963; 12 months University of Rhode Island Kingston, RI 02881 S.B. Moran This SGER project involves an opportunistic collaboration between U.S. and Canadian investigators who will conduct a study of a suite of natural and artificial radionuclides during the 1994 United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section (AOS). The AOS is under the auspices of the Arctic Systems Science Global Change Research Program. The AOS is a collaborative research effort with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during a 55-day cruise in the summer of 1994. This project will measure thorium isotopes in seawater to quantify upper-ocean particulate organic carbon and nitrogen export fluxes and deep-ocean particle cycling. In situ pumps will be used to collect dissolved and particulate samples for determination of radionuclides in the surface and deep waters. Collection of these data within the framework of other multidisciplinary efforts will lead to a better understanding of organic carbon and nitrogen cycling and particle dynamics and circulation time scales in the Arctic Ocean and will contribute to the emerging global efforts to understand the role of the Arctic Ocean in global climate change better. Collaborative Research on the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya: Phytoplankton/Zooplankton Dynamics OPP 9113754 09/15/91; (OPP) $4,000; 48 months University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN 37996-0140 Walker O. Smith This proposal is part of an integrated scientific investigation to study the properties of the Arctic Ocean, atmosphere, sea ice, and biology in the NEW Polynya, which occurs near northeastern Greenland, in order to gain an integrated understanding of the arctic-shelf slope processes. This element of the NEW program will evaluate the magnitude and spacial-temporal variation of phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass and taxa; primary and new productivity and its environmental controls; and associated parameters related to the impact of NEW on water masses and shelf processes. Collaborative Research on the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya: The Circulation from Current Meter Moorings and Acoustic Doppler Current Profile (ADCP) OPP 9113887 09/15/91; (OPP) $11,721; 42 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Mark A. Johnson This proposal is part of an integrated scientific investigation to study the properties of the Arctic Ocean, atmosphere, sea ice, and biology in the NEW Polynya, which occurs near northeastern Greenland, in order to gain an integrated understanding of arctic-shelf slope processes. This element of the NEW program will study the physical oceanography and circulation of the NEW polynya using closely spaced CTD stations, ADCP, and current meter moorings. Current meter moorings will be used during the initial 4-week research program and then redeployed for year-long measurements. The moorings will be recovered during the second field research period. The data from these instruments will be used to determine whether Atlantic Intermediate Water arrives in the polynya via the polynya trough system to supply heat to melt ice, as well as to assess the importance of the flow fields' to biological productivity. Collaborative Research on the Northwest Water (NEW) Polynya: Microbial Dynamics and Particle Transformations OPP 9113960 09/15/91; (OPP) $50,000; (OCE) $30,000; 48 months University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Jody W. Deming This proposal is part of an integrated scientific investigation to study the properties of the Arctic Ocean, atmosphere, sea ice, and biology in the NEW Polynya, which occurs near northeastern Greenland, in order to gain an integrated understanding of arctic-shelf slope processes. This element of the NEW program will evaluate the role of heterotrophic microorganisms on organic materials produced within the polynya. It will test the hypothesis that low temperatures severely restrict the degradative functions of micro-organisms associated with organic particulates produced within the polynya and available for export beyond its boundaries. It will also assay for temporal shifts in microbial community size, structure, and complexity. A Trituim (T) and Noble Gas Study in the Northeast Greenland Polynya OPP 9114037 08/01/92; (OPP) $53,170; 36 months University of Miami School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Miami, FL 33149 Zafer Top This proposal is part of an integrated scientific investigation to study the properties of the Arctic Ocean, atmosphere, sea ice, and biology in the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya, which occurs near northeastern Greenland, in order to gain an integrated understanding of arctic-shelf slope processes. This element of the NEW program will measure tritium as a chemical tracer to determine how much Atlantic water may be recycled in the region, how effective the gas exchange is through the polynya surface, and how much ice forms during the freezing season. Tritium-helium ages will provide corroborative data for biological studies directed at determination of oxygen utilization rates, a major concern of the program, and will therefore serve as important collaborative input to the NEW Program. Laboratory and Numerical Modeling of Some Aspects of the Dynamics of the Arctic Ocean and its Adjacent Seas OPP 9207822 03/15/93; (OPP) $76,424, (OCE) $76,414; 23 months University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90089-1147 Tony Maxworthy Investigators at the University of Southern California will undertake research to model and investigate some of the important dynamical processes that have been identified in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas. These waters play an important role in global warming, and it is important to understand their dynamical behavior on many space and time scales. At several locations during the winter, major sources of dense cold seawater are formed and sink. Much of this water reaches great depths and eventually spreads through the world's ocean basins. This thermo-haline circulation is a major factor in understanding the long-term evolution of the coupled atmosphere-ocean system. This work will examine some aspects of this problem. Primarily, the mechanisms whereby the motion of the dense water that is formed by intense cooling and/or freezing is controlled by the environment in which it is created. Among the issues of interest are (a) the origin and dynamics of small and mesoscale eddy structures that have been observed repeatedly by satellite images and reported by field investigators at different arctic locations; (b) the formation of a halocline between the upper mixed layer and the underlaying Atlantic water, which tends to shield the ice cover from an upward heat flux; (c) the upwelling and/or downwelling processes that have been observed in the marginal ice zones; and (d) interaction between the shelf and the basin waters. For this work to be accomplished, both laboratory experiments and numerical calculations will be made with well-defined objectives. A wide range of generic problems will be tackled starting from the simplest convection experiment with a nonuniform heat flux to the most complex in which virtually all of the controlling parameters are incorporated. In this way individual and combined effects of these various inputs can be studied. United States Interagency Arctic Drifting Buoy Program (USIADBP) OPP 9210471 09/01/92; (OPP) $25,000, (OCE) $25,000; 36 months Department of the Navy_National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Ice Center Washington, DC 20350 David A. Benner The USIADBP will provide the management structure and coordination necessary to establish and maintain a baseline network of drifting buoys of sufficient spatial resolution and longevity to define surface synoptic scale atmospheric pressure, air temperature, and sea-ice drift fields in the Arctic. These data can be separated into two separate categories: (1) near-real-time data for operational use in weather and sea-ice forecasting, which is processed by System Argos and distributed by the World Meteorological Organization Global Telecommunication System and (2) "historical" data that are processed, quality controlled, and archived to meet the established needs of the scientific research community. A Multidisciplinary Synthesis of the Chukchi Sea Ecosystem: Biological Processes OPP 9215329 01/15/93; (OPP) $41,143, (OCE) $120,426; 23 months University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620 John J. Walsh This collaborative effort will use an extensive and unique data set collected over several years from the Chukchi Sea. Investigators from three institutions will study the interactions of physical, chemical, and biological processes of the Chukchi Sea ecosystem to define its present and future trophic status in a series of data and simulation analyses. Biological processes in the Chukchi Sea will be assessed using data from a series of 13 current meter moorings in 1990-91 and 7 bilateral U.S.-U.S.S.R. cruises during 1988-91. The source water concentrations of nutrients flowing through Bering Strait into the Arctic Ocean will be determined annually in 1988-91 and will be combined with buoyancy flux estimates to calculate nutrient flux estimates. Project participants will analyze various scenarios of ice cover, primary production, dissolved organic cardon releases, and CO2 exchange with the atmosphere, using a biochemical model of high vertical resolution (1 meter) coupled to a barotropic circulation model of coarse horizontal resolution (10 kilometers). In addition, dominant phytoplankton groups will be identified and related to their respective nutrient habitats. This work supports the goals and research priorities of the Arctic System Science program of the Global Geosciences Initiative. Multidisciplinary Synthesis of Chukchi Sea Ecosystem: Chemical Processes OPP 9216130 01/15/93; (OPP) $43,421, (OCE) $96,933; 29 months University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712 Terry E. Whitledge This collaborative effort will use an extensive and unique data set collected over several years from the Chukchi Sea. Investigators from three institutions will study the interactions of physical, chemical, and biological processes of the Chukchi Sea ecosystem to define its present and future trophic status through a series of data and simulation analyses. Chemical processes in the Chukchi Sea will be assessed using data from a series of 13 current meter moorings in 1990-91 and 7 bilateral U.S.-U.S.S.R. cruises during 1988-91. The source water concentrations of nutrients flowing through Bering Strait into the Arctic Ocean will be determined annually in 1988-91 and will be combined with buoyancy flux estimates to calculate nutrient flux estimates. Nutrient budgets for the Chukchi Sea shelf will be constructed and compared with subsurface oxygen inventories and primary production estimates. In addition, dominant phytoplankton groups will be identified and related to their respective nutrient habitats. Organic decomposition (regeneration) and respiration processes will be examined using systematic changes in regenerated nutrients and dissolved oxygen. This work supports the goals and research priorities of the Arctic System Science program of the Global Geosciences Initiative. Investigations of the Western Arctic: The Northeast Chukchi Sea OPP 9218756 06/01/93; (OPP) $59,574, (OCE) $59,574; 30 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Thomas J. Weingartner Investigations of the Western Arctic: Transport and Water Properties in Bering Strait and over the Chukchi Shelf OPP 9219847 06/01/93; (OPP) $149,457, (OCE) $149,456; 30 months University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Knut Aagaard Investigations of the Western Arctic: Variability of Sea-Ice Thickness Distribution in Bering Strait and the Chukchi Sea OPP 9222331 05/15/93; (OPP) $89,679, (OCE) $89,679; 29 months University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Richard E. Moritz A collaborative research project will be undertaken by investigators at the University of Washington and the University of Alaska as part of the Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions component of the Arctic System Science global change research program. The research objective is to measure the transport of water through the Bering Strait and to determine the influence of this transport on the physical properties and variability of the Arctic Ocean, particularly the surface layer. These physical properties, such as ice cover and thickness, vertical mixing, and thermo-haline structure, affect the extent of the arctic ice pack. If changing climate conditions caused the ice pack to shrink or change significantly, the effect would be felt throughout the world's atmosphere and oceans. The influx of water through the Bering Strait is one of the major inputs to the Arctic Ocean; therefore its volume and physical properties must be known in order to understand the processes that control the Arctic Ocean's physical features. Each of three coordinated projects will deal with one or more aspects of the system, together providing insight into the broader workings of the Arctic's physical and geochemical processes. Moorings will be deployed for a 3-year period at key locations. These moorings will provide concurrent time series of water column properties including temperature, salinity, and currents; an upward-looking sonar will make a full year of ice thickness observations. A hydrographic program also will examine water column variability in the northeastern Chukchi Sea, where the low-salinity portion of the Pacific inflow drains into the Arctic Ocean. The work builds on earlier efforts funded by Office of Naval Research and NSF that were conducted in cooperation with the physical and chemical oceanographic programs of National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration /Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. A Multidisciplinary Synthesis of the Chukchi Sea Ecosystem: Physical Processes OPP 9220635 01/15/93; (OPP) $42,334, (OCE) $96,999; 29 months University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Knut Aagaard This collaborative effort will use an extensive and unique data set collected over several years from the Chukchi Sea. Investigators from three institutions will study the interactions of physical, chemical, and biological processes of the Chukchi Sea ecosystem to define its present and future trophic status through a series of data and simulation analyses. Physical processes in the Chukchi Sea will be assessed using data from a series of 13 current meter moorings in 1990-91 and 7 bilateral U.S.-U.S.S.R. cruises during 1988-91. Project participants will analyze the buoyancy and current fields from the year-long time series data together with the wind field. Collaborators will also examine the role of physical processes, with a particular emphasis on the variability of the shelf circulation over the year, the role of the wind in forcing the shelf circulation, and the variable fluxes of heat, salt, and other dissolved substances through the system. The source water concentrations of nutrients will be combined with buoyancy flux estimates to calculate nutrient flux estimates. Nutrient budgets for the Chukchi Sea shelf will then be constructed and compared with subsurface oxygen inventories and primary production estimates. The work supports the goals and research priorities of the Arctic System Science program of the Global Geosciences Initiative. Influence of the St. Lawrence Island Polynya and the Gulf of Anadyr Cold Pool upon Benthic Communities of the Northern Bering Sea OPP 9300684 07/01/93; (OPP) $122,533; 30 months University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN 37996-0140 Jacqueline M. Grebmeier Benthic studies in the northern Bering Sea indicate that the Gulf of Anadyr cold pool, which has apparently shifted over the past decade, has an important influence on benthic community structure. This research will integrate benthic studies of the Gulf of Anadyr with a recently completed appraisal of the importance of the nearby St. Lawrence island polynya on benthic communities. This appraisal indicated that there were significant differences in benthic biomass, sediment respiration, tunicate cellulose oxygen-18 content, sediment lipid content, and bottom chlorophyll values between nearshore benthic communities most directly affected by the polynya and the offshore benthos. These findings indicate that the presence of the open-water polynya in the winter contributes to benthic productivity south of St. Lawrence island. This work also suggests, however, that the presence of the Gulf of Anadyr cold pool has an even more important physical influence_an association with the most productive benthic communities (as measured by sediment respiration and benthic biomass) in the northern Bering Sea. This research will conduct detailed studies of the nearshore benthos southwest of St. Lawrence Island and within the Gulf of Anadyr cold pool, with the goal of characterizing the influence of this feature on ecosystem function in the Bering Sea benthos. Benthic production is extremely important in the shallow Bering Sea, and more detailed knowledge of its role will contribute significantly to our understanding of the Arctic marine ecosystem. Investigation of Shelf Water Input and Deep Boundary Currents in the Eurasian Basin using Chlorofluorocarbons OPP 9303026 07/15/93; (OPP) $77,480; 23 months Columbia University New York, NY 10027 William M. Smethie This project, under the auspices of the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS)/Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interaction (OAII) global change research program will conduct research on the circulation of Arctic Ocean water masses. This work will investigate the input of shelf water from the Barents, Kara, and Laptev seas of the Arctic Ocean into the subsurface water masses of the Eurasian Basin and will examine the circulation of these subsurface water masses along the continental slope in this region. These objectives will be met by measuring anthropogenic halocarbons on samples collected during the summer and autumn 1993 cruise of the German Research icebreaker Polarstern. Shelf waters will have a relatively high anthropogenic halocarbon signal because they interact extensively with the atmosphere. The halocarbon distributions will be used to determine locations of shelf water inflow, to investigate formation of subsurface water masses in the Eurasian Basin by mixing shelf waters and deep water, and to investigate the transport of newly formed subsurface water masses in the deep cyclonic boundary current that has been postulated to flow around the Eurasian Basin. This work will be carried out in conjunction with several German investigators. The research objectives address the ARCSS research priority area of circulation of the Arctic Ocean. Evolution of Sea-Ice Characteristics, Cloud Properties, and Radiation Fluxes During the Autumnal Freezing of the Beaufort Sea Coastal Waters OPP 9320938 04/15/94; (OPP) $270,000; 17 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Judith A. Curry This project is an integrated experimental and modeling effort to understand and interpret the evolution of sea-ice characteristics, cloud properties, and radiation fluxes during the autumnal freezing of the coastal waters of the Beaufort Sea. It will be carried out in the scientific context of the Beaufort and Arctic Seas Experiment (BASE), a Canadian program with the objective of improving the understanding of weather systems in the Canadian Arctic, and with a focus on the hydrologic balance of the Mackenzie River. This project will make use of the National Center for Atmospheric Research C-130 aircraft, and BASE will provide substantial synergistic observational facilities. The direct aircraft observations will be supplemented by satellite data to extend the time and space scales of the analyses, and will be used to interpret and validate satellite retrieval algorithms. A three-dimensional mesoscale model of the atmosphere will be used to interpret the temporal and spatial evolution of the sea-ice cover and the atmospheric-boundary-layer characteristics. A coupled sea-ice model will be used to interpret the physical processes of the sea ice that responds to atmospheric forcing. The result of the research will be an improved understanding of the atmospheric modulation of the surface radiation balance and the effect of the radiation balance on the freezing of coastal waters. A Conductivity-Temperature-Depth/Hydrographic Section across the Arctic Ocean OPP 9322546 04/01/94; (OPP) $34,281, (OCE) $34,281; 18 months University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Knut Aagaard Research conducted by this award is a component of the 1994 U.S.