This document has been archived Title : NSF 93-59 -- ARCTIC SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND EDUCATION Type : Dir of Awards NSF Org: OD / OPP Date : July 22, 1993 File : nsf9359 ARCTIC SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND EDUCATION DIRECTORY OF AWARDS Fiscal Year - 1992 National Science Foundation Washington, D.C. ARCTIC SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND EDUCATION The following is a report on Arctic grants awarded by the National Science Foundation during Fiscal Year 1992 (October 1, 1991, to September 30, 1992). Presentation of this information is partially a response to the Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984. The Arctic is defined by the Act as "all United States and foreign territory north of the Arctic Circle and all United States territory north and west of the boundary formed by the Porcupine, Yukon, Kuskokwim Rivers; all contiguous seas, including the Arctic Ocean and the Beaufort, Bering, and Chukchi Seas; and the Aleutian chain." The Act designates the NSF as lead agency and chair agency for the Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee, and calls for integrated interagency planning and budgetary processes. This detailed listing shows the scope of NSF activities in the Arctic. Essentially all of the NSF funds were devoted to basic science and engineering education and related operational, informational, and advisory support. Further information on other agencies' programs is presented in the journal, Arctic Research of the United States, and the U.S. Arctic Research Plan, and its biennial revision. In addition to investigations in Alaska and adjacent waters, research was supported in all Arctic-bordered countries. Of the total $34.9 million obligated in Fiscal Year 1992, the Office of Polar Program's input is $20.6 million. The remainder was awarded from funds in other Divisions and programs throughout the Foundation. There were 316 awards to 119 institutions in 39 states and the District of Columbia. The NSF funding of Arctic research since 1985 is shown below (in thousands of dollars): OPP Other Total FY85 7,947 11,482 19,429 FY86 8,005 10,143 18,148 FY87 8,095 13,801 21,896 FY88 8,211 14,906 23,117 FY89 10,175 13,549 23,724 FY90 12,310 11,778 24,088 FY91 14,696 12,455 27,151 FY92 20,638 14,308 34,946 In some instances, awards are listed that may not fall strictly within the limits of the Arctic as defined by the Arctic Research and Policy Act, but apply to processes, properties, and phenomena of the Arctic. Examples include research on boreal forests, subarctic or temperate zone glaciers, geological and atmospheric projects south of the Arctic Circle, and laboratory and theoretical studies. Individual awards contain their own logistics budgets and no attempt is made to separate those costs; only specific awards for field support are listed separately. A complete list of institutions and organizations that received funds in Fiscal Year 1992 follows. Users of this list should keep in mind that these projects do not exhaust the range of subjects that might be supported by the Foundation in the future. Research which promises to add significantly to science, engineering, or education is eligible for consideration. The data reported in this award list were compiled from individual program submissions from throughout the National Science Foundation. The information includes awards for research but excludes administrative costs that are included in the National Science Foundation budget source documents. Charles E. Myers Head, Arctic Staff Office of Polar Programs 1 U.S. INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS BY STATE State OPP funding Non-OPP funding Total ALABAMA $ 140,242 0 140,242 University of South Alabama ALASKA 6,337,809 3,249,909 9,587,718 Arctic Research Consortium of the U.S. Alaska Geological Society Alaska Pacific University Homer Society of Natural History/Pratt Museum Office of History and Archaeology University of Alaska Agricultural Experiment Station University of Alaska-Anchorage University of Alaska-Fairbanks University of Alaska Geophysical Institute University of Alaska Institute of Marine Science ARIZONA 241,046 207,646 448,692 University of Arizona ARKANSAS 91,680 10,000 101,680 University of Arkansas CALIFORNIA 1,649,296 2,799,156 4,448,452 California Institute of Technology California State University-Fullerton Foundation Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Inc. San Diego State University Foundation SRI International Stanford University University of California-Berkeley University of California-Davis University of California-Irvine University of California-Los Angeles University of California-San Diego University of California-San Diego Scripps Institute of Oceanography University of California-Santa Barbara COLORADO 2,349,672 447,283 2,796,955 Antarctic Support Associates Colorado School of Mines NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories University Corporation for Atmospheric Research University of Colorado at Boulder University of Denver CONNECTICUT 26,288 0 26,288 Yale University DELAWARE 0 50,000 50,000 AstroPower, Inc. