Chapter 5: Science & Engineering Indicators 93
Outputs of Academic R&D: Scientific Publications and Patents
A principal output of university research is new knowledge--an output that is difficult to conceptualize and measure. Nonetheless, several useful indicators of the outputs of academic R&D do exist. One such indicator is publication counts--that
is, the number of scientific and technical journal articles. Another useful indicator is the number of patents awarded to U.S. universities. (Click here for footnote 27.) Both of these indicators are discussed
below. For a discussion of another main output of academic institutions-educated students-to which research contributes, see chapter 2, "Higher Education in Science and Engineering."
Footnote 27:
See chapter 6, "Patented Inventions," for a discussion of the limitations of patents data.
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