-Canada Arctic Ocean Section (AOS). The AOS is a collaborative effort with Canada that involves approximately 60 scientists participating on a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during a 55-day field program in the summer of 1994. The AOS is under the auspices of the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program, and research is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences, the Office of Polar Programs, and Office of Naval Research (ONR). Data collected should be relevant to improving our understanding of how the Arctic is an indicator of changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical, chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and regions. This specific research project encompasses part of the hydrography program. Precision temperature, conductivity, oxygen, and nutrient profiles will be collected at intervals along the cruise track. Resulting data will be analyzed to increase understanding of the structure and circulation of the Arctic Ocean. Research will focus on three areas: (1) the structure of the halocine, wherein density differences between masses of seawater may drive the circulation and mixing of deep Arctic Ocean water with water from other parts of the world's oceans; (2) seawater properties and gradients near major seafloor features; and (3) the horizontal and vertical structure of the water column below 1,500 meters. Atmosphere-Ocean Radiative Interactions in the Arctic: A Shipboard Measurement Program OPP 9322700 05/15/94; (OPP) $145,053; 11 months University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institute La Jolla, CA 92093 Dan Lubin Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the Office of Polar Programs. The research will be centered around a unique and intensive, multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the Arctic Ocean that have not been extensively studied. The 1994 United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section is a collaborative effort with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994. NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo- and sea-ice studies. Data collected will be among the first ever from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of changing global climate conditions and of how it affects the physical, chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and regions. This component of the program involves shortwave and longwave measurements of the surface flux and optical properties of clouds, haze, and the clear atmosphere in the Arctic. The CalSpace Fourier-transform Infrared spectroradiometer will be installed on the U.S. icebreaker to measure zenith emission spectra in the longwave. These data will be used to compile a climatology of cloud emissivity, optical depth, and effective radius of droplet size distribution. Shortwave measurements will be taken using a four-channel solar radiometer system. A zenith sky camera will be included, along with a standard Eppley Pyranometer and Pyrgeometer for monitoring purposes along the ship track. Satellite data from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Polar Orbiters and the Defense Meteorology Satellite Program will be recorded using the on board TereScan facilities such that arctic radiative processes can be studied from "both sides" of the atmosphere. This will allow for refining cloud detection and radiation budget algorithms. These integrated measurements have direct bearing on our understanding of how clouds affect the transfer of heat between the atmosphere and the Arctic, which in turn impact on our ability to understand and predict climate variability. A Conductivity-Temperature-Depth/Hydrographic Section across the Arctic Ocean OPP 9322705 05/01/94; (OPP) $95,054, (OCE) $95,000; 12 months University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA 92093 James H. Swift Research conducted by this award is a component of the 1994 United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section (AOS). The AOS is a collaborative effort with Canada that involves approximately 60 scientists participating on a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during a 55-day field program in the summer of 1994. The AOS is under the auspices of the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and research is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences, the Office of Polar Programs, and Office of Naval Research. Data collected should be relevant to improving our understanding of how the Arctic is an indicator of changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical, chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and regions. This project encompasses a service and research program. The Oceanographic Data Facility at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography will conduct a detailed hydrographic survey consisting of about 100 precision temperature, conductivity, oxygen, and nutrient profiles at approximately 30-kilometer intervals along the cruise track. Resulting data will be shared with all participants. Swift will use the hydrography data to focus on a study of the origin and circulation of the intermediate and deep waters of the Arctic Ocean and nearby seas. Parameters to be determined are the surface-to-bottom distributions and sources of the physical and chemical characteristics, and the location, origin, and the structure of subsurface boundary currents. Information thus obtained will augment other studies conducted by the AOS and will contribute to response studies of the regimes to environmental forcing. Biological Dynamics of the Inorganic Carbon System in the Arctic Ocean Based on Samples from the 1994 United States-Canada Transarctic Section OPP 9400036 05/01/94; (OPP) $40,240, (OCE) $40,240; 12 months Columbia University New York, NY 10027 Raymond N. Sambrotto Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the Office of Polar Programs. The research will center on a unique and intensive multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the Arctic Ocean that have not been studied extensively. The 1994 United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section is a collaborative effort with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994. NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo- and sea-ice studies. Data collected will be among the first ever from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical, chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and regions. This work is a component of the collaborative biology program. Research will be undertaken to investigate the horizontal movement of carbon in arctic waters. Unlike ice-free waters where vertical movement of organic material through the "biological pump" dominates the carbon flux pathway, horizontal movement of organic matter from the large arctic shelves to the interior may be the dominant flux pathway for carbon in arctic systems. Research will focus on the importance of horizontal carbon flux using measurements of the inorganic carbon system, total dissolved inorganic carbon, and dissolved CO2 gas, from which carbonate and alkalinity will be derived. Organic and inorganic carbon production and mineralization rates in upper surface waters will be determined and analyzed based on the distribution of these variables relative to isopycnic surfaces and water-mass age. These measurements complement other on board sampling projects and will facilitate a better understanding of carbon flux dynamics in the Arctic Ocean. Oxygen Consumption, Denitrification, and Carbon Oxidation Rates in Near-Surface Sediments of the Arctic Ocean OPP 9400058 05/01/94; (OPP) $37,111, (OCE) $37,111; 18 months Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences West Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575 John P. Christensen Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the Office of Polar Programs. The research will center on a unique and intensive multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the Arctic Ocean that have not been studied extensively. The 1994 United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section is a collaborative effort with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994. NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo- and sea-ice studies. Data collected will be among the first ever from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical, chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and regions. This work is a component of the collaborative biology program. Research will be undertaken to determine the rates of oxygen consumption and carbon oxidation in sediments along the cruise track. Sedimentary oxidation rates are said to relate to the flux of usable organic matter from overlying surface waters. Hence, it is an indicator of primary production and possible transport of carbon and nutrients from the marginal regions. A series of box and piston cores will be taken and subsamples provided to a number of PIs. Measurements will be made of key biogeochemical solutes [oxygen, nutrients, alkalinity, pH, soluble iron and manganese, sulfate, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and sulfide (if present)] and solid constituents such as porosity, surface area, organic carbon and nitrogen, and carbonate. Sites to be sampled include continental shelves, slopes, abyssal plains, and midbasin ridges. These data will be used to evaluate sediment-bottom water fluxes and to estimate rates of oxygen consumption, denitrification, and carbon oxidation. Information will provide a greater understanding of the carbon budget and nitrogen budget in the Arctic and global ocean. Chemical and Isotopic Tracers on the United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section OPP 9400069 06/15/94; (OPP) $61,397; 11 months University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN 37996-0140 Lee W. Cooper Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the Office of Polar Programs. The research will center on unique and intensive multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the Arctic Ocean that have not been studied extensively. The 1994 United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section is a collaborative effort with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994. NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo- and sea-ice studies. Data collected will be among the first ever from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical, chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and regions. This work will identify trends in elemental and isotopic ratios of artificial radioactive contaminants particularly iodine-129, technetium, and several transuranics. Sources of these contaminants may be river-borne and associated with accidental releases or fuel reprocessing activities, or they may be marine in origin and associated with breached reactors, weapons, and/or disposed wastes. Although this work will contribute to ongoing assessments of radionuclide contamination of the Arctic Ocean, the distributions of the radioisotopes chosen for study will also improve understanding of Arctic Ocean circulation and its hydrologic cycle, particularly the role of the major Siberian rivers in influencing physical, biological, and chemical mixing processes. The chemical behavior of the radioisotopes selected for study will permit a "fingerprint" identification of the provenance of contaminants due to the variability in isotope or elemental ratios in each potential source. The parallel use of other radioisotope, conservative tracer (deltaO18O and delta D), and biologically modified tracer distributions (nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and by extension, NO and PO), will contribute to defining particle transport and water mixing mechanisms, in addition to describing the propagation patterns of contaminants. Role of Biomass, Bioturbation, and Remineralization in Determining the Fate of Carbon in the Arctic Ocean OPP 9400092 05/15/94; (OPP) $34,398, (OCE) $68,794; 11 months East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858-4353 William G. Ambrose Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the Office of Polar Programs. The research will center on a unique and intensive multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the Arctic Ocean that have not been studied extensively. The 1994 United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section is a collaborative effort with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994. NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo- and sea-ice studies. Data collected will be among the first ever from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical, chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and regions. This work is a component of the collaborative biology program. Work will be undertaken to examine the fate of organic matter reaching the seafloor and model cycling between the various carbon pools. The fate of carbon fixed in the Arctic Ocean is largely unknown, but it is surmised that a greater portion reaches the bottom than in other oceans. Low abundance and slow feeding rates of zooplankton, as well as reduced importance of the microbial loop, may explain why the majority of primary productivity falls to the benthos at high latitudes. Research will focus on some of the possible fates of carbon reaching the benthos by examining patterns of benthic biomass and rates of remineralization, irrigation, and particle mixing. Replicate box cores will be collected along the Section. Abundance and biomass of macro and meio-fauna and depth profiles of Eh and particulate carbon will be determined from these cores. Subcores will be incubated on-board to determine rates of remineralization and bioirrigation. Particle mixing rates will be determined directly from down-core 210Pb distribution and will be compared with mixing estimates obtained from carbon depth profiles and bioirrigation rates. This study will provide insight to the role of benthos in mediating geochemical processes and will provide a model of carbon cycling in arctic sediments, which can be used to make predictions of the consequences of global warming. Roles of Heterotrophic Bacteria and Protists in the Arctic Ocean Carbon Cycle OPP 9400218 05/01/94; (OPP) $72,114, (OCE) $72,114; 12 months Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331-5503 Barry F. Sherr Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the Office of Polar Programs. The research will center on a unique and intensive multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the Arctic Ocean that have not been studied extensively. The 1994 United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section (AOS) is a collaborative effort with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994. NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo- and sea-ice studies. Data collected will be among the first ever from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical, chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and regions. This collaborative research effort between investigators at Oregon State University and the University of Delaware represents a critical component of the AOS biology program. Research will measure microzooplankton abundances, biomass, and size distributions, together with estimates of their grazing on phytoplankton and other zooplankton. Work will focus on heterotrophic bacteria and protists in the water column and sea ice of the Arctic Ocean. Present information is sparse on the abundance and activity of these microbes and their influence on primary production. The investigators will quantify the distribution of numbers, biomass, and productivity of bacteria and compare these parameters to the in situ concentrations of labile organic substrates (dissolved free + combined amino acids and sugars); quantify the abundance, size frequency distribution, and biomass of phagotrophic protists in the nano- and microplankton size classes; and measure the grazing impact of protists on bacteria and on algal cells. Incubation experiments will also be performed where substrate concentrations and temperatures are varied to ascertain the effect on heterotrophic bacterial growth. Understanding these processes will help resolve role heterotrophic and autotrophic microbes' influence on the arctic carbon cycle. Sea-Ice Measurements on the United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section OPP 9400241 05/01/94; (OPP) $78,508; 24 months U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) Hanover, NH 03755 Walter B. Tucker Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the Office of Polar Programs. The research will center on a unique and intensive multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the Arctic Ocean that have not been studied extensively. The 1994 United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section is a collaborative effort with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994. NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo- and sea-ice studies. Data collected will be among the first ever from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical, chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and regions. This project is part of the program that focuses on the interrelationship of physical and electromagnetic properties of sea ice. The project will follow a two-stage approach performing small-scale, detailed studies of the different ice types and large-scale surveys to determine their relative areal coverage. Measurements of spectral albedo, bidirectional reflectance, and wavelength-integrated albedo at visible and near-infrared wavelengths will be taken. Ice cores will be studied for physical state and structure including vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, brine and air volume, crystallography, and inclusion size distribution. These small-scale measurements will be performed in conjunction with helicopter surveys of active and passive microwave observations of the same ice to determine the range of physical properties and to determine the impact of changes in the physical properties on electromagnetic signatures. Helicopter transects, using an airborne spectroradiometer, as well as conventional photographic and video cameras, will be used to determine a quantitative estimate of large-scale albedo, ice concentration, melt pond fraction, and floe size distribution. These large-scale measurements will be linked with small-scale data to provide an understanding of the spatial and temporal variability of ice albedo and the coupling of shortwave irradiance to ice ablation. Such measurements are critical to understanding how the Arctic Ocean stores and reflects heat and its influence of climate variability. Geochemical Analysis of Ostracodes from the Arctic Ocean: Last Glacial Maximum to Present OPP 9400250 05/15/94; (OPP) $64,847; 17 months Duke University Durham, NC 27708-0077 Paul A. Baker Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the Office of Polar Programs. The research will center on a unique and intensive multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the Arctic Ocean that have not been studied extensively. The 1994 United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section is a collaborative effort with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994. NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo- and sea-ice studies. Data collected will be among the first ever from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical, chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and regions. This work is a component of the collaborative paleo-oceanographic program. A climatic history of the Arctic Basin will be reconstructed by measuring the distribution within the sediments and certain chemical characteristics of the exoskeleton of an abundant zooplankton animal. Ostracodes secrete shells rapidly, thereby recording instantaneous physical and chemical properties of the surrounding water. This, combined with frequent molts, definable magnesium-calcite compositions, and sensitive analytical methods make them a prime candidate for recording paleo-oceanography in cored sediments. Ostracode valves from sediments in piston and box cores will be separated by washing over a sieve that was identified and subjected to elemental and stable isotopic analysis. Calcium will be measured using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry while strontium and magnesium will be quantified by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Approximately 1,000 such measurements will be made in an effort to reconstruct deep Arctic Ocean paleocirculation and bottom water paleotemperatures and to relate these factors to paleoproductivity, dissolved oxygen, sea-ice coverage, and other parameters of the period from the last glacial maximum to the present. Optical Variability in the Arctic: Transmissometry along the 1994 Transarctic Section OPP 9400251 06/01/94; (OPP) $16,517; 12 months Texas A&M University Research Foundation College Station, TX 77843 Ian D. Walsh Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the Office of Polar Programs. The research will center on a unique and intensive multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the Arctic Ocean that have not been studied extensively. The 1994 United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section is a collaborative effort with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994. NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo- and sea-ice studies. Data