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 710,618 62,518 773,136 American Geophysical Union Arctic Research Commission Department of Navy NOAA Joint Ice Center Howard University College of Medicine National Academy of Sciences Smithsonian Institution FLORIDA 261,792 261,056 522,848 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Florida State University University of Miami School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences GEORGIA 91,990 0 91,990 University of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc. HAWAII 118,097 0 118,097 University of Hawaii-Manoa IDAHO 47,775 0 47,775 University of Idaho ILLINOIS 147,906 157,883 305,789 Northern Illinois University Northwestern University University of Chicago University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign INDIANA 0 90,000 90,000 University of Notre Dame LOUISIANA 0 46,247 46,247 University of New Orleans MAINE 103,490 0 103,490 Bowdoin College University of Maine MARYLAND 221,055 126,800 347,855 Capital Systems Group, Inc. Johns Hopkins University University of Maryland-College Park MASSACHUSETTS 1,443,750 1,845,456 3,289,206 Bentley College Boston University Education and Resources Group Harvard University Marine Biological Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Mount Holyoke College University of Massachusetts-Amherst Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute MICHIGAN 88,713 871,517 960,230 Individual Award, Ron L. Hendrick Michigan State University University of Michigan-Ann Arbor MINNESOTA 316,128 0 316,128 University of Minnesota-Twin Cities MISSISSIPPI 60,373 27,368 87,741 Mississippi State University MISSOURI 98,666 97,506 196,172 University of Missouri-St. Louis Washington University NEVADA 118,907 0 118,907 University of Nevada Desert Research Institute NEW HAMPSHIRE 1,349,104 387,557 1,736,661 Dartmouth College Department of Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory University of New Hampshire-Durham NEW JERSEY 11,038 13,739 24,777 Princeton University Rutgers University-New Brunswick NEW MEXICO 0 69,866 69,866 New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology NEW YORK 665,933 700,606 1,366,539 Clarkson University Columbia University Columbia University Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory Cornell University CUNY, Hunter College CUNY New York City Technical College SUNY, Buffalo SUNY, Stony Brook SUNY, Plattsburgh NORTH CAROLINA 165,065 165,065 330,130 East Carolina University North Carolina State University at Raleigh OHIO 364,470 280,053 644,523 Ohio State University Ohio State University Research Foundation University of Cincinnati PENNSYLVANIA 368,731 18,870 387,601 Carnegie-Mellon University Ecosystems Technology Transfer, Inc. Pennsylvania State University-University Park RHODE ISLAND 241,780 138,108 379,888 Brown University University of Rhode Island University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography SOUTH CAROLINA 0 109,000 109,000 Clemson University TENNESSEE 299,199 165,578 464,777 University of Tennessee-Knoxville TEXAS 130,784 483,009 613,793 Texas A&M University Research Foundation University of Houston University of Texas at Austin William Marsh Rice University UTAH 12,531 115,648 128,179 University of Utah Utah State University VIRGINIA 205,250 49,957 255,207 Geological Survey George Mason University Interferometrics, Inc. Old Dominion University Research Foundation WASHINGTON 1,644,578 1,076,980 2,721,558 Foundation for Glacier and Environmental Research McPhee Research Company University of Washington Urban Regional Research Washington State University WISCONSIN 154,516 166,740 321,256 University of Wisconsin-Madison University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh WYOMING 359,890 17,000 376,890 University of Wyoming GRAND TOTAL $ 20,638,162 14,308,121 34,946,283 vi NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION ARCTIC AWARDS SUMMARY- 1992 OPP Amount Non-OPP Amount ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES $ 126,000 393,845 Aeronomy 448,171 374,884 Atmospheric Chemistry 193,050 1,159,892 Climate Dynamics 76,596 20,000 Facilities and Equipment 84,000 416,720 Magnetospheric Physics Program 0 46,481 Solar Terrestrial 60,000 2,150,336 Upper Atmospheric Facilities 932,94 923,280 Upper Atmospheric Physics 2,020,766 4,585,438 Subtotal Total (60)* 6,606,204 OCEAN SCIENCES 