Home
|
PDF
|
Text Only
|
Help
Science and Engineering Indicators 2012
Overview
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Sitemap
Sitemap
Collapse All
|
Expand All
Front Matter
National Science Board
Letter of Transmittal
Acknowledgments
Contributors and Reviewers
Acronyms and Abbreviations
About Science & Engineering Indicators
Overview
Introduction
Major Global Science and Technology Trends
Global Expansion of Research and Development Expenditures
Overseas R&D by Multinational Corporations
Global Higher Education and Workforce Trends
Expanding Global Researcher Pool
Research Outputs: Journal Articles and Patents
Changing International Research Collaborations
New Research Capacity Reflected in World's Citations Base
Inventive Activity Shown by Patents
Global Output of Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Firms
Employment in U.S. High-Technology Manufacturing
Global Exports of Commercial Knowledge-Intensive Services
Changing Global High-Technology Trade Patterns
Deficit in Goods Trade, Surplus in Services and Intangibles
Conclusion
Glossary
Chapters
1.
Elementary and Secondary Mathematics and Science Education
Highlights
Student Learning in Mathematics and Science
Student Coursetaking in High School Mathematics and Science
Teachers of Mathematics and Science
Transition to Higher Education
Introduction
Student Learning in Mathematics and Science
Mathematics and Science Performance in Grades 4, 8, and 12
Algebra Performance of Ninth Graders in 2009
International Comparisons of Mathematics and Science Performance
Student Coursetaking in High School Mathematics and Science
High School Graduation Requirements and Curriculum Standards
Mathematics and Science Coursetaking in High School
Teachers of Mathematics and Science
Characteristics of High-Quality Teachers
School Factors Contributing to Teachers' Effectiveness
Transition to Higher Education
Completion of High School
Enrollment in Postsecondary Education
Conclusion
Glossary
References
Sidebars
2.
Higher Education in Science and Engineering
Highlights
Characteristics of the U.S. Higher Education System
Undergraduate Education, Enrollment, and Degrees
Graduate Education, Enrollment, and Degrees
International S&E Higher Education
Introduction
Chapter Overview
Chapter Organization
The U.S. Higher Education System
Institutions Providing S&E Education
Financing Higher Education
Undergraduate Education, Enrollment, and Degrees in the United States
Undergraduate Enrollment in the United States
Undergraduate Degree Awards
Persistence and Retention in Undergraduate Education (S&E Versus Non-S&E Fields)
Graduate Education, Enrollment, and Degrees in the United States
Graduate Enrollment in S&E
S&E Master's Degrees
S&E Doctoral Degrees
International S&E Higher Education
Higher Education Expenditures
Educational Attainment
First University Degrees in S&E Fields
S&E First University Degrees by Sex
Global Comparison of S&E Doctoral Degrees
Global Student Mobility
Conclusion
Glossary
References
Sidebars
3.
Science and Engineering Labor Force
Highlights
Scope of the S&E Workforce
S&E Workers in the Economy
S&E Labor Market Conditions
Demographics of the S&E Workforce
Global S&E Labor Force
Introduction
Chapter Overview
Chapter Organization
Scope of the S&E Workforce
Measures of the S&E Workforce
Size of the S&E Workforce
Growth of the S&E Workforce
Educational Distribution of Those in S&E Occupations
S&E Degree Holders in Non-S&E Occupations
Relationships Between Jobs and Degrees
S&E Workers in the Economy
Characteristics of Employers of Scientists and Engineers
S&E Workers by Employment Sector
Scientists and Engineers and Innovation-Related Activities
S&E Labor Market Conditions
Unemployment in the S&E Labor Force
Earnings
Earnings at Different Degree Levels
Recent S&E Graduates
General Labor Market Indicators for Recent Graduates
Recent Doctorate Recipients
Postdoc Positions
Demographics of the S&E Workforce
Sex Differences in the S&E Workforce
Racial/Ethnic Differences in the S&E Workforce
Salary Differentials for Women and Minorities
S&E Immigrants
New Foreign-Born Workers
Age and Retirement
Global S&E Labor Force
Size and Growth of Global S&E Labor Force
High-Skill Migration
R&D Employment Abroad by U.S. Companies
International Engagement by the Domestic S&E Workforce
Conclusion
Glossary
References
Sidebars
4.