collected will be among the first ever from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical, chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and regions. This work is a component of the collaborative biology program. Information will be provided on the spatial optical variability along the cruise track by measuring beam attenuation at 660 nanometer using a Sea Tech 25 centimeter pathlength transmissometer. Spatial distribution of optical properties with respect to fronts, currents, and other biohydrographic features will be assessed. These measurements will augment information derived from concurrent biological, chemical, and physical data collected during the cruise. The work will provide an understanding of the role that suspended particles play in Arctic Ocean productivity and air-sea-ice interactions. In addition, data will be used to explain the role of nepheloid layers in lateral transport of shelf productivity to the slope and basin and in benthic fluxes. Neodymium, Strontium, and Lead Isotope, Major Cation, and Rare-Earth Element (REE) Geochemistry of the Arctic Ocean OPP 9400254 05/15/94; (OPP) $57,417, (OCE) $57,400; 11 months University of Wisconsin_Madison Madison, WI 53706 David L. Clark Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the Office of Polar Programs. The research will center on a unique and intensive multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the Arctic Ocean that have not been studied extensively. The 1994 United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section is a collaborative effort with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994. NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo- and sea-ice studies. Data collected will be among the first ever from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical, chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and regions. This specific research effort involves the study of REE and neodymium isotope systematics in order to gain insights on the interplay of ocean chemistry, biology, and physics. REE and neodymium isotope measurements will be obtained from sediment and water samples collected during the cruise and will be used to determine the origin of different water masses composing the Arctic Ocean. Information will also be derived on the origin and maintenance of the seawater stratification, mixing processes, circulation, and biogeochemical processes. In addition, these data will allow the Arctic Ocean to be placed in context with other existing REE and neodymium isotope data from the subarctic oceans and to be integrated into existing global, inter-oceanic circulation models. Analysis of ice-borne and seabed sediments for lead, REE, and neodymium-lead-strontium isotopes will allow integration of Late Cenozoic Arctic Ocean sediment geochemistry to the current understanding of sediment sources and dispersal in the Arctic Ocean. Late Quaternary Paleo-oceanography of the Arctic Ocean OPP 9400255 07/01/94: (OPP) $97,938; 12 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 William M. Briggs Briggs Research supported by this grant is under the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and the Polar Earth Science Program in the Office of Polar Programs. The research will center on a unique and intensive multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the Arctic Ocean that have not been studied extensively. The 1994 United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section is a collaborative effort with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994. NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo- and sea-ice studies. Data collected will be among the first ever from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical, chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and regions. This work is a component of the collaborative paleo-oceanographic program. Work will involve research on ostracodes contained in sediment samples to be collected during the Section, as well as from existing surface sediments collected by the Geological Survey of Canada, and from several other Arctic Ocean sites, including the northern Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Ostracodes are small calcareous bivalved crustaceans, and some benthic marine ostracodes are attuned, within narrow limits, to several environmental variables, the most important of which are temperature, salinity, dissolved O2, nutrients, and substrate. The distribution on the sea floor therefore reflects bottom water conditions, making them ideal monitors of water-ostracodes mass changes and circulation anomalies through geological time. Previous investigations have suggested that ostracodes are useful for paleo-oceanographic reconstructions of water-mass history. This work will provide a better understanding of the relationship between modern ostracodes, water masses, and arctic bathymetry; of the relationship between intermediate depth, deep-water ostracodes and Atlantic and Pacific faunas; and of faunal history and inferred ocean history during the Holocene, the Last Glaciation, and possibly the whole of the Brunhes Epoch. Standing Stocks and Production Rates in the Canada, Makarov, and Eurasian Basins of the Arctic Ocean: The Role of Lower Trophic Level Processes in the Arctic Carbon Cycle OPP 9400256 05/01/94; (OPP) $21,223, (OCE) $20,500; 12 months University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Joyce Lewin OPP 9400306 05/01/94; (OPP) $109,380, (OCE) $109,321; 12 months Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331-5503 Patricia A. Wheeler Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and is jointly sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the Office of Polar Programs. The research will center on a unique and intensive multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the Arctic Ocean that have not been studied extensively. The 1994 United States-Canada Arctic Ocean Section (AOS) is a collaborative effort with Canada that will involve approximately 60 scientists on a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during the summer of 1994. NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, and paleo- and sea-ice studies. Data collected will be among the first ever from several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly relevant to understanding how the Arctic is an indicator of changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical, chemical, and biological features of the more temperate oceans and regions. This collaborative research effort between investigators at the University of Washington and Oregon State University represents a critical component of the AOS biology program. The project will measure standing stocks and production rates of planktonic and ice-algae. These parameters will be determined along the cruise track and will be the first such measurements from parts of the Arctic Ocean. In addition to phytoplankton abundances, primary production, new and regenerated nitrogen production, mesozooplankton stocks, and spatial distribution of particulate organic matter and dissolved organic matter will be determined. These studies will be used to evaluate the magnitude of Arctic Basin productivity and the major pathways for the flow of carbon. This work, in conjunction with other collaborative efforts, will lead to a greater understanding of the role of primary production, the fate of photosynthetically fixed carbon, and the relative importance of autotrophic and heterotrophic processes in transforming and transporting particulate and dissolved forms of carbon to, within, and from the Arctic Ocean system. Workshop for Arctic System Science (ARCSS)/Ocean-Atmospheric-Ice Interactions (OAII) Biological Initiative in the Arctic: Shelf-Basin Interactions OPP 9416103 08/15/94; (OPP) $35,000, (OCE) $35,000; 11 months University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN 37996-0140 Jacqueline M. Grebmeier Funds are provided to sponsor an open workshop to develop a research plan for integrating studies of the Arctic Ocean shelves with the Central Basin. A goal of the ARCSS/OAII global change research program is to foster the integration of various disciplines into cooperative research efforts that are relevant to understanding the effects of global change. Research has demonstrated the importance of determining arctic continental shelf/ocean basin interactions and the cycling of biogenic materials at the sediment/water interface of arctic continental shelves and slopes. The workshop will provide a forum for interested scientists to discuss and develop a prioritized science plan focusing on a biologically focused systems approach to shelf/basin exchange in the Arctic. An International Workshop to Define Research Priorities for Russian Arctic Land Shelf Interactions OPP 9422025 11/01/94; (OPP) $36,156; 12 months Ohio State University Research Foundation Columbus, OH 43210-1063 Steve Forman 1,000 Years of Proxy Climate Records from the North Atlantic Region: A Contribution to the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Plan for Integration OPP 9422140 01/01/95; (OPP) $71,753; 36 months Ohio State University Research Foundation Columbus, OH 43210-1063 Jeffrey C. Rogers This project is a workshop contribution to the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) program. It will be held at the Byrd Polar Research Center where key scientific questions related to processes and environmental change in the Russian Arctic continental shelves and adjacent lowlands will be defined. A total of 35 participants, covering a range of disciplines in the biological, geological, and social sciences will be invited to formulate scientific priorities. This workshop will focus on defining interdisciplinary and circumarctic research themes that would elucidate land-shelf interactions. A broad topical, temporal, and spatial framework for the workshop is proposed to attract a wide group of scientists and identify the most compelling research ideas. The direction and mechanisms of climate change cannot be adequately addressed without a better understanding of processes and environments of the shelf seas of the Russian Arctic and the adjacent lowlands. Epicontinental shelf seas bounded by the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans compose 25 percent of the shelf area of oceans and modulate key climatic parameters such as the exchange of oceanic heat, atmospheric gases, sea ice, and fresh-water input. Large uncertainties remain on the cause, magnitude, and timing of past glaciations in Siberia and concomitant changes in sea ice, vegetation, fluvial discharge, and animal migrations. Many present-day issues relating to land-Arctic Ocean interactions also need to be evaluated. This is a "ground-up" effort to assess the American scientific community's sense of priorities for research in the Russian Arctic. The workshop is an important step for the integration of North American scholarship with that of Russian colleagues who have decades of experience on these problems. The consensus of research priorities will provide a conceptual nucleus for proposing a Russian Arctic Science dimension for ARCSS. PALEOCLIMATES FROM ARCTIC LAKES AND ESTUARIES (PALE) Cooperative Agreement: Support of the National Center for Atmospheric Research ATM 9442054 05/01/94; (OPP) $80,000; 6 months University Corporation for Atmospheic Research Boulder, CO 80307-3000 Richard Anthes These funds support a cooperative agreement for the National Center for Atmospheric Research: Arctic System Science Program support for Paleoclimate of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE). Thermoluminescence Dating Studies of Lake Cores from Alaska ATM 9224361 03/01/93; (OPP) $33,387; 12 months Western Washington University Bellingham, WA 98225-5996 Glenn W. Berger This award is in support of one element of Paleoclimates from Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE). Arctic lakes are recognized as valuable repositories of paleo-environmental proxy information (e.g. fossil pollen, sediment chemistry) that is important for paleoclimatological studies. However, beyond the usual 30-40 ka limit of radiocarbon dating, dating control needed form the interpretation of such fossil pollen records is presently unavailable. Preliminary, single-analysis thermoluminescence (TL) dating results have been obtained for one Arctic lake core_Squirrel Lake_to test the capability of TL dating for such Arctic sediments, but some results are ambiguous. This award outlines TL dating and other tests (e.g. measurement of TL emission spectra) designed to assess the cause of these ambiguous, preliminary results for some samples of the Squirrel Lake core. The proposed dating experiments will refine the limitations and usefulness of TL sediment dating procedures for Arctic lake sediments, provide the first "radiometrically" dated record beyond 30-40 ka for Arctic lakes, and establish a firmer basis for future application of TL dating to long-core (0-200 ka) sediment records for circumpolar Arctic lakes. Quaternary Environments and Climate Change in the Eastern Canadian Arctic, Constructed from Sediment Cores ATM 9122974 07/15/92; (ATM) $1, (OPP) $83,582; 42 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Gifford H. Miller This award is in support of one element of the Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) activity. Research is focused on a lake coring program in the eastern Canadian Arctic with the goal of recovering continuous records of environmental change for the past 10 to 15 thousand years. Baffin Island lies in a key location, and analyses of climatic data indicate that this region serves as a bellwether for the circum-arctic climate system. This project will reconstruct past climates from down-core changes in the pollen and diatom assemblages, stable isotopic ratios, and physical characteristic of the sediment in cores. The lakes will be strategically located along a North(South temperature transect, and across the East-West marine/continental climate gradient. Cores from these lakes will allow examination of questions related to climate change, including regional glacial history (timing and extent of the last continental ice advance and the pattern of deglaciation), sea level change (both postglacial emergence and the more recent submergence), and renewed development of cirque and mountain glaciers in the late Holocene (Neoglaciation). Sampling will be undertaken with a density commensurate with PALE objectives, i.e., decadal to centuries resolution depending on the accumulation rates within the different lake basins. Late Quaternary Climate Change in the Eastern Interior of Alaska: A Multidisciplinary Pilot Study ATM 9200600 07/15/92; (ATM) $1, (OPP) $105,518; 42 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Bruce P. Finney This award supports a multidisciplinary study of three lakes in eastern interior Alaska to investigate how lake levels, vegetation, and sedimentary processes are related to climate change. The study will focus on the late Wisconsin and early Holocene (ca. 14,000 to 6,000 years Before Present)_a period of marked and relatively rapid climatic change. The lakes are expected to be sensitive to climatic fluctuations and have sedimentation rates rapid enough to record high-frequency events. This work has three components: (1) assessment of the detail with which a lake-level record can be constructed; (2) comparison of high-resolution records of vegetation change from fossil pollen with the lake-level record to examine how lakes and vegetation differ in their response to climate change; and (3) the construction of basic hydrologic budgets for each lake and their use to estimate past values of important parameters of the hydrologic system, in particular, precipitation. This project represents an element of the Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries project. The Paleoclimate of Iceland over the Last 13,000 Years: A Joint Iceland/U.S.A. Contribution to Paleoclimates of Artic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) ATM 9224554 05/01/93; (OPP) $116,869; 30 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 John T. Andrews This award supports paleoclimate research in Iceland within the framework of PALE. Iceland occupies a key position in the North Atlantic in terms of both climatic and oceanographic parameters. The climate of the island is a function of the strength and location of the Icelandic Low, the strength and character of the freshwater outflow from the Arctic Basin, and the location of the North Atlantic Drift. These variables interact to affect the vegetation, hydrology, and glacial history of this area. Iceland is thus well placed for developing longer proxy records of climate change. Eastern Arctic Climate of the Past 2,000 Years: The Varved Lake Sediment Record ATM 9300702 06/01/93; (OPP) $60,636; 30 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Jonathan T. Overpeck Eastern Arctic Climate of the Past 2,000 Years: The Varved Lake Sediment Record ATM 9312227 06/01/93; (OPP) $42,790; 24 months Columbia University New York, NY 10027 Robert F. Anderson The patterns and causes of arctic decade-to-century scale climate variability are poorly understood, most significantly because annually dated records of past environmental change from this region are sparse. This award supports the retrieval of a Baffin Island network of climate records spanning the past 500 to 2,000 years. Cores will be collected from three lakes. The varve chronologies will be tested rigorously using 210-Pb and bomb radionuclides. Annually dated time series of fossil pollen, varve thickness, and Ge/Si ratios will be generated. This effort will yield the first network of annually dated paleoclimate and paleoecological time series from arctic lake sediments. This project will be the first Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries effort to map out the patterns of decade-to-century scale change of the past 1,000 years. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) C14 Dating of Arctic Lake Sediments ATM 9302362 06/01/93; (OPP) $77,773; 30 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Gifford H. Miller Problems associated with the radiocarbon dating of organic-carbon-poor arctic lake sediments have limited the utility of paleoclimatic inferences drawn from these repositories. To evaluate the role of the Arctic in the global climate system from the geological record requires a network of sites, each with a secure independent geochronology. Separating of cause and effect, lead and lag times, and distinguishing climate change from vegetation migration require temporal resolution better than 500 years, about the limit of previous studies. Although the precision of C14 measurements by AMS has steadily improved during the past decade_to its current precision of less than 1 percent_less effort has been directed at separating heterogeneous lake sediments into their constituent organic compounds. The Paleoclimate of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) program within the Arctic System Science initiative requires both reliable radiocarbon dating and expeditious processing of samples. This project will provide a standardized sample preparation protocol for organic-carbon-poor arctic lake sediment based on the results of earlier research and will prioritize a sample handling so that basal dates for cores collected under the PALE initiative will be processed within 2 months of receipt. Standardized pretreatment for PALE researchers will ensure an adequate number of reliable dates for each core. Coordination of Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) Research: Steering Committee Working Group ATM 9310829 05/15/93; (OPP) $50,736; 29 months University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Linda B. Brubaker This award supports the operation of the PALE Steering Committee which will develop science and management plans for the program and will be active in the implementation of the research activities. PALE is entering a critical phase of data collection, synthesis, and interpretation. This award will support (1) annual meetings of PALE researchers for the exchange and synthesis of results, (2) small workshops to address specific research needs, and (3) Steering Committee efforts to coordinate projects and maintain communication among PALE researchers. Late Quaternary Climates of Western Beringia ATM 9317569 04/15/94; (OPP) $141,226; 17 months University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Patricia M. Anderson This award supports a project under Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries, a program that focuses on the timing, magnitude, and rates of change in arctic climates during the late Quaternary. Understanding the complex regional responses to past shifts in global climate requires (1) the compilation of numerous well-dated records of paleoclimate indicators (e.g., pollen); (2) the calibration of these proxies by defining their modern climatic relationships; and (3) the comparison of climatic histories inferred from the paleodata to qualitative or quantitative paleoclimatic models. Although such data sets are available from lakes in many areas of the North American and European Arctic, comparable information is