60,415 328,566 Chemical Oceanography 7,500 128,108 Instrumentation Development 5,000 338,030 Marine Geology and Geophysics 577,359 0 Oceanography (DPP) 543,995 1,020,909 Operations 100,000 160,000 Physical Oceanography 1,294,269 1,975,613 Subtotal Total (25) 3,269,882 EARTH SCIENCES 0 2,700 Continental Lithosphere 62,275 172,510 Geology and Paleontology 0 66,274 Geophysics 2,000 4,000 Global Change 5,000 209,800 Instrumentation and Facilities 0 262,795 National Earthquake Hazard Reduction 116,662 277,606 Petrology and Geochemistry 0 791,020 Tectonics 1,088,652 43,409 General DPP (Misc.) 1,274,589 1,830,114 Subtotal Total (54) 3,104,7030 ARCTIC SYSTEM 11,193,340 1,778,031 SCIENCE/GLACIOLOGY Total (92) 13,709,371 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2,301,846 3,108,169 Total (33) 5,410,015 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES 1,008,971 229,165 Total (27) 1,238,136 ENGINEERING 0 203,780 Total (5) 203,780 EDUCATION 59,620 597,811 Total (13) 657,431 ARCTIC COORDINATION 746,762 0 Total (7) 746,762 SUBTOTAL: $ 20,638,162 $ 14,308,121 GRAND TOTAL: $ 34,946,283 * ( )=Number of Awards DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATION OF FORMAT Arctic Science, Engineering, and Education Awards provides bibliographic data on the Arctic awards granted each fiscal year by the National Science Foundation. All awards are listed under their primary Division and within Division by program. Split-funded awards are listed only under their primary programs. In January 1993, the Dision of Polar Programs (DPP) became the Office of Polar Programs. In this publication, the references to the Office of Polar Programs refer also to the former Division of Polar Programs. The following indexes appear at the end of the publication: Principal Investigator; Institution; Geographic Area; and Key Word. All are listed in alphabetical order and refer to the entry number. Sample Record and Field Definitions 1. Entry number of Award for indexing purposes 2. Title of the Award 3. Award Number 4. Starting Date, Amount funded by OPP, Amount funded by other programs, and Duration of Award 5. Name and Address of the Institution: any college, university, laboratory, industry, or other organization designated as the NSF awardee 6. Principal Investigator: the chief engineer, scientist, or administrator who is responsible for the research plan and fiscal expenditures of the award Format at a Glance: 1-> 1 2-> Multi-Station Auroral Spectroscopy 3-> ATM 9022082 OPP 4-> 09/01/91; (OPP) $0; (non-OPP) $25,000; 18 months 5-> Lockheed Missiles and Space Company Inc, Palo Alto, CA 94304 6-> Gary R. Swenson i ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES Aeronomy 1 Multistation Auroral Spectroscopy ATM 9022082 09/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $105,000; 30 months Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94304 Gary R. Swenson The aurora is being viewed from Godhavan, Greenland (near the magnetic meridian distance ~290km northwest of Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland) with an imaging spectrometer. Simultaneously the incoherent scatter radar and other optical instruments are viewing the same aurora in the magnetic zenith at Sondre Stromfjord. The method provides measurements of source emission intensities versus altitude, while simultaneous measurements of the particle beam is made with the radar. The first scientific objective is a study of electron beam versus emission heights. Studies of auroral arcs and thermospheric effects are also being performed. Two winter campaign periods are planned. A dedicated two week aeronomy campaign is planned where the radar will be predominantly operated looking up the magnetic field. Operation is also planned for two additional two-week, low moon, periods with shared radar time. The first campaign will concentrate on the 420-800 nm spectral region. Height distributions of the entire spectrum will be measured. The spectral region for the second campaign will evolve from the results of the first. 2 CEDAR: Comparison of Ionospheric Joule Heating Rate with Poynting Flux and Energetic Particle Precipitation Energy Deposition ATM 9201829 09/01/92; (OPP) $6,000; (Non-OPP) $36,995; 12 months SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025 Jurgen Watermann Researchers are estimating distributions of electrical conductivities, neutral wind profiles, and effective electric fields in the E region through radar experiments. Secondly, they are inferring three energy transfer rates in individual ionospheric flux tubes, i.e., the net Poynting flux entering/leaving the top side of the tube, the Joule heating rate in the flux tube, and the energy carried into the flux tube by auroral particle precipitation. Finally, calculations focus on statistical averages of energy transfer rates and their relative importance with respect to magnetic latitude and local time, season, geomagnetic activity, solar wind and IMF parameters, and phase of the solar cycle. 