R&D: National Trends and International Comparisons
Highlights
Trends in National R&D Performance
R&D and GDP Growth
U.S. Business R&D
R&D by Multinational Companies
Exports and Imports of R&D-Related Services
Federal R&D
Federal R&E Tax Credit
International R&D Comparisons
Introduction
Chapter Organization
Trends in National R&D Performance
Trends in U.S. R&D Performance and R&D Intensity
Performers of R&D
Sources of R&D Funding
R&D by Character of Work
R&D, GDP Growth, and Innovation-Related Metrics
U.S. Business R&D
Domestic R&D Performance and Funding Sources
Domestic R&D Performance Funded by Others
Domestic R&D Performance by Size of Company
Largest Domestic R&D-Performing Industries
Business Activities for Domestic R&D
R&D Performed Abroad by U.S.-Owned Companies
R&D by Multinational Companies
U.S. Affiliates of Foreign Companies
U.S. MNCs Parent Companies and Their Foreign Affiliates
Exports and Imports of R&D-Related Services
Federal R&D
Federal R&D Budget by National Objectives
Federal Spending on R&D by Agency
Federal Spending on Research by Field
Federal R&E Tax Credits
Federal Technology Transfer and Other Innovation-Related Programs
Federal Technology Transfer
Small Business Innovation-Related Programs
International R&D Comparisons
Global Patterns of R&D Expenditures
Comparison of Country R&D Intensities
R&D by Performing Sector and Source of Funds
Government R&D Priorities
Business R&D Focus
Business Support for Academic R&D
Conclusion
Glossary
References
Sidebars
5.
Academic Research and Development
Highlights
Spending and Funding for Academic R&D
Infrastructure for Academic R&D
Cyberinfrastructure
Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in Academia
Outputs of Academic S&E Research: Articles and Patents
Chapter Overview
Expenditures and Funding for Academic R&D
Academic R&D in the National R&D Effort
Sources of Support for Academic R&D
Academic R&D Expenditures by Field
Academic R&D by Institution
Infrastructure for Academic R&D
Research Facilities
Research Equipment
Cyberinfrastructure
The Academic Doctoral S&E Workforce
Trends in Academic Employment of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers
Academic Researchers
Academic Employment in Postdoc Positions
Government Support of Academic Doctoral Researchers
Outputs of S&E Research: Articles and Patents
S&E Article Output
Coauthorship and Collaboration
Trends in Output and Collaboration Among U.S. Sectors
Trends in Citation of S&E Articles
Academic Patents, Licenses, Royalties, and Startups
Patent-to-Literature Citations
Conclusion
Glossary
References
Sidebars
6.
Industry, Technology, and the Global Marketplace
Highlights
Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Industries in the World Economy
Worldwide Distribution of Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Industries
Trade and Other Globalization Indicators
Innovation-Related Indicators of the United States and Other Major Economies
Investment and Innovation in Clean Energy and Technologies
Introduction
Chapter Overview
Chapter Organization
Data Sources, Definitions, and Methodology
Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Industries in the World Economy
Growth of Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Industries in the World and Major Economies
Productivity
Information and Communications Technology Infrastructure
Worldwide Distribution of Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Industries
Health and Education Services
Commercial Knowledge-Intensive Service Industries
High-Technology Manufacturing Industries
Information and Communications Technology Industries
Industries That Are Not Knowledge or Technology Intensive
Trade and Other Globalization Indicators
Global Trade in Commercial KTI Goods and Services
Trade in Medium- and Low-Technology Manufactured Products
U.S. Trade in Advanced Technology Products
U.S. Multinational Companies in Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Industries
U.S. and Foreign Direct Investment in Knowledge- and Technology-Intensive Industries
Innovation-Related Indicators of U.S. and Other Major Economies
Innovation Activities by U.S. Businesses
Global Trends in Patenting and Trademarks
USPTO Patents Granted, by Technology Area
Patenting Valuable Inventions: "Triadic" Patents
Trademark Applications
U.S. High-Technology Small Businesses
Investment and Innovation in Clean Energy and Technologies
Commercial Investment
Venture Capital Investment
Public Research, Development, and Demonstration Expenditures in Clean Energy and Technologies
Patenting of Clean Energy and Pollution Control Technologies
Conclusion
Glossary
References
Sidebars
7.
Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding
Highlights
Information Sources, Interest, and Involvement
Public Knowledge About S&T
Public Attitudes About S&T in General
Public Attitudes About Specific S&T Issues
Introduction
Chapter Overview
Chapter Organization
A Note About Data and Terminology
Information Sources, Interest, and Involvement
S&T Information Sources
Public Interest in S&T
Availability of S&T News in the Media
Involvement
Public Knowledge About S&T
Understanding Scientific Terms and Concepts
Reasoning and Understanding the Scientific Process
Other Indicators of Public Knowledge and Understanding About S&T
Public Attitudes About S&T in General
Promise and Reservations About S&T
Federal Funding of Scientific Research
Confidence in the Science Community's Leadership
Influence of Scientific Experts on Public Issues
Views of S&E Occupations
Public Attitudes About Specific S&T-Related Issues
Environment, Climate Change, and Energy Development
Stem Cell Research and Human Cloning
Teaching Evolution in the Schools
Genetically Modified Food
Nanotechnology
Other Emerging Technologies
Animal Research
Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Education
Conclusion
Glossary
References
Sidebars
8.
State Indicators
Introduction
Elementary and Secondary Education
Higher Education
Workforce
Financial Research and Development Inputs
Research and Development Outputs
Science and Technology in the Economy
Appendix. Methodology and Statistics
Introduction
Selection of Data Sources
Data Sources
Data Accuracy
Statistical Testing for Data From Sample Surveys
Glossary
Presentation Slides
List of Figures
List of Tables
Appendix Tables
Errata
Previous section
Next section