virtually absent from northern Siberia. This award supports a project designed to analyze pollen, spores, plant macrofossils, and sediment geochemistry of lake cores to reconstruct the late Quaternary vegetation and climate of Western Beringia (northeast Siberia). These histories will be reconstructed for six study areas, which today encompass the range of vegetation and climate in far northeast Russia. Analyses of surficial lake muds will improve the definition of modern pollen-vegetation-climate relationships and aid the paleoclimatic interpretation of fossil data. The new Russian data will allow a more detailed description of trans-Beringian paleovegetational patterns and inferred paleoclimates. Definition of such broad-scale patterns will help paleodata/general circulation model comparisons for the Arctic, thereby improving the understanding of high-latitude responses to global climatic changes. Collaborative Research: Laminated Lake Sediments from the Canadian High Arctic: Understanding the Climatic Signal for Paleoclimatic Reconstruction ATM 9322768 05/15/94; (OPP) $45,000; 11 months Bates College Lewiston, ME 04240 Michael J. Retelle ATM 9322769 05/15/94; (OPP) $120,000; 11 months University of Massachusetts, Amherst Amherst, MA 01003 Raymond S. Bradley Ice-core and other paleoclimatic records from the High Arctic suggest that summer temperatures reached minimum levels for the entire Holocene during the past 500 years, but underwent a dramatic reversal in the past 100 years. This award, under the Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries program is designed to study lake sediments from a number of sites to determine if this hypothesis is supported by the sedimentary record. So that the paleoclimatic signal in the sediments could be better understood, a 3-year process-based study is planned to determine the primary controls on sediment flux and varved sediment formation in Sophia Lake, a High Arctic hypersaline, meromictic lake. Sophia Lake provides a simple topographic environment, which will facilitate efforts to isolate the primary climatic forcing. Sediments from lakes on the margin of the Agassiz Ice Cap will also be recovered in order to link the paleoclimatic record of ice cores from the ice cap to sedimentary records from the glacier margin. A Paleoclimates of Artic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) Lake Sediment Calibration Network for the Eastern Canadian Arctic ATM 9402657 07/01/94; (OPP) $121,733; 12 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Jonathan T. Overpeck This award supports a PALE/ARCSS (Arctic Systems Science) effort to construct a high-quality dataset for surficial lake sediment calibration in the eastern Canadian Arctic. A detailed sampling and analysis program will allow the development of new calibration data for fossil pollen, and isotopic and palelimnological proxies. Modern numerical analysis will be applied to existing lake-based fossil pollen records to produce a new generation of quantitative paleoclimate estimates. This work will result in a large public-domain database and will make a collection of surface lake sediments available to the paleoclimate community for additional research. NSF-University of Arizona Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) Facility for Radioisotope Analysis EAR 9203383 08/15/92; (OPP) $30,000; 42 months University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 Douglas J. Donahue This award supports the operation and maintenance of the NSF-University of Arizona AMS Facility. The facility operates a tandem accelerator and associated sample preparation facilities on behalf of a wide-ranging national community of researchers who depend on it for analysis of rare cosmogenic isotopes (mainly radiocarbon or 14C) used for the dating of natural samples and artifacts. The AMS technique enables uniquely sensitive analysis for radioactive 14C in extremely small samples or extremely low concentrations. Recent projects at the NSF-University of Arizona AMS Facility have included analysis of polar ice and lake sediment cores for paleoclimatic records, definitive dating of the Shroud of Turin, dating of specific organic molecular components in fossil samples, determination of exposure ages of meteorites and terrestrial erosion surfaces, dating of early-American maize remains, dating of fossilized human skeletal remains, general archaeological dating, and dating of prehistoric art, as well as numerous projects in earth sciences, hydrology, atmospheric sciences, and agronomy. U.S. Support for Central Scientific Coordination and Integration Activities of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) OCE 9320648 09/15/93; (OPP) $24,425; 29 months International Geosphere Stockholm, Sweden Thomas Rosswall NSF support is provided from funds allocated by federal agency members of the interagency Committee on Eearth and Environmental Sciences Sub-Committee on Global Change Research for shared international funding of the centralized costs of planning for the IGBP. Planning and development of a series of core research projects of the IGBP will be undertaken. The IGBP and these core projects will support development of a global observing system; will contribute to international assessments of global change science, in particular to those of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; will improve and facilitate the flow of data and information in support of IGBP research; and will assist scientists and scientific institutions in developing countries in conducting and supporting such research. Results of the IGBP will provide input to the analysis, modeling, and interpretation of global change. With the support of the IGBP Secretariat, meetings of international scientific committees and scientific steering groups for the core projects will be convened, and scientific and technological reports which result from IGBP activities will be prepared and distributed. Late Quaternary Environments and Climate Change in the Eastern Canadian Arctic Reconstructed from Lake Sediment Cores OPP 9208810 08/01/92; (OPP) $16,845; 42 months University of Wisconsin_Oshkosh Oshkosh, WI 54901 William N. Mode This award is for support of a lake coring program in the eastern Canadian Arctic with the goal of recovering continuous records of environmental change for the past 10 to 15 Ka. Pollen and diatom assemblages will be studied, as will the physical characteristics of the cores. Down-core variations in the stable isotopic ratios of carbon and hydrogen in plant macrofossils and the dissolved organic carbon content of the sediments will be studied. These studies will address questions of climate change, including regional glacial history and sea-level change. Chronostratigraphy of Pleistocene High-Sea-Level and Glacial Deposits, Northeastern Bristol Bay, Alaska OPP 9217634 06/01/92; (OPP) $32,393; 42 months Utah State University Logan, UT 84322 Darrell Kaufman This award supports a study to reconstruct the spatial and temporal pattern of pre- to late-Wisconsin glacial and sea-level fluctuations of the northeastern Bristol Bay region of southwestern Alaska. A wide spectrum of geochronological methods, including aminostratigraphy, tephrostratigraphy, thermoluminescence, and radiocarbon dating will be used to date the stratigraphic records that are available. Improved chronostratigraphy will allow the spatial and temporal variability in the response of the glacial and periglacial systems to be assessed in terms of the changing oceanic and atmospheric boundary conditions of the last interglacial to late-Wisconsin time. Direction of Rolling Wave of Mammoth Extinction: A Test for Human Overkill vs. Climatic Change Theories OPP 9321404 05/15/94; (OPP) $84,581; 11 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 R. Dale Guthrie This study will examine two contending theories on the tremendous extinction of large mammals about 11,000 years ago. Nearly 80 percent of the American large mammal species were lost over a rather short period of time. The human overkill theory argues that Paleoindian large mammal hunters from Asia expanded rapidly into the Americas, over-exploiting their prey species. The other theory proposes that a radical ecological shift at the end of the Pleistocene produced such biotic perturbations that many species could not adapt with sufficient rapidity. A new test will examine the geographic pattern of woolly mammoth extinction on a much finer scale than has been attempted previously. Alaska and the Yukon Territory are the focus of this study because they are a critical geographic link between the Old and New Worlds. This project is part of the paleo component of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program. ARCSS is part of the U.S. Global Change Research Program. Collaborative Research_1,000 Years of Proxy Climate Records from North Atlantic Region: A Contribution to the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Plan for Integration OPP 9418845 12/01/94; (OPP) $425,166; 36 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Astrid Ogilvie This project deals with the paleoclimate of the region that extends from the Eastern Canadian Arctic eastward to Greenland and Iceland. This is an area that is critical for the integration of present and past records of climatic change, especially within the context of the ARCSS research agenda. The main objectives of the research will be to concentrate on the evaluation, synthesis, and interpretation of (1) instrumental records; (2) historical data sources from Iceland; (3) the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II isotopic time series; (4) high-resolution marine series near East Greenland; and (5) annually laminated lake records from Southeast Baffin Island and Iceland. The project will include an analysis of climate impact in Iceland in recent centuries. Thus, although the focus will be on paleoclimatic reconstruction and interpretation, the research also has a human dimensions perspective and links directly with the needs of the new ARCSS paleoinitiative (Archaeology and Ethnohistory) regarding the documentation and understanding of the role of climatic variations in the Norse expansion throughout the North Atlantic and human responses to the so-called "Medieval Warm Period" and "Little Ice Age." The overall goal is directed toward improving the understanding of annual-to-century timescale fluctuations of climate in this region, as well as the influences of such changes on humankind. LAND-ATMOSPHERE-ICE INTERACTION (LAII) Active Layer/Landscape Interactions: A Retrospective and Contemporary Regional Approach in Arctic Alaska OPP 9442307 02/15/94; (OPP) $60,833; 6 months Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210-1016 Kenneth Jezek This award is part of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program, a U.S. Global Change Program. The research project relates changes in the thickness of the active layer to variations in seasonal climate across representative Arctic Alaska landscapes. A network of long-term observational sites, based at locations with histories of prior studies and data, will be established. The primary focus of this study will be a thin layer of soil above the permafrost that thaws and freezes on an annual basis and is known as the "active layer." This soil-active layer mediates biological, biogeochemcial, hydrological, geomorphic, and other heat and mass transfer processes. This project is a component of a larger interdisciplinary program known as the ARCSS FLUX Program. A Regional Model of the Arctic Land-Atmosphere System OPP 9214810 09/15/92; (OPP) $178,639; 42 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 John E. Walsh This award is part of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program, a U.S. Global Change Program. The research project will implement a regional model of the arctic land-atmosphere system. The model will simulate land-atmosphere interactions that control the hydrological cycle of a key arctic region and will be used to project changes in the climate and hydrology of the arctic region. Plot-size and mesoscale topography and vegetation data will be incorporated into the regional model at 40-kilometer resolution to provide a working model of the regional hydrological cycle and a framework for scaling up plot size measurements of surface variables and processes in northern ecosystems. This research project is a collaborative component of a larger interdisciplinary program known as the Arctic Systems Science Flux Program. Active-Layer-Landscape Interactions: A Retrospective and Contemporary Regional Approach in Arctic Alaska OPP 9214897 09/15/92; (OPP) $174,037; 36 months Ohio State University Research Foundation Columbus, OH 43210-1063 Kaye R. Everett This award is part of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program, a U.S. Global Change Program. The research project relates changes in the thickness of the active layer to variations in seasonal climate across representative Arctic Alaska landscapes. A network of long-term observational sites will be established, based at locations with histories of prior studies and data. The primary focus of this study will be the "active layer," a thin layer of soil above the permafrost which thaws and freezes on an annual basis. This soil active layer mediates biological, biogeochemical, hydrological, geomorphic, and other heat and mass transfer processes. This project is a component of a larger interdisciplinary program known as the Arctic System Science Flux Program. Synoptic-Scale Factors Affecting Snow Melt at High Latitudes OPP 9214953 09/15/92; (OPP) $100,549; 42 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Sue A. Bowling This award is part of the Arctic System Science Program, a U.S. Global Change Program. This research will use climatological and sounding data, as well as a radiative transfer model, to examine the energy transfer from the atmosphere to the snow surface, which in turn will lead to better parameterization of the process of spring snow-line retreat. The project will utilize two approaches. The first involves expanding the study of roughly 40 years of historical weather data, including snow depths, precipitations, surface temperatures, and atmospheric soundings, at four Alaska stations. The second involves using a state-of-the-art radiative transfer model to examine the theoretical effects of changing cloud cover and relative humidity on the actual transfer of energy from the atmosphere to melt snow. These results will be used together to simulate snow melt in atmospheric models. Volume Changes of McCall Glacier, Alaska, in Response to Climatic Warming in the Arctic OPP 9214954 09/01/92; (OPP) $50,436; 42 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Keith Echelmeyer This award is part of the Arctic System Science Program, a U.S. Global Change Program. It will undertake a 3-year study of the response of the McCall Glacier in northern Alaska to climatic change in the Arctic. The study will evaluate the effects of climatic response on the arctic hydrological cycle through airborne measurements of glacial profiles and evaluation of glacial volume changes which have occurred over the past 40 years. The results of this study will allow evaluation of the relationships between glacier geometry, mass balance, and climatological parameters measured at different locations in northern Alaska. Volume change estimates on two other nearby glaciers will be used to determine the degree to which McCall Glacier is representative of arctic Alaska as a whole. Effects of Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise on Trophic Dynamics and Ecosystem Processes of the Coastal Tundra Ecosystem, in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta of Alaska OPP 9214970 08/15/93; (OPP) $318,403; 29 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 James S. Sedinger This project seeks to develop a dynamic model to describe the potential impact of climate variation on the trophic structure of a coastal Alaskan ecosystem by assessing the degree to which climate change influences habitat structure and availability with the population dynamics of a colonially nesting bird, the Pacific brant. The area of study, the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, has been traditionally exploited by Yup'ik people, and geese are a seasonally important resource. A parallel study of native oral history will be conducted in order to learn of the traditional knowledge of the ecology of this region. A Workshop to Develop an Arctic Circumpolar Vegetation Map OPP 9301458 03/01/94; (OPP) $11,325; 12 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Donald A. Walker Vegetation is a key element in understanding and predicting how the arctic region will respond to and contribute to global change. This award provides partial support for a workshop in St. Petersburg, Russia, to begin development of an accurate vegetation map of the circumpolar arctic. The workshop is also being supported by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Large Area Estimates of Carbon Fluxes in Arctic Landscapes OPP 9318527 06/01/94; (OPP) $282,337; 12 months San Diego State University Foundation San Diego, CA 92182-1900 Walter C. Oechel This project is a significant contribution to the Arctic System Science Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions study. The research proposed will determine CO2 and water, momentum, and energy fluxes at three spatial scales (plot, landscape, and mesoscale) using chamber, tower-based eddy correlation techniques, and aircraft-based eddy correlation techniques. The information obtained from each of these techniques will be analyzed and compared, especially in light of defining the most efficient approaches for estimating large spatial scale CO2 flux in the Arctic. Remotely sensed spectral indices, geographic informations system, process model, and phenomenological models will be used to develop a methodology for efficiently estimating ecosystem CO2 flux over meso- and global scales. Initial testing of the applicability of these methods will be undertaken during 1993-96. The research will yield the current CO2 flux for the area studied (east-central, north slope of Alaska), the contribution to CO2 flux of various elements of the landscape, the sensitivity of net ecosystem CO2 flux to altered environmental conditions, models and methodology to predict CO2 flux in the Arctic, and efficient techniques for estimating meso- and global scale CO2 and other trace-gas fluxes. Active Layer/Landscape Interactions: A Retrospective and Contemporary Regional Approach in Arctic Alaska OPP 9318528 06/01/94; (OPP) $216,977; 12 months Ohio State University Research Foundation Columbus, OH 43210-1063 Kaye R. Everett This project addresses the central hypotheses of the Arctic System Science Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) Flux Study by examining spatial (local and regional) and temporal (interannual to interdecadal) variations in soil active layer thickness. This is done on representative landscapes by using different probing and soil coring approaches (grids, transects, and point data). Standard 1-kilometer by 1-kilometer grids are located in different landscape units across the Alaska Arctic Slope. The LAII sites, which are shared by other flux study projects, were selected in most cases based on availability of long-term data sets including soil thaw and local climate records. The study relies upon high-frequency, site-specific determination of active layer thickness as a function of climate, soil properties, and landscape units (geobotanical complexes). The historical boundary between the base of the recent soil thaw and the upper permafrost is established by coring the frozen ground and observing the distribution and morphology of the ground ice. The thaw depth measurements are used to validate or modify active layer models and to assess climate change upon the arctic tundra ecosystem. The carbon status of the soils and near-surface permafrost are established across landscape units and serve as a basis for carbon balance extrapolations to regional scales. Attaining Ecological Understanding at the Regional Level: The Kuparuk River as a Model Arctic System OPP 9318529 06/01/94; (OPP) $124,791; 12 months Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, MA 02543 John E. Hobbie The research, a part of the Arctic Systems Sciences (ARCSS) Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) Study, will take place in arctic Alaska in the headwaters of the Kuparuk. There are four parts to this project: (1) the measurements of flux of carbon as CO2 and organic matter from groundwater/land to streams and lakes and eventually, in the case of CO2, to the atmosphere (calibrations to be carried out with the help of the Chapin project); (2) the measurement of the concentration of nutrients (PO4, NO3, NH4) and dissolved and particulate organic matter in the Kukparuk River to calculate flux to the ocean; (3) the enhancement of a General Ecosystem Model to include anaerobic conditions and phosphorus cycling in order to understand and predict the interactions of variations in vegetation, soil, and carbon cycling on CO2 and methane transfer to the atmosphere; and (4) the enhancement of a Terrestrial Ecosystem Model to