3, 4 CEDAR: Radar Investigations of Mesospheric and Lower Thermospheric Dynamics at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland ATM 9202371 09/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $90,500; 12 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 Susan K. Avery ATM 9201996 09/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $109,000; 12 months Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 Miguel F. Larsen The researchers are installing and operating a partial reflection drifts and a meteor radar over a three-year period at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland. Goals include the study of high-latitude dynamics in the height range from approximately 60 to 110 km. The cooperative research effort with Clemson University and the University of Colorado includes the study of seasonal variations in tidal amplitudes and phases, gravity wave characteristics, climatology, fluxes, and the scattering mechanisms producing the partial reflections. 5 CEDAR: ALOMAR, a CEDAR Temperature, Wind, and Momentum Flux Lidar for Global Change and Dynamics Studies in the Arctic ATM 9203026 08/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $30,000; 18 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 David C. Fritts The project provides for participation in the creation and operation of ALOMAR, an Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research. In conjunction with other CEDAR and European lidar programs, researchers are developing a high-power laser providing sodium temperature and wind measurement capabilities with ALOMAR. The research addresses a range of geophysical processes occurring at high latitudes, but having global implications, using unique capabilities among current atmospheric lidars. 6 CEDAR: Auroral Emissions Modeling OPP 9203028 08/15/92; (OPP) $60,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 17 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 Stanley Solomon The research develops and tests methods for inferring particle energy input to the earth's atmosphere using optical and radar detection systems, and studies the atmospheric changes caused by these fluxes. Researchers use the latest prognostic and climatological models of upper atmosphere density and composition. Auroral model results are being made available to the aeronomy community. 7 U.S.-Poland Research on High-Latitude Ionospheric Scintillation (Aeronomy) INT 9200765 08/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $22,350; 42 months University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 K. C. Yeh The project is studying satellite radio beacon scintillation. The studies provide information about irregular structure of the ionosphere. Recent interest in coupling process between the solar wind, magnetosphere and ionosphere has lead to an increased activity in the high-latitude ionosphere studies. Past cooperative projects on scintillation measurements have been at the Polish Polar Station at Spitsbergen. Using these data, the researchers are: (1) studying more extensively the morphology of scintillation in the auroral, polar cap and polar cusps regions accessible from the Station; (2) modeling the high latitude scintillation avoiding assumptions apparently not satisfied at high latitudes, namely that fluctuations of the electron density are random with a spectrum which has the same form along and across magnetic field, and compare with observations; and (3) applying the approach used in the nonlinear system studies to scintillation and in situ electron density data. The research can obtain fuller description of the high-latitude scintillation morphology to improve the scintillation theory and to gain more information about the ionospheric irregular structure at high latitudes. The project in electrical and computer engineering fulfills the program objective of advancing scientific knowledge by enabling leading experts in the United States and Eastern Europe to combine complementary talents and pool resources in areas of strong mutual interest and competence. 