Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities

in Science and Engineering

1998

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgments

Chapters

Introduction
Precollege Education
The Undergraduate Experience in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering
Graduate Education
Employment

Appendices

Appendix A: Technical Notes

Appendix B: Statistical Tables

List of Figures

List of Presentation Slides

Chapter 1: Introduction

Major Findings
Representation in Science and Engineering Women Minorities Minority Women Persons With Disabilities
Data Sources
Statistical Reliability of Comparisons
Organization of Report
References and Data Sources

Chapter 2: Precollege Education

Overview
Influences on Mathematics and Science Achievement Mathematics and Science Course Taking Family Income and Education School Characteristics
Science and Mathematics Course Taking and Achievement Women Mathematics Course Taking Science Course Taking Mathematics and Science Achievement Mathematics Science Minorities Mathematics Course Taking Science Course Taking Mathematics and Science Achievement Mathematics Science Students With Disabilities Variations in Estimates of the Number of Students With Disabilities Mathematics and Science Course Taking Mathematics and Science Achievement
High School Completion Transition to Higher Education Women Socioeconomic Differences Course-Taking Differences College Credit From Advanced Placement Underrepresented Minorities Introduction Increased Participation in College Admissions Test Taking Increased Preparation for College College Credit From Advanced Placement Persons With Disabilities Student Questionnaires Special Testing Format/Conditions
References
SIDEBARS Differences in Student Access to Technology Diversity Among Asian American High School Students NAEP Achievement Levels The International Gender Gap in Mathematics and Science Achievement Gender Differences in Attitudes Toward Science and Mathematics Federal Definitions of Special Education Disability Categories Increasing the Inclusion of Students With Disabilities in Science and Mathematics Assessments The ACT The SAT Percentage of High School Graduates Taking the SAT or ACT by State: 1996 Studies on the Effects of California Proposition 209, Hopwood v. Texas, and the Use of Test Scores on Student Access at Selective Colleges and Universities Equity, Fairness, and Educational Testing

Chapter 3: The Undergraduate Experience in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering

Persistent Disparity in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Women Blacks Hispanics Asians American Indians
Sources of Persistent Disparity
Two-Year Institutions
Four-Year Institutions Bachelor’s Degrees Physical, Computer, and Agricultural Sciences Mathematics Social Sciences Psychology Indices of Representation Engineering Physical Sciences and Mathematics Computer Sciences Biological Sciences Agricultural Sciences Social Sciences Psychology Non–Science-and-Engineering
Transition to Graduate Education
Conclusion
Technical Notes to Chapter 3 Indices of Representation: College Enrollment Indices of Representation: Bachelor’s Degrees Awarded Students With Disabilities American Indians in Higher Education
References
SIDEBARS Loss of Confidence as a Cause of Field Switching Among Undergraduate Women in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Majors American Indians in Higher Education Students With Disabilities Mathematics and Science Experiences of Young Women The Engineering Path Changes in Course Participation, 1972–1993 Baccalaureate Origins of Black Women Earning Doctorates Degree Recipients in Science and Engineering From Universities in Puerto Rico

Chapter 4: Graduate Education

Enrollment Overview Women Enrollment Composition Changes in Enrollment Enrollment Status Sources of Financial Support Graduate Schools Minorities Enrollment Composition Blacks American Indians Hispanics Asians Whites Unknown Race/Ethnicity Race by Gender Foreign Full Time and Part Time Historically Black Colleges and Universities Persons With Disabilities
Outcomes: Master’s Degrees and Doctorates in Science and Engineering Overview Women Master’s Degrees Science Master’s Degrees Natural Sciences Psychology and the Social Sciences Engineering Master’s Degrees Doctoral Degrees Doctoral Degrees in All Fields Doctoral Degrees in Science and Engineering Science Doctoral Degrees Psychology and the Social Sciences Natural Sciences Engineering Doctoral Degrees The Top 50 Institutions Granting Science and Engineering Doctorates to Women Financial Support for the Training of Women Doctorate Recipients University-Administered Means of Support Postgraduation Plans Minorities Master’s Degrees Master’s Degrees to Nonresident Aliens Versus U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents Master’s Degrees to U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents Master’s Degrees by Racial/Ethnic Group Women Master’s Recipients by Racial/Ethnic Group Women as a Percentage of Each Racial/Ethnic Group Women in Racial/Ethnic Groups as a Percentage of All Women Science and Engineering Degree Recipients Doctoral Degrees Doctoral Degrees to Nonresident Aliens Versus U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents Doctoral Degrees Awarded to U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents by Racial/Ethnic Group Doctoral Degrees in All Fields Doctoral Degrees in Science and Engineering Doctorate Recipients by Sex and Racial/Ethnic Group Financial Support to U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents for Funding of Doctoral Expenses Doctoral Degrees Received by Persons With Disabilities Types of Disabilities Women With Disabilities
References
SIDEBARS Pursuit of Graduate Study After the Bachelor’s Baccalaureate Origin Institutions Latino Experiences in Graduate Education Elapsed Time Between Bachelor’s and Doctoral Degrees for Scientists and Engineers

Chapter 5: Employment

Overview
Women Scientists and Engineers Representation in Science and Engineering Age Distribution Field of Science and Engineering Educational Background Labor Force Participation, Employment, and Unemployment Sector of Employment Academic Employment Nonacademic Employment Salaries
Minority Scientists and Engineers Representation in Science and Engineering Age Distribution Field of Science and Engineering Educational Background Labor Force Participation, Employment, and Unemployment Sector of Employment Academic Employment Nonacademic Employment Salaries
Minority Women Representation in Science and Engineering Field of Science and Engineering Labor Force Participation, Employment, and Unemployment Sector of Employment Academic Employment Nonacademic Employment Salaries
Scientists and Engineers With Disabilities Representation in Science and Engineering Age Distribution Labor Force Participation, Employment, and Unemployment Field of Science and Engineering Educational Background Sector of Employment Academic Employment Nonacademic Employment Salaries
References
SIDEBARS Is the Gender Gap in Unemployment Disappearing? Preferences for Careers in Science and Engineering Do Men and Women Have Different Styles of Doing Science? Measuring Disabilities for Persons in the Labor Force Misconceptions Can Limit Job Opportunities

Appendices

Appendix A: Technical Notes
Appendix B: Statistical Tables

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