include permafrost in the soil moisture calculations in order to make spatially explicit regional estimates of CO2 exchange between vegetation/soil and the atmosphere. A Hierarchic Geographic Information System (GIS) for Studies of Process, Pattern, and Scale in Arctic Ecosystems OPP 9318530 06/15/94; (OPP) $193,734; 11 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Donald A. Walker This component of the Arctic System Science Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions Flux Study research will (1) develop GIS databases at five scales (1:10, 1:500, 1:5,000, 1:25,000, and 1:250,000) and at five sites; (2) develop an understanding of the relationship between vegetation signals and key terrain parameters; and (3) develop a method to use remotely sensed images and GIS variables to distinguish key vegetation parameters for spatial models of trace-gas fluxes. One task will be the development of methane and CO2 flux maps at multiple scales of the Toolik Lake-Imnavait Creek region, using an empirical approach based on field measurements of trace-gas fluxes in a hierarchy of vegetation types, as well as a modeled approach using a variety of data from a remote sensor satellite. Measurements of vegetation, biomass, soil, site, and spectral reflectance characteristics will be made at permanent study plots representing the majority of landscape variation. Trace-gas measurements by other investigators at the same sites and GIS databases will be used to extrapolate this information to landscape and regional scales. Permanently marked 1- by 1- kilometer grids at the five study areas will be used as a sampling framework for much of this research (e.g., monitoring trends in species composition and canopy structure in relation to landscape variables and climate change) and other research within the project. Data from GIS databases will also be used by other investigators in hydrology models, terrain models of trace-gas fluxes, and algorithms to scale plot-level measurements to regional scales. CO2 and Methane Fluxes by Ecosystem Type and the Long-Term Feedback Relationship with the Atmosphere: Methane Fluxes and Control OPP 9318531 06/15/94; (OPP) $107,254; 11 months University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA 92717 William S. Reeburgh The goals of the CH4 component of the Arctic System Science Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) Flux Study are to produce regional CH4 flux estimates and perform field experiments that will elucidate the controls and feedback on CH4 and CO2 emission from tundra environments. The region flux estimates will be made using time series chamber measurements of CH4 flux at permanent sites along a transect covering a range of physiographic provinces. The locations and times of measurements will be coordinated with atmospheric CO2 studies, vegetation mapping studies, and soil chemistry studies. The field experiments will involve manipulations of soil temperature and water table level, jar and core experiments at a range of temperatures and moisture contents, and a series of isotope labeling experiments. The experiments will provide information on CH4 oxidation to temperature and moisture changes, and the role of recently fixed carbon in CH4 and CO2 emissions. These experiments will be performed in collaboration with other LAII-Flux investigators. CO2 and Methane Fluxes by Ecosystem Type and Long-Term Feedback Relationships with the Atmosphere OPP 9318532 06/15/94; (OPP) $145,653; 11 months University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 F. Stuart Chapin The three major aspects of this project are (1) comparison of CO2, water, and energy fluxes in different vegetation types and climates, (2) evaluating the roles of water and energy fluxes as components of the coupled land-atmosphere system, and (3) determining the relative importance of soil, root, and above-ground components of net ecosystem CO2 flux. Fluxes will be measured in with season-long fluxes measured in reference vegetation types by other projects. The role of water and energy fluxes in regional climate will be assessed by a land-surface model that can be coupled with a regional-climate model. Sensitivity analysis with this land-surface model will determine the major ways in which regional climate affects water and energy fluxes. Labeling of soils with stable isotopes will be used to evaluate the relative importance of roots and soil in controlling CO2 flux from tundra. These experiments will be coordinated with measurements of soil organic matter content and quality and of ecosystem CO2 flux made by other projects in the Arctic System Science Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions Flux Study. A Regional Model of the Arctic Land-Atmosphere System OPP 9318533 06/15/94; (OPP) $172,751; 11 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 John E. Walsh The goal of this project is the implementation of a regional model of the arctic atmosphere-land system for use in the Flux Study of the Arctic System Sciences (ARCSS) Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) program. Specific objectives are (1) to simulate the land-atmosphere interactions that control the hydrology and the trace-gas fluxes over the northern Alaska region and (2) to project changes in the climate and surface forcing of this region. The atmospheric simulations utilize the National Center for Atmospheric Research at Pennsylvania State University mesoscale analyses to provide the lateral forcing. The surface exchanges will draw upon a coupling of soil-vegetation and hydrological models under development in other flux study projects. Mesoscale topography, vegetation, and soil data, also provided by other flux study projects, will be incorporated into the model. The regional model provides framework for the scaling-up of the flux study's plot, tower, and aircraft measurements of the surface fluxes. Finally, output from a global-circulation model will be used to drive the regional model in a series of greenhouse-induced climate change experiments, thereby providing high-resolution scenarios of regional climate change for assessments of future trace-gas fluxes. Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) Flux Study: CO2 and Methane Fluxes by Ecosystem Type and Long-Term Feedback Relationships with the Atmosphere OPP 9318534 06/15/94; (OPP) $115,000; 11 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Chien-Lu Ping The major objective of this research is to assess the quantity and quality of soil organic matter (SOM) and to test the roles of the active fractions of SOM in CO2 and CH4 production in the arctic ecosystem. The first phase of this project involves the sampling and full characterization of soils on the flux study sites that were jointly selected by all PIs involved in this collaborative proposal. The soil characterization will provide a database for extrapolating the results of gas-flux studies over a geographic base. The second phase involves the isolation and characterization of the inactive and active organic fractions in soils and soil solutions; then identification of the microbial active fractions using respiration experiments under controlled conditions and the active components as substrates for gas flux (both CO2 and CH4) using carbon labeling experiments. It is hypothesized that the major sources of CO2 and CH4 production are the active fractions in SOM. The composition and quantity of active and inactive organic carbon fractions and their turnover rates are expected to relate closely to gas flux on different arctic ecosystems. This project is part of the larger integrated LAII Flux Study of the Arctic System Science program. Hydrologic Linkages with Arctic Fresh Water and Terrestrial Systems OPP 9318535 06/15/94; (OPP) $313,052; 11 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Douglas L. Kane Development of climatic models has intensely highlighted the fact that almost all of the important processes controlling climate are interactive and that it is vital to understand the linkages among these processes; for example, what is the role of the hydrologic system in connecting atmospheric and terrestrial processes? As a component of the Arctic Systems Sciences (ARCSS) Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) Flux Study, this project's objective is to improve the understanding of the linkages among atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic systems; specifically, this means developing a quantitative understanding of the energy and mass transfer processes of the hydrologic regime. A primary component of this study is a field measurement program to quantify the water balance of watersheds that are physically quite different (for example, watersheds in the Foothills compared with those on the Coastal Plain) and an energy balance of the entire region from the Arctic Ocean to the Brooks Range. One goal is to develop a physically based, spatially distributed hydrologic model that, when combined with the results of cooperating LAII researchers, can be coupled with the biogeochemical processes of a watershed. Other goals are to develop an understanding of the mechanisms that have an impact on snow distribution and a working model of lateral and vertical fluxes of water and energy in the entire Kuparuk watershed. Effects of Increased Season Length on Plant Phenology, Community Composition, Productivity, and Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes in Alaskan Tundra: Implications for Climate Warming OPP 9321626 07/15/94; (OPP) $54,793; 11 months Florida International University Miami, FL 33199 Steven F. Oberbauer Global warming will substantially increase the length of the active season for high-latitude ecosystems, but many plant species in these areas have phenological patterns adapted to short growing seasons. Some, but not all, of the factors that affect phenological stages will change with global warming. Those species constrained by cues that will be unchanged with global warming, such as photoperiod, will be unable to respond to extended season length. As a result, species composition, productivity, and carbon fluxes from these ecosystems will change substantially. With Alaskan tundra as a model system, this project addresses the following questions: (1) What are the constraints on phenological patterns for the dominant species?; (2) What physiological adjustments will species make in response to an extended period of resource availability?; and (3) How will growth of the dominant species, ecosystem productivity, and ecosystem carbon fluxes change under field-simulated extended seasons? These questions will be addressed using a combination of controlled environment studies and field manipulations of season length. Growth chamber studies will examine the effects of photoperiod, soil and air temperature, and leaf age on phenological patterns and carbon gain of selected species of the dominant growth forms. Field studies will examine the effects of extended active period on phenology, growth, productivity, and ecosystem carbon balance. Results from this study will be used to develop a model of phenological patterns of tundra plants that can be used to evaluate species' responses to an extended growing season. Comparative Responses of Moist and Dry Tundra to Altered Snowcover and Warmer Summer Temperatures OPP 9321730 07/15/94; (OPP) $147,977; 11 months Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523 Jeffrey M. Welker This project will evaluate the ecological consequences of climate change in moist and dry arctic tundra with field manipulations of winter precipitation and summer temperature. Project scientists will investigate effects on species performance, community structure, and ecosystem carbon and nitrogen dynamics. They will erect snow fences to increase snowpack and use small greenhouses to warm air and soil temperatures. Growth rings and annual stem increments of woody species and physiological plant performance will be compared with historical temperature and precipitation records. Experimental findings will also be compared with natural vegetation patterns along snow gradients and areas where long-term anthropogenic increases in snowcover have occurred. Simulation modeling will be used to extend their findings with a focus on net ecosystem carbon budgets. The main effort will be to quantify and understand the magnitude and direction of the transient response of arctic tundra to a series of climate change scenarios. The experimental infrastructure will permit more detailed investigations by other investigators in future years if the response is, as we anticipate, of sufficient magnitude to be of importance for evaluating effects of climate change to arctic ecosystems. The project is a United States contribution to the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX). Evolutionary Response of Arctic Plant Populations to Climate Change OPP 9321917 07/01/94; (OPP) $107,198; 12 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Kent E. Schwaegerle Rising levels of greenhouse gases are expected to bring about a host of changes in climate and terrestrial ecosystems. These changes are expected to be greatest at high latitudes. This project will assess the capacity of three important arctic plant species to adapt to new environments that may arise as a consequence of climate change. Because the exact nature of future climate change is currently unclear, this research will focus on plant response to multiple environmental factors including temperature, moisture, CO2, and nutrients. In this way, models of evolutionary response will be developed that have predictive value among a range of alternative scenarios of climate change. A series of experiments will focus on plant growth rate and morphological traits, relationships between traits and growth, and quantitative genetic analysis. This research is expected to produce evolutionary models of each species that describe the capacity of arctic plant populations to adapt to new environments and the patterns of morphological and physiological changes that would be favored by natural selection in these altered environments. Comparative Responses of Moist and Dry Arctic Tundra to Altered Snow and Temperature Regimes OPP 9400083 07/15/94; (OPP) $157,804; 11 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Marilyn D. Walker This project will evaluate the ecological consequences of climate change in moist and dry arctic tundra with field manipulations of winter precipitation and summer temperature. Project scientists will investigate effects on species performance, community structure, and ecosystem carbon and nitrogen dynamics. They will erect snow fences to increase snowpack and use small greenhouses to warm air and soil temperatures. Growth rings and annual stem increments of woody species and physiological plant performance will be compared with historical temperature and precipitation records. Experimental findings will also be compared with natural vegetation patterns along snow gradients and areas where long-term anthropogenic increases in snowcover have occurred. Simulation modeling will be used to extend findings, with a focus on net-ecosystem carbon budgets. The main effort will be to quantify and understand the magnitude and direction of the transient response of arctic tundra to a series of climate-change scenarios. The experimental infrastructure will permit more detailed investigations by other investigators in future years if the response is, as we anticipate, of sufficient magnitude to be of importance for evaluating effects of climate change to arctic ecosystems. The project is a United States contribution to the International Tundra Experiment . Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) Science Management Office OPP 9403647 04/01/94; (OPP) $102,009; 18 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Gunter E. Weller The LAII Science Management Office (SMO), located at the University of Alaska, is part of the LAII Flux Study, but is also involved in the integration and coordination of the Flux Study within the broader aspects of LAII and NSF's entire ARCSS program. The SMO will establish connections to other international programs of global change research in the Arctic. The SMO will also facilitate project planning and integration by providing active scientific leadership and coordination service to the LAII projects by holding science planning and synthesis meetings, providing communications between PIs, and ensuring linkages to related programs. Specifically, long-term science plans for the Flux Study will be developed, modeling and data management requirements will be specified in the context of the overall ARCSS program, and logistical needs will be coordinated. The SMO will be advised by an Executive Committee, including the director of the SMO, and a Steering Committee of both external members and LAII PIs. The establishment of the LAII Science Management Office is in response to a recommendation from the NSF review panel for the LAII Flux Study. Development and Validation of a Biosphere Model for Arctic Tundra with Linkages to Satellite Radiobrightness OPP 9409227 08/15/94; (OPP) $239,248; 36 months University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Anthony W. England The objective of the project is to develop and validate a biosphere model for arctic tundra that is linked to satellite observations. Such models provide land-atmosphere boundary forcing for atmospheric circulation models. If the biosphere model is linked to satellite observations, performance of the biosphere model over the Arctic Slope can be monitored, and an annual estimate of depth and moisture content of the active layer should be possible. The biosphere model will be an adaptation of the National Center for Atmospheric Research's Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme and will draw heavily from the Michigan Cold Region Radiobrightness (MCRR) model. The MCRR model currently applies to prairie that is subject to diurnal and annual freezing and thawing. The new biosphere model will be extrapolated from this project's field sites to the Arctic Slope in general, through use of the Defense Meteorological Satellite's Special Sensor data and through cooperative observations with other Arctic System Science (ARCSS) projects. This project is a contribution to the Land/Atmosphere/Ice/Microwave/Imager Interaction component of the ARCSS Program. The Role of Snowcover and its Distribution in Governing Heat and Mass Exchange in the Arctic OPP 9415386 09/15/94; (OPP) $58,985; 11 months U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) Hanover, NH 03755 Matthew Sturm A combined program of field measurements and modeling of the arctic snowcover is proposed as an addition to the Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) component of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program. The objective of the proposed program is to understand the role of the arctic snowcover in governing the winter heat and mass exchange between the ground and atmosphere. Studying the arctic snowcover is justified in that it is one of the dominant features of the arctic system and needs to be accurately incorporated in an arctic system model. Studies have shown that long-term changes in the depth and thermal properties of the snow could affect plants under the snow and the temperature. Furthermore, thawing of carbon-rich permafrost may release CO2 to the atmosphere, providing a strong feedback mechanism for local and global warming. Predicting how the Arctic will respond to changing climate will require understanding the role of the winter snowcover. The core of the proposed program is a series of over-snow traverses, during which extensive measurements of the physical and thermal properties of the snow will be made. Traverse measurements, along with knowledge of the physical process that affect the arctic snowcover, will be used to develop an arctic snow-distribution model. The validated snow distribution model can be incorporated in both climate and surface-process models being developed under other LAII projects. Large-Scale Estimates of CH4 Flux in Arctic Ecosystems: Field Testing of a Fast-Response CH4 Analyzer for Remote Locations OPP 9415481 09/01/94; (OPP) $49,674; 12 months San Diego State University Foundation San Diego, CA 92182-1900 Walter C. Oechel Arctic ecosystems are sources of CH4 to the atmosphere; however, fluxes vary widely over small spatial scales. Therefore, large-scale measurements, which integrate patch-scale variability, are needed to determine the magnitude of CH4 efflux. Recent advances in laser technology have resulted in the development of sensitive, rapid response, CH4 sensors for landscape-scale flux measurements. However, many of these instruments require elaborate support systems and large amounts of power during operation, thus inhibiting their use in remote field studies. A fast-response open-path CH4 sensor was recently developed that does not require a large amount of extraneous supplies for operation. Although this sensor appears to be practical for use in remote flux studies, it is unknown whether it is sensitive enough to resolve the small CH4 fluxes characteristic of arctic ecosystems, or robust enough to withstand the harsh arctic environment. Therefore, the