8 The Frequency, Intensity and Local Time Distribution of Auroras OPP 9204053 09/01/92; (OPP) $60,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 12 months Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 Patrick T. Newell The combination of the enormous DMSP data base of precipitating particles and our several years experience in conducting statistical studies involving automated identification algorithms suggests a highly fruitful line of research. The researchers are identifying every instance of electron acceleration as evidenced by monoenergetic electron peaks in 7 years of particle data. They estimate that the resulting catalog will consist of approximately 500,000 electron acceleration events; approximately 3 orders of magnitude more than the largest previous study of electron acceleration events. They are recording all instances of electron or ion diffuse aurora above a certain threshold (probably 0.25 ergs/cm2). The research answers some long standing disputes such as the existence of a 1400 hot spot of electron acceleration; and the existence of a prenoon gap in the discrete aurora. The huge size of the electron acceleration even catalog makes it possible to subdivide by interplanetary magnetic field Bz and By conditions, as well as indices of magnetic activity, such as Kp and AE. A result of the research are maps of the statistical distribution of electron acceleration events throughout the high latitude regions, at all local times and a variety of binning conditions. Intense diffuse auroras are being similarly studied; particular attention is paid to instances of ion energy fluxes exceeding that of electrons (true ion auroras). Finally, the entire catalog of 500,000 electron acceleration events is being shared with the general ionospheric community. convenient access to the entire list of auroras encountered by DMSP satellites on any specified day between December 1983 and December 1990 will also be provided. Such access is being accomplished in part by extending the existing automatic response system of identifications of the magnetospheric source regions of precipitation. Atmospheric Chemistry 9 A Study of the High Latitude Nitrogen Oxide Reservoir ATM 9215127 09/15/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $140,600; 17 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Daniel A. Jaffe The springtime Arctic troposphere has been shown to be a major reservoir of many anthropogenically derived pollutants, including nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. Based on the available data, it is estimated that the Arctic troposphere contains roughly 10 percent of the global tropospheric burden of NOy during spring. Additionally, tropospheric ozone concentrations are known to be increasing at about 1-2 percent per year during spring and summer at high latitudes. The springtime measurements of NO at Barrow, Alaska suggest that photochemical activity and ozone production is possible during the late spring period when NOy and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) are still high, temperatures are warming, and solar intensity is increasing. In this study, the researcher further develops and validates instrumental capabilities for making measurements of the nitrogen oxide species at low ambient mixing ratios. Once validated, focus is on gaining an improved understanding of the temporal distribution of NO, NO2 and NOy at Barrow during the spring-summer transition period. These measurements, along with J(NO2) and O3, are then being used to calculate the O3 production rates and to evaluate the change in NOy speciation as a function of temperature and solar intensity. 10 Atmospheric Chemistry of Sea Salt Particles in Regional and Remote Air Environments ATM 9005321 07/01/90; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $103,584; 42 months California State University-Fullerton Foundation, Fullerton, CA 92631 Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts The project studies the reactions of atmospheric nitrogen compounds with components of airborne sea salt, and the chemistry of the gaseous products of these reactions. It is designed to clarify questions of atmospheric composition in coastal regions and of the possible impact of these reactions on tropospheric ozone in the Arctic. Laboratory studies are being conducted to measure the absolute kinetics of the reactions of HNO3, NO2 and N2O5 with NaCl and NaBr. Whether these reactions continue to occur when the salts are dissolved in ice is also being determined and compared to the reactions of HBr in ice. The photochemistry of the newly discovered gaseous BrNO2 and the atmospherically relevant kinetics and mechanisms of reaction of ClNO2 will also be determined. The results of these experimental studies are then being used to quantitatively assess the importance of these heterogeneous gas-solid reactions in the chemistry of regional polluted areas, as well as remote areas such as the Arctic. 