Chapter 3: Science & Engineering Indicators 93

In 1991, approximately 367,000 doctoral scientists and 70,000 doctoral engineers were employed in the United States. Doctoral scientists had an extremely low unemployment rate--1.5 percent in 1991. Recently, however, their professional associations have been documenting employment difficulties faced by new doctoral recipients, focusing on the lack of permanent full-time job openings in academia. (For more information see: Employment by Sector.)

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