sensor will be tested on a portable eddy correlation tower in a variety of arctic ecosystems for 2 weeks during the 1994 field season. If the field test is successful, the sensor may then be implemented for future tower and/or aircraft-based eddy correlation flux studies in remote arctic ecosystems. This award is made under the Small Grants for Exploratory Research initiative and the project is part of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS), Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions Flux project. A Geobotanical Atlas of the Toolik Lake/Imnavait Creek Region OPP 9415554 09/15/94; (OPP) $231,476; 36 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Donald A. Walker Detailed spatial information is needed at several scales to aid in modeling fluxes of greenhouse gases from arctic systems as part of the Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) component of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Flux Study. A hierarchical geographic information system (HGIS) has been made for the flux study research sites at Toolik Lake and Imnavait Creek, Alaska, and it is now essential to make this information easily available to ARCSS researchers and other scientists. The proposed project consists of two parts: (1) preparation and publication of a geobotanical atlas of the Toolik Lake and Imnavait Creek region and (2) an upgrade of the existing HGIS facility at the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research in order to accomplish the first objective. The atlas will focus on research areas at Toolik Lake and Imnavait Creek. The atlas would contain the maps and supporting information in two forms, hard copy color maps and digital format on a CD-ROM. GENERAL Water Cycle Variations in Northern High Latitudes ATM 9319952 04/15/94; (ATM) $74,771; 17 months University of Illinois_Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801 John E. Walsh This project will serve as a bridge between global climate modeling and regionally focused hydrologic studies of northern high latitudes. It will mesh with both the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment and the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP). The first task will be to compile a climatological database, including monthly fields as well as spatial and temporal variances, for use in (a) validating climate model simulations of the high-latitude hydrologic cycle and its variability and (b) quantifying the low-frequency variability in high-latitude hydrologic quantities. The database compilation will focus on precipitation and runoff fields, supplemented by computations of atmospheric moisture flux convergence, which will be used to estimate the net PE (precipitation minus evapotranspiration) on a regional basis. The second task will be to diagnose quantitatively the high-latitude hydrologic cycle of the AMIP simulations in order to determine the reasons for the model overestimation of arctic precipitation. The last task involves the use of a regional atmospheric model to determine what resolution is required to realistically simulate the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation over topographically complex areas in high latitudes. All three tasks are interdependent, and each is an important contribution to efforts to increase our ability to estimate the potential for global climate change. Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Data Coordination Center at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) OPP 9321416 09/15/94; (OPP) $174,190; 11 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Claire Hanson NSIDC proposes an ARCSS Data Coordination Center at NSIDC to integrate management of data for Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII), O cean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions, Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) II, Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE), and the emerging Arctic Archaeology component. In this 3-year view, NSIDC envisions a distributed set of ARCSS data archives with data sets held in appropriate centers (including NSIDC), linked by NSIDC's "front end" coordination to ensure that ARCSS-funded researchers can easily obtain required data, and guaranteeing an archival of data they collect during ARCSS. The "front end," or Data Coordination Center, will produce these results: (1) ARCSS and other arctic data sets and products of importance to ARCSS science priorities will be cataloged and described in a published ARCSS Catalog and in the Global Change Master Directory; (2) ARCSS and other arctic data sets and products will be easy to access and to use for research; (3) ARCSS data sets will be coordinated and managed within the framework of established and emerging U.S. and international data systems and centers; (4) a data accession and archival system for ARCSS data sets and products will be established at NSIDC; (5) guidelines for data formats and documents, including geographic information system and model output data sets, will be developed and promulgated within the ARCSS community; (6) tailored data products, on CD-ROM, diskette and via electronic file transfer, will be delivered to ARCSS investigators; (7) NSIDC will work with the ARCSS Data Management Working Group, ARCSS Modeling Working Group, and ARCSS Science Steering Committees to identify data priorities for ARCSS-funded research; (8) exchange of information about data sets and data-related activities among members of the ARCSS community will be facilitated by an electronic bulletin board, newsletter, and information clearinghouse at NSIDC; and (9) work on a geocryological database will be initiated by capitalizing on recent opportunities to obtain data from the former Soviet Union. Organizational Support to the U.S. Arctic Science Program OPP 9404321 05/01/94; (OPP) $342,327; 36 months Arctic Research Consortium of the United States (ARCUS) Fairbanks, AK 99708 Mark F. Meier With this award, ARCUS has entered into a 3-year cooperative agreement with the NSF's Office of Polar Programs. This agreement will facilitate the continuing development, promotion, and implementation of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) program, with special emphasis on integrating and synthesizing its various parts, and will broaden ARCSS so that it involves other currently neglected areas such as the human aspect of global change. ARCUS will work to increase communication among arctic researchers, academic institutions, federal agencies, and logistical field facilities and projects; to inform policymakers, funding sources (federal agencies, private foundations, corporate bodies), and educators on the need, opportunities, and benefits in arctic research; and to improve offerings and programs in arctic science education. ARCUS will facilitate an Arctic Week, combining several of these activities to increase participation of all interested arctic groups and individuals, to foster interdisciplinary exchanges, and to make the most effective use of available resources. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES Comparative Study of Social Transition in the North: Alaska and Russian Far East OPP 9213137 08/01/92; (OPP) $195,159; 42 months University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Steven McNabb This project investigates sociological questions relating to demographic, epidemiologic, and domestic transition in a sample of Alaskan and Russian Far Eastern communities. A multitrait, multimethod design using several types of data is employed for controlled comparisons of independent socioeconomic, political, historical, and cultural factors. The results will form a basis for international collaboration in areas of native health and rapid social change, the two most urgent concerns of northern indigenous people. Native organizations in Alaska and the Russian north are advisory to the project. Logical Frameworks for Making and Justifying Arctic Development Decisions: Russian and U.S. Approaches OPP 9213392 07/01/92; (OPP) $67,830; 42 months George Mason University Fairfax, VA 22030 Rex V. Brown Society's need to manage arctic natural resources presents a pressing and distinctive case for a methodology to integrate conflicting economic, social, and environmental considerations. This project will compare Russian and American approaches to decision analysis and will focus on an environmental concern affecting all arctic nations and calling for joint solutions: the past and potential contamination of the Arctic and the impacts of industrial development on northern regions and societies. Inupiat Eskimo Childrearing: Impact of Adult Relatives OPP 9218442 09/01/93; (OPP) $103,402; 24 months Northwest Arctic Borough Kotzebue, AK 99752 Julie E. Sprott This in-depth 3-year study examines Inupiat Eskimo childrearing in northwest Alaska. The investigation fills a 30-year gap in information about childrearing beliefs and practices in village Alaska within the context of rapidly changing social and cultural norms. A particular focus will be on the divergence of attitudes and how they impact children. Following a pilot study of extended families in Kotzebue, intergenerational families in remote villages (Noorvik, Kiana) will be examined. This triangulated approach to data collection includes traditional anthropological fieldwork and participant observation, combined with life-history interviews of family members by trained local villagers. The study is intended to advance the science of cross-cultural family theory and child development, as well as to provide information on contemporary parenting for the Northwest Arctic Borough. North Atlantic Biocultural Coordination and Research Project OPP 9222956 04/01/93; (OPP) $134,684, (SBR) $70,000; 30 months Hunter College New York, NY 10021 Thomas H. McGovern Scandinavian settlers colonized the islands of the North Atlantic 500 years before Columbus. They introduced European economies and culture into fragile arctic terrestrial and marine ecosystems and over time suffered the consequences of ecological damage, human population decreases, and extinctions. The Nordic archaeological, historical, and ecological data on these human impacts are unique in the circumpolar world and highly relevant to our understanding of global change. This 5-year project seeks to coordinate, integrate, and, through case studies, analyze the complex multidisciplinary data from the North Atlantic region. This effort will greatly enhance the value of individual research projects in 10 countries and is of direct relevance to applied studies of fisheries and agriculture in the North. The Development of Cultural Complexity in the Shumagin Islands OPP 9223473 06/01/93; (OPP) $62,732; 42 months Vassar College Poughkeepsie, NY 12601 L. Lewis Johnson The prehistory of the Aleutian Islands is poorly known, and there is little understanding of the development of cultural complexity in this region. This archaeological investigation involves the excavation and analysis of structures and middens in the Shumagin Islands. The project is designed to determine how many of the structures were occupied simultaneously and what variation exists in larger and smaller structures. The excavations will render food remains indicative of diet, in addition to determining the distributions of implements and prestige goods. This new information will be combined with overall patterns of site densities in the Aleutians to estimate prehistoric Aleutian populations. The Chronology and Ecology of Postglacial Colonization of the Americas OPP 9307474 07/15/93; (OPP) $24,964; 29 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 R. Dale Guthrie Human colonization of the Americas has been an important and controversial issue. This is particularly true with regard to the Clovis expansion of just under 11,000 years ago. New dates suggest that one large mammal, the moose, followed the same route as humans from Siberia into Alaska. Since human bones have never been found in either region from this time period, the presence of large numbers of moose bones offers an opportunity to analyze the timing and ecological limits of these co-travelers. Sixty radiocarbon dates from northeastern Siberia, Alaska, and the Yukon will provide an indirect indicator of the extent of the woodland environments and human/moose co-expansion into the New World. Babine-Witsu Wit'en Verbal Morphology OPP 9307704 08/01/93; (OPP) $28,631, (SBR) $22,000; 30 months University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Sharon Hargus The disappearance of Native American languages is a serious problem, requiring both scientific documentation and revitalization efforts. This project is a linguistic study of the verbal morphology, phonology, and syntax of a subarctic Athabascan Indian language (Babine-Witsu Wit'en) still spoken in British Columbia, Canada. The objective of the study is to provide a model of the morphological structure of verbs based on an understanding of the interaction of verbal morphology with syntax and phonology. Research will be conducted through native speaker interviews. Local objectives are to stimulate interest in linguistics among native speakers and to facilitate pedagogical language efforts throughout this language area. Bowdoin College Labrador Archaeology Project 1993-95 OPP 9307845 07/15/93; (OPP) $58,261; 29 month Bowdoin College Brunswick, ME 04011 Susan A. Kaplan Archaeologists have constructed a broad overview of the cultural history of the Labrador Inuit using archaeological and ethnohistorical data and have identified environmental, historical, demographic, and socioeconomic factors that might have affected cultural developments during the past 600 years. Of particular interest has been the evolution of distinctive 18th-century communities characterized by large centrally located settlements with communal houses, long-distance trade networks, and explicit displays of wealth and strong leadership. Different hypotheses have been posed to explain this development, including climate change, population growth, and socioeconomic changes growing out of contact with Europeans. This 3-year excavation project is designed to test these hypotheses using settlement materials. The results will contribute to our knowledge of climate change and human adaptation in the Arctic and relate to global change issues. Prehistoric Settlement and Land Use and the Development of Complex Social Systems in the North Pacific: A Case Study from Kodiak Island, Alaska OPP 9311676 05/15/93; (OPP) $11,944; 23 months University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 John D. Speth The dissertation examines human responses to environmental risks reflected by prehistoric settlement and land-use patterns within the context of changing population densities on Kodiak Island, Alaska. Site features and locations will be examined in relation to one another and to projected resources. With the combined advantages of well-preserved and highly visible archaeological sites, ongoing geomorphological and paleoenvironmental reconstruction, and the use of remote sensing and hierarchic geographic information systems, this research promises to contribute to the anthropological understanding of culture change and the emergence of complex hunter-gatherer social systems in the north. Determination of Chert Sources of Prehistoric Artifacts, Northwestern Alaska OPP 9317327 01/01/94; (OPP) $10,000; 18 months Rutgers University, New Brunswick New Brunswick, NJ 08903 Gail M. Ashley Advanced petrological and geochemical analysis of stone artifacts provides a unique opportunity for resolving questions about prehistoric societies, including migration and trading routes by the earliest Americans. This dissertation research will focus on the study of chert outcrops and the correlation of their petrological and geochemical signatures with those of chert artifacts from prehistoric sites in northwest Alaska. The petrological correlation will be made using microscopy, electron microprobe analysis of mineral inclusions, and microfossil identification. The geochemical correlation will be based on statistical results of neutron activation analysis of trace elements. The Cultural Ecology of Protected Natural Areas under Continuing Human Use OPP 9318926 03/15/94; (OPP) $129,517; 30 months Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755 Nicholas E. Flanders The proposed research will look at the management of protected natural areas under continuing human use of natural resources. The central question will be whether local community use and knowledge reduces uncertainty in managing for ecosystem reproducibility and landscape diversity. The research also addresses the questions of whether it is possible to have continuing human use of resources and still protect the ecology of protected areas, and how different management systems affect the successful integration of human activities into natural systems. The research will develop quantitative-ecosystem-management models for national parks incorporating information from local and traditional users. Studies will be conducted on national park units in Alaska, Newfoundland, and Lapland. This project will take a systems approach to the analysis of human/environment interactions in arctic regions of relevance to global-change research. Occupational, Educational, and Residential Choices of Arctic Youth: Longitudinal Comparison of High School Aspirations and Young Adult Behaviors OPP 9319921 04/01/94; (OPP) $58,432; 18 months Old Dominion Research Foundation Norfolk, VA 23508-0369 Carole L. Seyfrit Rapid social and economic changes have taken place throughout rural Alaska, but relatively little research has focused specifically on how these changes affect adolescents whose life changes and beliefs about their future foreshadow the destiny of many arctic villages. This project is a longitudinal study based on the Northwest Alaska Borough, the site of a large zinc mine, and the Bristol Bay area, where commercial fishing dominates. The project systematically explores the progression from high school expectations to post-high-school experiences. The data will be based on surveys as well as ethnographic fieldwork, interviews, and employment, police, and native association records. The data collected will help test the relationship between intentions and behavior, describe connections between individual and social changes in a rapidly transforming environment, and yield practical insights for those involved in education, social services, and occupational training for young, rural Native Alaskans. Envisioning International Regimes: The Politics of Prenegotiation in the Arctic OPP 9320559 03/15/94; (OPP) $90,661; 23 months Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755 Oran R. Young This project seeks to add to our understanding of regime formation in international society by focusing on the prenegotiation stage of international relations in the Arctic. The prenegotiation stage covers the process through which issues initially find their way into international political agendas, are considered in international forums, and rise to prominence in international negotiations. The project involves a detailed analysis of four current cases: (1) The Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy, (2) The Euro-Arctic Barents region, (3) The Arctic Council, and (4) the Bering Sea region. The study will examine a series of hypotheses about the forces at work in the prenegotiation stages, including the influence of nonstate actors and the role of individual leaders. Archaeology of the North Alaska Coast: A Settlement Pattern Study from Point Franklin to Wainwright OPP 9321112 04/01/94; (OPP) $107,447; 18 months Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr, PA 19010 Glenn W. Sheehan This archaeological project will recover data on prehistoric and historic occupations at Pingasagruk, Point Franklin, once a whaling village on Alaska's Chukchi Sea coast. The rapidly eroding site will provide comparative data on differential access to trade and resources in the region, and provide a background for interpreting the well-documented aboriginal warfare of the past. In addition to an analysis of settlement abandonment phases and the hiatus between the historic and prehistoric settlement at Pingasagruk, poorly documented outlying sites will be recorded using spatial domain radar. Information on house-pit reuse and the vertical and historical extents of middens can be used to refine population estimates and patterns of resource exploitation. The project will be carried out in cooperation with Wainwright Village residents and the North Slope Borough. Both students and elders will participate. Structuration in Cross-Cultural Interaction: Yup'ik Eskimos and Non-Natives OPP 9322092 07/15/94; (OPP) $ 36,979; 14 months Associated Village Council President Bethel, AK 99559 Chase Hensel This anthropological research project seeks to explain the processes of cross-cultural communication as exemplified by the interactions of Yup'ik Eskimos and non-natives in Bethel, Alaska. The research has applications in both practical and theoretical ways. It can increase our practical understanding of how people learn to communicate in cross-cultural settings and also contribute an analysis of the theories of