11 Continental and Regional Sources of Pollution Aerosol at Summit and Dye 3, Greenland OPP 9122941 05/01/92; (OPP) $20,955; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months University of Nevada Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89506 Douglas H. Lowenthal The project is an effort to determine continental-scale and regional-scale sources of pollution aerosol collected at the GISP-II and Dye-3 sites in Greenland. It makes use of a chemically-based source apportionment technique known as receptor modeling, in which chemical signatures developed for regional-scale sources in North America and Eurasia are applied to the analyses of snow and ice samples. Geographically specific industrialized regions display characteristic patterns of trace element composition of their aerosol emissions, which include contributions from power plants, smelters, motor vehicles, biomass burning, etc. Some rely on anomalously high concentrations of exotic trace elements such as arsenic, indium, selenium, and vanadium, which are found in extremely low concentrations in Greenland. The project makes use of samples collected at the GISP-II site during the past two seasons, and collected additional samples in the Summer of 1992. 12 Central Asian Glaciochemical Program ATM 9014768 04/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $80,700; 30 months University of New Hampshire-Durham, Durham, NH 03824 Paul A. Mayewski Researchers are determining the spatial and temporal variation of the chemical content of snow and ice in central Asia in order to improve understanding of the distribution of chemical species in the atmosphere in this region, and their variation over space and time. Snow and ice samples are being collected within the accumulation areas of eight to ten different central Asian glaciers from snowpits six meters deep and ice cores drilled up to twenty meters. The samples are being analyzed for chloride, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, bromide, fluoride, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, iron, oxygen, and hydrogen isotopes, 7Be, 210Pb, 137Cs, selected trace metals acetate, formate, methyl sulfonic acid, hydrogen peroxide, dissolved organic carbon, and microparticles. 13 Atmospheric Radionuclide Studies at the GISP II Atmospheric Sampling Camp OPP 9122555 04/01/92; (OPP) $71,547; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months University of New Hampshire-Durham, Durham, NH 03824 Jack E. Dibb The project is a study of the processes active in determining the characteristics of aerosols that are removed from the Arctic atmosphere and deposited in the Greenland ice sheet. These processes involve the dynamics of tropospheric and stratospheric mass exchange, the efficiency with which aerosols and associated chemical species are removed from the lower atmosphere, the relative importance of wet and dry deposition, and the early post-depositional chemical and concentration changes in the snow. Knowledge of these processes is crucial to the reconstruction of paleoatmospheres from the record that is preserved in the ice sheet. Air sample filters and snow and ice samples collected at the Atmospheric Chemistry Camp that is part of the Greenland Ice Core drilling program are being analyzed for radionuclides, including Beryllium-7, Beryllium-10, Chlorine-36, and Lead-210. Beryllium-7 is a cosmogenic radionuclide that is useful as a tracer of intrusions of stratospheric air, while Lead-210 results from the decay of radon emitted from the Earth's surface and is a tracer for continental air masses. While Chlorine-36 is an important modulator in ozone chemistry, its ratio to Beryllium-10 may possibly become a method for dating ice cores older than 50,000 years. Results to date have been mixed because the ratio can fluctuate greatly over small depth intervals. The project however is obtaining data on time scales short enough to determine whether short term differences in the transport mechanism or seasonal variations in the efficiency of the removal process cause the observed fluctuations. 14 Analysis of the Long Term Record of Arctic Airborne Particle Composition OPP 9122944 05/01/92; (OPP) $82,383; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13676 Philip K. Hopke The project is a renewed investigation of the trace constituents in Arctic aerosols, using the Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) technique. The technique is extremely sensitive and powerful, capable of determining the concentration of about forty elements, including many environmentally crucial ones such as aluminum, zinc, arsenic and antimony that are present in very low concentrations. As a first priority, the study analyzes filtered samples obtained by the Atmospheric Environment Services of Canada on Ellesmere Island since 1980, and secondarily analyzes samples obtained at Mould Bay and Igloolik during the winter/spring transition. The occurrence of Arctic haze, the general term for aerosol concentrations in the lower troposphere, reaches a seasonal maximum in late winter when it becomes widespread through the Arctic. The variation is the result both of seasonal differences in the northward transport, and in the removal process through wet and dry deposition. Multivariate factor analyses, potential source contribution functions, and time series analyses, combined with air mass trajectories provide advective patterns that refine understanding of the transport mechanism and atmospheric pathways from the source regions to the Canadian Arctic, and allow the investigations of trends in the relative composition of the Arctic aerosol trace constituents. 15 Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Chemical Constituent at Summit, Greenland OPP 9123082 04/15/92; (OPP) $164,586; (Non-OPP) $0; 17 months Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Jean-Luc Jaffrezo The project continues an investigation of the transport of chemical trace elements and species from source regions through the atmosphere to the Greenland ice sheet. It provides information for the interpretation of the trace element distribution in a long ice core being obtained through the Greenland Ice Sheet Program (GISP-II) drilling effort. The ice core is expected to provide a detailed record spanning 200,000 years. The project has three specific objectives: (1) the identification of source regions and atmospheric pathways for the chemical constituents reaching the drill site, including the possible changes in air mass characteristics during transit; (2) the study of the wet and dry deposition mechanisms and rates of incorporation of chemical species into precipitating snow; and (3) the investigation of post-depositional changes in snow chemistry and of the redistribution of species within the snowpack. Field work consists of collecting air, aerosol, precipitation, and deposited snow samples, which are analyzed for various anions and cations, trace elements, carbon compounds, and trace gases. A special atmospheric camp, to ensure that samples will be uncontaminated by the drilling, is being maintained as part of the GISP-II program. 16 SGER: The Effect of Enhanced Ionization on Droplet Formation in the Cold Stratosphere ATM 9206417 04/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $50,000; 12 months University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204 William R. Sheldon The northern and southern polar regions exhibit striking differences in ozone depletion and polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) formation. They are also significantly different in terms of energetic electron precipitation in the upper atmosphere. The suggestion has been made that PSC formation is stimulated by electron participation creating bremsstrahlung x-rays that penetrate to the stratosphere and ionize atmospheric constituents there which become nucleation centers for droplet formation. If correct, this would partially explain why ozone depletion and PSC formation occur almost exclusively in Antarctica. Energetic electron precipitation is a common phenomenon there, but rarely occurs in the Arctic polar cap. An experiment to investigate this suggestion is being conducted. A balloon payload with a strong, localized ionization source is being flown through the cold Arctic stratosphere; a photographic record would reveal whether the ionization had caused droplet formation to occur. A positive result from the experiment would have wide ranging implications. It would indicate that current models of stratospheric chemistry need to be revised and that additional experimental investigation of the stratosphere is needed. 17 Airborne Studies of Ocean-Particle-Cloud Interactions in the Arctic OPP 9116371 02/01/92; (OPP) $108,700; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Peter V. Hobbs The project is an airborne field investigation of the physical characteristics of leads in Arctic sea ice using a lidar and multi-frequency radiometers to remotely probe the ice surface. It also investigates the emission of dimethylsulfide (DMS) from the ocean and its effects on cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), the structure and radiative properties of Arctic haze and stratus clouds. The project makes use of an instrumented C-131 aircraft owned by the University of Washington, and is a component of the Arctic Lead Dynamics Experiment (LEADEX) and the Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP-IV). Although leads, or areas of open water in the sea ice cover, account for only a few percent of the Arctic Ocean, they play a major role in the turbulent transfer of heat to the atmosphere, and in the transfer of volatile biogenic material. The project concentrates on the flux of oceanic DMS, which is an important contributor to the atmospheric sulfur budget and, through oxidation to sulfur dioxide