practice/structuration, relevance to anthropology, and other social science disciplines. Research will be conducted through formal and informal interviews, participant observation, and attendance at public meetings. Doctoral Dissertation Research: A Study of the Socioeconomic Organization of an East Greenlandic Mixed Cash/Subsistence Economy OPP 9400316 04/15/94; (OPP) $10,861; 17 months Brandeis University Waltham, MA 02254 Robert C. Hunt This dissertation project on the socioeconomic organization of an East Greenlandic hunting economy, based on the harvesting of seals, will result in a description and analysis of an economy operating in both a modern industrial market context and a traditional domestic household economy. The subsequent analysis will contribute to social theory on the impact of cash on traditional subsistence economies and the structure of mixed economies. In the context of the 1989 European Community's indefinite ban on the trade of seal skins, the research will contribute to the understanding of the adaptive strategies of a contemporary arctic society. Contemporary Tlingit Family, Kinship, and Marriage: The Impact of Change OPP 9402724 07/01/94; (OPP) $7,565; 6 months Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr, PA 19010 Jane C. Goodale The goals of this dissertation project are to analyze the nature of social and cultural change, and the conditions that constrain and promote these changes. The study, based on ethnographic and archival analysis, focuses on alterations that have occurred during the past 50 years in the Tlingit village of Hoonah, Alaska. It is proposed that these changes were the result of events beyond village control as well as deliberate decisions by village leaders. Furthermore, it is suggested that social change may be deliberately created by members of a society as a means to generate political power. The project will fill a major gap in the knowledge of contemporary Native American social organization and contribute to anthropological knowledge of cultural transformation. Northern Women, Northern Lives: An International Conference on Women in the Circumpolar North OPP 9403825 06/01/94; (OPP) $15,000; 6 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Judith S. Kleinfeld Northern Women, Northern Lives, An International Conference on Women in the Circumpolar North will be a forum to gain recognition for the perspectives and roles of women in the arctic and subarctic region. Topics of discussion will include family, worklife, health, leadership, public policy, economic development, environment, culture, and education. Presentations will focus on northern research and tools that are relevant to address contemporary concerns. The objectives also include the inauguration of an International Arctic Women's Research Network. Indigenous Knowledge and Practice in Changing Greenlandic Resource Management Regimes OPP 9403834 07/15/94; (OPP) $28,583; 11 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Richard A. Caulfield The proposed research will examine the changing significance of indigenous knowledge and practice in shaping resource management schemes. The principal research question examines whether attempts to integrate indigenous knowledge and practice with Danish management systems have led to more effective resource management in Greenland. The project seeks to understand what forms of indigenous knowledge and practice underlie use of renewable resources in West Greenland and how indigenous knowledge and practice might contribute to future sustainable development in Greenland under Home Rule. Ethnohistorical materials will be analyzed, hunting lists compiled, and case studies carried out within the framework of the project. Additionally, these data will be made available to other North Atlantic projects and the Danish Polar Centre. Cree Hunters' Responses to Resource Development in James Bay, Quebec OPP 9412811 09/01/94; (OPP) $7,829; 12 months Syracuse University Syracuse, NY 13244-5300 Alfonso Castro This dissertation study will examine how Cree hunters perceive and respond to environmental changes associated with resource development in the James Bay region of Quebec Province, Canada. The proposed study will focus on commercial forestry and sport hunting, factors identified by Cree hunters as directly affecting their continued harvest of wildlife, especially moose, a primary source of meat in many Cree communities. Analysis of these factors using anthropological and social impact assessment approaches will provide detailed information on how local systems are affected by and respond to large-scale regional environmental changes. Results will contribute to our understanding of the nature and scope of environmental changes in northern regions and the effects of such impacts on economic, social, and cultural patterns of northern residents, particularly aboriginal peoples. Late Prehistoric and Ipiutak Settlements in the Brooks Range OPP 9413112 08/15/94; (OPP) $11,056, (HRD) $37,992; 11 months State University of New York, Brockport Brockport, NY 14420 E.S. Hall This archaeological project in northwestern interior Alaska seeks to elucidate the character of the Ipiutak and Late Prehistoric cultures which span the transition between the 4,000-year-old Arctic Small Tool tradition and recent peoples of the region. The Ipiutak culture contrasts dramatically with Late Prehistoric cultures. Various hypotheses to explain these differences will be tested using excavated data from numerous sites. Points of comparison will include settlement patterns, subsistence systems, house forms, tool types, and paleoenvironmental data. Although some new fieldwork will be undertaken, a major component of the project consists of analysis of previously excavated but unpublished material. The product will stand as a significant contribution to anthropology and to the knowledge of cultural development in Alaska. The Perception of Environmental Risk in Alaska: A Cross-Cultural Comparative Perspective OPP 9414184 07/15/94; (OPP) $29,653; 11 months University of Alaska, Southeast Juneau Juneau, AK 99801 Leonard A. Wilson This project centers on the differences in the perception of environmental risk factors among native and non-native populations in Alaska. Among the factors that contribute to different perceptions are culture, language, and economic structure, as well as measures of environmental risk factors. Through various observational techniques_surveys, archived data, and ethnography_a triangulation of methodologies is intended to provide a rich contextual analysis. The present proposal will support a working conference of experts to explore substantive and methodological issues raised by parallel projects in Oklahoma and Alaska, both of which examine risk perceptions by Native Americans. There currently exists no clearly defined methodology for assessing cross-cultural risk perception. This project will thus break new ground of great significance for the field of decision science and contribute to the development of the policy sciences in the U.S. Arctic, nationally and internationally. Alaska Native Science Commission Workshops OPP 9414452 07/01/94; (OPP) $43,404; 8 months Alaska Federation of Natives Anchorage, AK 99501 Dorothy M. Larson The Alaska Native community desires to become actively involved in scientific research. One way to achieve this is through the establishment of a Native Science Commission. The purpose of this workshop proposal is to develop a number of processes that can facilitate collaboration and communication between Native communities and researchers in Alaska. Two workshops, including international and Alaska experts, will be held to define the scientific framework and organization of the Native Science Commission. The long-term goals are to improve communication between the Native and scientific communities, to stimulate the use of indigenous knowledge in science, to contribute to arctic logistics, and to establish a process for approval of research in Alaska. Eskimos and Maize Agriculturalists: Interpreting Patterns of Cortical Bone Remodeling in Human Skeletal Populations Using an Animal Model OPP 9416140 08/01/94; (OPP) $8,848; 12 months University of Wisconsin_Madison Madison, WI 53706-1490 Margaret J. Schoeninger Accelerated bone loss with age in Eskimo populations has interested anthropologists for decades. It is hypothesized that diets high in protein and acidity are a contributing factor in human bone replacement and bone loss (osteopenia). The importance of diet is suggested by comparisons of pre- and post-Contact Eskimos with Southwest Pueblo maize agriculturalists. This dissertation project is designed to test the hypothesis of dietary influences using controlled animal feeding experiments and human skeletal populations. This study contributes to our understanding of skeletal changes among the elderly, in addition to providing insight into prehistoric populations. Dissertation Research: Differential Resource Access in a Thule Eskimo Whaling Community SBR 9313627 03/01/94; (SBR) $4,141, (OPP) $4,140; 18 months Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287 Katherine A. Spielmann Under the direction of Dr. Katherine Spielmann, Mr. Peter Whitridge will collect data for his doctoral dissertation. He has begun and will continue archaeological excavations at the site of PaJs-2 which is located in the central Canadian Arctic and was inhabited by Thule Eskimos between ca. 1100-1450 A.D. Preliminary data indicate that the site was occupied recurrently for 6 to 8 months a year by a group of 100 to 200 people whose economy centered in intensive harvesting of bowhead whales. Over the course of excavation, Mr. Whitridge will expose seven domestic dwellings, a ceremonial house, and surrounding activity areas and middens. Because of permafrost conditions, artifactual material is well preserved and provide detailed insight into the lives of these prehistoric people. Mr. Whitridge will focus on status differentiation and will examine materials to gain insight into the degree of differential access to economic resources. Thus valued foods_as reflected in animal bone_and exotic and scarce commodities will provide a focus for attention. Archaeologists are interested in the origin and causes of social inequality, and Thule Eskimos are of particular interest from this perspective. It is widely believed that hunter-gatherer societies are basically egalitarian in nature and, because of the rigors of this way of life, status distinctions between sexes and between families rarely if ever occur. However, because groups such as the Thule specialized in whale hunting, food was often abundant and based on ethnographic analogy; successful hunters often were accorded great respect. Mr. Whitridge wishes to examine whether such factors in fact resulted in inequalities. This research is important for several reasons. It will provide data of interest to many archaeologists and also will increase our understanding of the processes which led to the emergence of complex society and assist in the training of a promising young scientist. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS United States-Denmark Program: Dissertation Research in Arctic Atmospheric Chemistry INT 9402512 06/01/94; (INT) $12,800; 30 months University of Illinois_Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801 Sheldon Landsberger This award supports dissertation-related research in Western Europe by a doctoral graduate student of Dr. Sheldon Landsberger from the University of Illinois_Urbana-Champaign. The graduate student, Mr. Steven Biegalski, will carry out atmospheric chemistry research at the RISO National Laboratory in Roskilde, Denmark. Dr. Landsberger and Mr. Biegalski are actively involved in research using source-receptor models to characterize airborne pollutants in the Arctic and to study the influence that halogens have on the destruction of ozone. Dr. Landsberger has received funding from Denmark to visit and collaborate with Dr. K. Heydorn and Dr. Kare Kemp of the Neils Bohr Institute. They are directing a Danish project to develop receptor models based on analyses of arctic aerosols. Funding from the Western Europe Program of NSF will enable Mr. Biegalski to accompany Dr. Landsberger and to stay for two 2-month periods to carry out research that will contribute to his dissertation. Participation in the ongoing research at RISO National Laboratory will give Mr. Biegalski access to field samples and specialized equipment and procedures not available to him at the University of Illinois. These will give him further insights into the role that the long-range transport of atmospheric aerosols, particularly trace elements, play in global change. He will also gain experience in international collaboration at an early stage of his research career, and establish solid professional contacts with a leading atmospheric chemistry research group and its network of European collaborators. United States-Norway Program: Dissertation Research in Biological Oceanography INT 9403610 06/01/94; (INT) $13,840; 12 months University of Maryland Center for Estuarian Research Cambridge, MD 21613 Michael R. Roman This award provides partial support for dissertation research expenses of a doctoral graduate student of Dr. Paul Roman of the Horn Point Environmental Laboratory of the University of Maryland. The graduate student, Ms. Juanita Urban-Rich, will carry out oceanographic research in cooperation with faculty of the University of Tromso and the University of Bergen, Norway. She will participate in a series of research cruises off northern Norway related to two major Norwegian research programs on particle flux and the carbon cycle in arctic waters. These will give her the opportunity to collect invaluable data for her dissertation research on the contribution made by zooplankton fecal pellets to particle flux and carbon cycles in different geographical locations. She will carry out experiments to measure the chemical composition and dissolution of particulate organic carbon to dissolved organic carbon from fecal pellets and "marine snow," an aggregate of organic and inorganic detritus. She hopes to determine whether the two forms of detritus contribute significantly different forms of organic carbon to abyssal waters and sediments as they decay, possibly as a result of different decay rates, different composition, or differences in the transformation of particulate to dissolved organic carbon. These data will be compared with data she will collect in the Arabian Sea under other sponsorship. Macrozooplankton fecal pellets and marine snow are important transporters of organic carbon as well as nutrients, pollutants, and trace metals from the upper ocean layers to deep water and the sediments. However, this contribution can take several paths and varies by season. In addition to this contribution to vertical flux, they are an important food source for other animals. Increased knowledge of the composition and fate of these organic particles will contribute to improved models and understanding of global biogeochemical cycles. International Postdoctoral Fellows: Foraging Decisions of Mammalian Herbivores_Optimal Bite Size and Patch Dynamics INT 9405166 06/01/94; (INT) $28,220; 18 months International Junior Investigator and Postdoctoral Fellows Program Washington, TX 20550 Lisa A. Shipley This award is under the International Junior Investigator and Postdoctoral Fellows Program, which enables U.S. scientists and engineers to conduct 3 to 12 months of research abroad at research centers of proven excellence. These awards provide opportunities for joint research and the use of unique or complementary facilities, expertise, and experimental conditions abroad. This award will support a 10-month postdoctoral research visit by Dr. Lisa A. Shipley to work with Dr. Per Lundberg at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Umea, Sweden. Their research is designed to examine the question of predicting optimal bite size for animals of different sizes based on tradeoffs between intake rate and nutrient quality. They will do this by modeling the optimal bite size based on animal size, the relationship between fiber and plant secondary chemistry and bite size or twig diameter, the digestive physiology of the animal, and the relationship between bite size and dry matter intake rate. The predictions will be compared with field and lab observations of four free-ranging, browsing herbivore species of the boreal ecosystem of northern Sweden feeding in winter on dormant browses. ENGINEERING Integrated Wind-Energy Systems for Polar Applications DMI 9361143 02/01/94; (OPP) $61,553; 9 months Northern Power Systems, Inc. Moretown, VT 05660 Clint Coleman This project will develop wind-turbine technology for polar applications as an avenue to expanding the ability to develop wind and wind-hybrid energy projects in cold weather and polar environments. The development program will be focused on identifying technical problems, specifically related to the polar environment, and performing analysis, detailed engineering, and conceptual designs to address the specific set of identified concerns. The outcome of the program will be the development of wind turbines for a wide range of commercial, cold regions applications. These new turbines will fill a void in the current marketplace and may make a significant reduction in the cost of electrical energy in polar regions. EDUCATION A Scientific Group Communications and Collaborative Testbed for Upper Atmospheric Research IRI 9216848 09/01/92; (IRI) $580,898, (ATM) $200,000; 85 months University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Daniel E. Atkins This is a cooperative agreement to fund a multidisciplinary effort linking research in computer science, behavioral science, and upper-atmospheric and space science to build a prototype system for a distributed but shared working environment. This effort conceives, develops, deploys, tests, evaluates, and integrates a high-performance group-centered computing environment into the collaborative experimental and modeling activities ongoing in the upper-atmospheric research community. Upper atmospheric researchers are engaged in observational activities using a variety of instruments located at the Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland, upper-atmospheric research facility. Many of these activities are directed at rare or intermittent phenomena requiring real-time control of instruments by scientists observing the changing conditions. This is currently accomplished by visits to the remote facility. For testing and evaluation of distributed tools for collaboration, research under this agreement will develop a user-oriented, rapid prototyping testbed built around the Sondre Stromfjord facility and its user community. Testing and evaluation of the prototype tools will involve measurements of human behavior. This research will add to the understanding of effective use of collaboration tools by performing studies of use and effectiveness of these tools among the testbed users. The Sondre Stromfjord researchers expect to obtain greater efficiency in joint experimental operations, analysis, and discovery by guiding the requirements for the collaboration environment which they will utilize to support their research. Integrating Data Management, Analysis, and Visualiztion for Collaborative Scientific Research IRI 9117153 07/01/92; (IRI) $99,988, (OPP) $15,000, (EAR) $15,000; 42 months University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 Ted M. Sparr The goal of this multidisciplinary project is to design and develop the prototype for a new approach in database environments to support collaborative scientific research. The prototype integrates scientific data visualization and mathematical and statistical analysis tools with database support in a highly interactive environment. A new model for scientific data is founded on the notion that a query of a scientific database conceptually creates new derived data whose relationship to the parent database is defined by the query. Each query, in principle, leads to the discovery of additional structure in the data that is either explicit in the results of the query, or hypothesized by the scientist(s) from query results. The system uses a process-flow graph to represent queries. The project, carried out by a team of two computer scientists, an applied mathematician, and scientists from earth science, civil engineering, and atmospheric science, contributes to ongoing research in the fields of environmental biology and chemistry, oil reservoir analysis, and polar ice core study. This work will produce a new data model for scientific data and will design and develop the prototype for an integrated data management, analysis, and visualization environment to support interdisciplinary scientific investigation. Alaska Science Consortium Early Childhood Project ESI 9150257 09/01/91; (ESI) $133,597; 42 months Alaska State Department of Education Juneau, AK 99811-0544 Margaret Cowan This project is designed to engage early childhood teachers and early childhood staff development efforts in science education. Content and methodologies of science education will be taught within the framework of developmentally appropriate, emergent curriculum for young children. The initial staff development activity of the project is a 4-week summer institute. During the subsequent school year, mentoring, computer networking, and presentation of district and statewide in-services will support summer instruction. The project will use the existing organization, instructional strategies, and staff of the successful Alaska Science Consortium and meld these with early childhood methodologies, leaders, and networks. Young Scholars Project_Environmental and Earth Sciences ESI 9255000 06/01/93; (ESI) $97,175; 29 months Foundation for Glacier and Environmental Research Moscow, ID 83843 Maynard M. Miller The Foundation for Glacier and Environmental Research will initiate an 8-week, residential, Young Scholars project with a Mathematics and Science Teaching Perspectives component in environmental and earth sciences for 15 students entering the 12th grade and 3 high school teachers. This summer program will emphasize field research in Alaska's Juneau Ice-field. Students are in the field the entire period in a 7-day-a-week immersion in ongoing and new research projects. They will be involved in discussions of career possibilities and the philosophy and ethics of environmental earth science. Involvement will continue throughout the academic year through the preparation of research papers, through presentations at home schools, and through newsletters and scheduled reunions with participants and staff. Summer Science Camp: Yukon Delta Environmental Education Camp HRD 9252773 09/01/92; (HRD) $137,013; 30 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Paul J. Polechla This summer residential camp, which accommodates 30 ninth-grade native Alaskans per year, is located in a remote site near the heart of the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge. This is an area with a great need for the collection of basic biological data. Students will be immersed in a variety of research projects, collecting needed data to answer existing questions. Program staff and the native elders-in-residence will help stimulate questions and provide insight into the natural history of the area. Students will prepare a final report of their research and will also visit an actual field research station and assist with activities there. Alaskan Native Marine Science Enhancement Program OCE 9016113 09/01/90; (OCE) $72,280; 54 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Vera D. Alexander This project is designed to introduce Alaskan Native undergraduate students to scientific study through marine internships. The rationale is that the coastal Native populations of Alaska have a deep involvement with the marine environment and especially with its biological resources. Marine science is therefore likely to be more attractive to them initially than other areas of science. Students in their sophomore, or possibly freshman, year at selected coastal institutions, as well as the University of Alaska campus, will be offered the opportunity to participate in marine science internships. Working closely with a faculty mentor, each student will learn about research through hands-on experience as well as individual tutoring. Students at coastal sites will be encouraged to move to a senior campus to pursue baccalaureate degrees in scientific areas, and those who choose to do so would receive continued support and mentoring to encourage their success. Approximately five student fellowships are to be offered each year of this 3-year project. Coming Into the Country: Pioneering K-12 Internet Access in Alaska's Interior RED 9454193 09/15/94; (RED) $101,343; 11 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Pamela J. Keating A 3-day meeting will be organized on the University of Alaska, Fairbanks (UAF) campus with leaders in collaborating school districts, UAF faculty, and University of Alaska and UAF computing support personnel, with a network engineer. This program will be designed to explore technical options for interconnection, programmatic opportunities for simultaneously reforming schools and the education of educators, and the implications for knowledge access and exchange, particularly in the sciences, of deploying computer-mediated communications through the interior region. The network engineer will inventory, in collaboration with district and school personnel, districts' computing capacities, existing technology infrastructure, and potential level of infrastructure investment. Although all possible forms of network connection will be explored, particular attention will be paid to the possibilities of satellite-to-cable connections for opening the Internet to these rural sites. Consultations and collaborative inquiry will continue, as districts clarify the extent of their commitment_physical, financial, and programmatic_to this collaboration and develop action plans for technological deployment and educational improvement. District leaders expect to interact with each other and UAF colleagues from the central UAF campus, as well as those at the rural campuses, through dial-up access. The circulation of ideas and plans for development will begin the physical and programmatic interconnection of these educators across the educational continuum, in Fairbanks and Alaska's rural interior. Progress and plans will be reported and shared externally as well, just as work-to-date in extending Internet access to our K-12 colleagues has been discussed and reported in national and international meetings. It is anticipated that the special case of rural Alaska (1) in terms of technological deployment; (2) the explicit attention to linking schools technologically with Schools of Education for systemic school improvement and simultaneously improving the education of educators, which goes well beyond the formal partnership envisioned by Goodlad and colleagues to regular, real-time communication and exchange; and (3) the potency of this medium for improving science education through the connection of scientists and science educators with science teachers in schools_especially rural and remote school sites_will yield even more information about internetworked computing and communication in education which will be reported and shared in the appropriate communities. ARCTIC COORDINATION International Symposium on Ecological Effects of Arctic Airborne Contaminants OPP 9320521 01/15/94; (OPP) $20,000; 11 months Environmental Protection Agency Corvallis, OR 97333 Dixon H. Landers Many serious environmental problems are transboundary in nature and can be adequately dealt with only through international cooperation. As noted by both scientists and policy makers, this is especially true of the arctic regions. The links between airborne contaminants and arctic flora and fauna have not been adequately studied or understood. In addition to documenting the current state of knowledge regarding ecological effects of airborne contaminants, an international symposium will facilitate the planning of further scientific investigations and help lay the groundwork for informed environmental policies. This proposed international symposium on the ecological effects of arctic airborne contaminants will take place in Reykjavik, Iceland, in October 1993. Radioactivity and Environmental Security in the Oceans: New Research and Policy Priorities in the Arctic and North Atlantic OPP 9317438 01/01/94; (OPP) $24,003; 18 months Woods Hole Ocean Institute Woods Hole, MA 02543 Charles D. Hollister This conference on radioactivity and environmental security in the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans brought together scientists from nine countries. The goal was to share data and initiate collaborative efforts concerning research on the environmental impacts of radioactive dumping activities. Russian scientists attended, leading to the production of a scholarly policy/economic review of the impact of Soviet nuclear dumping. Interagency Agreement on Arctic Environment Data OPP 9419526 07/01/94; (OPP) $35,000, (OCE) $5,000; 12 months Geological Survey_Denver Denver, CO 80210 Douglas P. Posson Through the Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee (IARPC), the U.S. Geological Survey has developed and is managing several Arctic data activities. The Arctic Environmental Data Directory (AEDD) is an on-line searchable database containing descriptions and locations of major U.S. and selective international datasets. It is being added to as new or additional data are located. The Arctic Data Interactive (ADI) is a self contained CD-ROM that contains representative scientific arctic information, select bibliographies, and the AEDD. The IARPC agencies agreed to collectively support these activities over the next 2 years. This interagency transfer of funds partially fulfills requirements of the Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984 to promote the dissemination of arctic data and information. Design and Editorial Services OPP 9422141 08/15/94; (OPP) $15,575; 12 months National BioSystems, Inc. Rockville, MD 20852-1408 Norman Linsky This award is to provide the National Science Foundation with editorial and data analysis services for the Fiscal Year 1994 report on arctic research. The report provides essential information in support of the requirements of the Arctic Research and Policy Act. Support for the U.S. Delegate to the Council of the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) OCE 9419328 09/15/94; (OCE) $39,406, (OPP) $10,000; 23 months Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755 Oran R. Young Partial support will be provided for the U.S. Delegate to the IASC which serves as the principal international organization responsible for coordinating international scientific research and related scientific programs and activities dealing with the full range of arctic issues. The IASC is charged with developing and coordinating international multidisciplinary arctic scientific research programs, especially those requiring collaboration between the natural and social sciences. The IASC Council meets annually to oversee IASC activities. The U.S. Delegate to the IASC Council works closely with the U.S. National Committee for the IASC and interested Federal agencies to ensure that U.S. arctic science interests are effectively represented in the IASC. This support will cover partial costs of the Delegate's participation in the IASC; a small U.S. contribution to the central operating costs of the IASC; and the publication of an IASC report on global change in the Arctic. Support for the 1995 International Conference for Arctic Research Planning OCE 9421852 09/15/94; (OCE) $79,094; (OPP) $142,000; 11 months Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755 Oran R. Young Funding is provided to support partially the 1995 International Conference for Arctic Research Planning that will be convened under the aegis of the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC). The Conference objectives are to identify priority areas for the IASC agenda and to develop a number of focused scientific programs that address interdisciplinary research topics requiring circumarctic cooperation within this agenda. Priority program areas include (1) impact of global changes on the arctic regions and its peoples, (2) arctic processes of relevance to global systems, (3) natural processes within the Arctic; and (4) arctic resource use ecosystem dynamics. It is envisaged that these programs will constitute the core IASC scientific agenda for the following 5 to 10 years. The Conference will be organized in a workshop mode. Opportunities will also be provided for presentations of additional new ideas for arctic research by scientists having interests in arctic research, but who are not currently involved in IASC. This open forum will further assist in the planning of IASC scientific programs. Support of the International Permafrost Association (IPA) OCE 9422583 09/15/94; (OCE) $11,000; (OPP) $169,566; 60 months American Geophysical Union Washington, DC 20009 A.F. Spilhaus The IPA of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) will provide coordination and communications for international scientific programs related to permafrost. The IPA, through working groups, special projects, conferences, and workshops, will address issues such as global change and permafrost; periglacial processes and environments; cryosols; mountain permafrost; foundation engineering in permafrost environments; seasonal freezing and thawing of permafrost; permafrost at high latitudes and in rugged topography; and international exchange of data and information. The IPA Secretariat ensures planning, development, and implementation of these activities, working under the direction of the IPA Council. The Secretariat plans and organizes meetings of the Council, its Executive Committee, and working groups and prepares and distributes working documents for and reports of IPA meetings, as well as other IPA documents and reports, draft scientific papers, and a regular newsletter. Arctic Research Commission OPP 9023825 10/01/90; (OPP) $560,000; 48 months Arctic Research Commission Washington, DC 20423 Philip L. Johnson This action continues the Interagency Agreement between NSF and the Arctic Research Commission and provides for its continuing operations. The Arctic Research Commission was established under the Arctic Research Policy Act of 1984 (Public Law 98-373) and Executive Order 12501. The General Services Administration will provide administrative services to the Commission as specified in Public Law 98-373 [Section 106(4)]. This action fulfills the intent of Congress to provide fiscal year 1991 funding for the Commission through NSF. Proposal Processing and Travel Support to NSF Office of Polar Programs OPP 9200919 12/01/91; (OPP) $24,272; 48 months Capital Systems Group, Inc. Rockville, MD 20850-4315 Raj N. Shah This contract award is made following offers received in response to NSF solicitation GEO 90-110. The solicitation calls for a contract to provide NSF with program support services that fall within three broad tasks: (1) proposal processing, data entry, and distribution support; (2) proposal review process, panel, and documentation support; and (3) preparation of analyses, studies, and reports. Program support services will be provided to the Division of Polar Programs and other NSF offices and divisions (with respect to item A above) on a task-order basis for specific services. Polar Research Board Core Support OPP 9208923 04/01/92; (OPP) $55,700; 33 months National Academy of Sciences Washington, DC 20418-0007 Loren W. Setlow The Polar Research Board (earlier called the Committee on Polar Research) was established in 1958 by the National Academy of Sciences in response to the need for scientific advice on the increases in U.S. and international activities relating to the polar regions. The Board is a multidisciplinary body with representation from four broad areas: the social, biological, and physical sciences, as well as engineering. Members are drawn from academic institutions, national laboratories, and industry. The activities of the Polar Research Board are funded by a wide range of government agencies, including the Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Office of Naval Research, the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Geological Survey, and NSF. This grant provides NSF support to the Board. Activities of the Board during the grant period include developing of a national polar research plan, advising federal agencies on the role of arctic and antarctic research in studies of global change, examining current issues in glaciology, representing the United States on the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, ensuring active U.S. scientific participation in the International Arctic Science Committee activities, and completing a series of studies relating to more detailed problems of polar research. Support for Graduate Students at the Annual "Arctic Workshop" OPP 9320217 02/15/94; (OPP) $46,010; 36 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 John T. Andrews This award supports graduate students attending the annual Arctic Workshop and includes registration, housing, and meals for approximately 25 students. These workshops have been held since 1972, alternating the location every other year between Boulder, Colorado, and another location. The workshops will be held in Boulder in 1994 and 1996 and in Laval, Quebec, Canada, in 1995. These workshops provide a vital forum for the exchange of ideas and data within the arctic research community, at both the national and international level. A User-Based Polar Information System: Coordinating Responsibilities through the U.S. Polar Information Working Group (USPIWG) OPP 9321320 03/15/94; (OPP) $10,342; 17 months University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309-0019 Martha Andrews USPIWG proposes to coordinate the continuation of U.S. activities to improve access to polar bibliographic information resources. Publication of research results by the polar scientific community continues to increase rapidly with 15,000 to 20,000 new papers being indexed annually. These research results must be available to every potential user of polar regions information in the most user-friendly and efficient manner possible. This proposal requests funding for 3 years (three meetings) of the USPIWG in 1994, 1995, and 1996, to be held at Cambridge, UK, Washington, DC, and Anchorage, AK. Individuals representing U.S. bodies that provide polar information and/or information services will participate in each meeting. The USPIWG is a formally constituted body whose goal is to meet the research needs of the polar scientific community through user-based information access systems. Effective dissemination of polar regions information is necessary for the U.S. to carry out research and management activities provided for in the Arctic Research and Policy of 1984 (amended 1990), the United Sates Arctic Research Plan and its revisions, and the U.S. Antarctic Program. USPIWG goals are consistent with the goals of the Arctic Research Commission. In line with its intention to offer its services to the organizations serving the U.S. polar scientific communities, USPIWG contributes to the biennial revision to the United states Arctic Research Plan. At an international level, USPIWG continues to be a leader within the Polar Libraries Colloquy. Bridges of Science Between North America and the Russian Far East: Past, Present, and Future_Conference in Vladivostok, Russia, August 29-September 2, 1994 OPP 94021933 06/01/94; (OPP) $100,000; 20 months American Association for the Advancement of Science Washington, DC 20005 Richard W. Getzinger This award will fund an effort to increase cooperation between the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. They will work together to organize a major international scientific conference. The meeting, "Bridges of Science Between North America and the Russian Far East: Past, Present, and Future," will be held August 29-September 2, 1994, in Vladivostok, Russia. One hundred North Americans and 150 Russians are expected to attend. Scientists working in Alaska and the Russian Far East share an intense concern for the protection and preservation of the cultural and natural history in the region called Beringia. Beringia contains unique, delicately balanced ecosystems that stand to receive the most severe and immediate impact of greenhouse warming and, consequently, will have far-reaching effects on the lives of the indigenous peoples and other inhabitants of the region. The conference will address these timely issues, focusing on four themes: (1) Natural Resources and Environmental Changes; (2) Paleoecology of Beringia: New Developments; (3) Development and Adaptation of People and Cultures; and (4) Communication and Information Exchange. As a result of the conference, a proceedings volume and a directory of Russian and American institutions and scientists in the region will be published and widely disseminated in both English and Russian. The conference will strengthen scientist-to-scientist cooperation between the Russian Far East and North America, and present opportunities to expand collaborative efforts. The Vladivostok location will allow for broad participation by Russian scientists and provide North American researchers with enhanced opportunities to explore the potential for cooperative research as Russian laboratories, ships, and field stations are now available to Western scientists. Support to Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee (IARPC) Staff OPP 9403539 04/01/94; (OPP) $48,000; 12 months U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) Hanover, NH 03755 Stephen L. Bowen This Interagency Agreement supports activities of IARPC for which NSF has the lead agency role. These activities involve editing and preparing of the camera-ready copy of the spring and fall 1994 issues of the Arctic Research of the United States. The journal contains information on research activities of the federal agencies involved in the Arctic and reports and minutes of meetings from the Arctic Research Commission and IARPC. This action provides support for preparation of the journal and documentation of the interagency programs for the 1990s.