and sulfates, is a primary source of cloud condensation nuclei in the marine atmosphere. It is also studying the effect of DMS on Arctic haze, which is an atmospheric phenomenon considered to be important in a variety of Arctic processes. It affects the radiation budget directly by modifying the albedo and the thermal infrared flux at cloud top levels, and indirectly through the modulation effect on cloud radiative properties by cloud condensation nuclei. If it can be shown that local Cloud Condensation Nuclei concentrations depend upon DMS emissions, it may be possible to identify a biological control of the Arctic marine stratus albedo. Deposited trace elements from Arctic haze may contribute significant fluxes of contaminants to sensitive Arctic ecosystems. Climate Dynamics 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 Project ARRCC: Analysis of Rapid and Recent Climate Change ATM 9011048 09/15/91; (OPP) $10,000; (Non-OPP) $31,160; 29 months University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 Malcolm K. Hughes ATM 9121550 09/15/91; (OPP) $10,000; (Non-OPP) $40,000; 29 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 Jonathan T. Overpeck ATM 9008070 09/01/91; (OPP) $10,000; (Non-OPP) $32,113; 30 months University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 Raymond S. Bradley ATM 9006307 09/01/91; (OPP) $10,000; (Non-OPP) $56,476; 24 months Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 Gordon C. Jacoby ATM 9008407 09/15/91; (OPP) $10,000; (Non-OPP) $30,000; 23 months Ohio State University Research Foundation, Columbus, OH 43210 Lonnie G. Thompson Climatic changes on time scales of years to centuries have the most direct impact on society and humanity. Yet changes on these time scales are hard to predict because we have yet to isolate climate forcing factors in this frequency range. Project ARRCC aims to evaluate past variations in climate on annual to century time scales in order to develop a better understanding of the types and magnitude of the changes observed as well as to evaluate two potential causes: changes in solar activity and the effects of volcanic aerosol input into the atmosphere. Project ARRCC will produce detailed time series of climate variations for the last 500 years, an interval which includes the Little Ice Age. During this interval there was also a significant reduction in the number of sunspots (the Maunder Minimum) leading many researchers to suggest some causal relationship. The researchers will synthesize the quantitative paleoclimate data for this time interval and compare the results to model simulations which vary the intensity of incoming solar radiation and the reflectivity of the atmosphere because of changes in volcanic aerosol concentration. This research is important for three reasons: (1) It will be the first synthesis of this important paleoclimate event; (2) It will produce a rigorous, global data base of past climate for use by other researchers; and (3) It will be the first rigorous attempt to quantify the effects of solar radiation and volcanic activity on climate change. This research is a high priority for the U.S. Global Change Research Program. 23 CO2/Air Ratios and 13 CO2 in Ice Cores ATM 9196095 03/05/91; (OPP) $18,051; (Non-OPP) $110,000; 32 months University of California-San Diego Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093 Martin Wahlen No abstract given. 24, 25 Summer Climate Interactions in the Arctic Basin ATM 8921972 07/15/90; (OPP) $28,961; (Non-OPP) $28,962; 30 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 Mark Serreze ATM 9016563 08/01/90; (OPP) $11,038; (Non-OPP) $11,039; 30 months Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 David A. Robinson Using a unique data set of ten spring-summer seasons, a series of hypotheses are being tested to define more precisely the seasonal and interannual variability of snow melt, surface albedo and late-summer ice extent, its climatic significance, and relationships with surface pressure fields and heights, temperature anomalies and other atmospheric indices. This is an expansion of previous work under NSF support for an initial study of snow melt/climate interactions based on four seasons (1977, 1979, 1984, 1985) of data and the basic data set preparation (no analyses) of six additional seasons (1975, 1978, 1980, 1986-1988). The analyses are being performed using digitized ten-season data sets of snow melt stages and parameterized surface albedo constructed from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) imagery for May through mid-August and coincident sea ice and atmospheric data from other sources. The timing and extent of snow melt atop the Arctic pack ice is an important climatic forcing factor of northern high latitudes, with implications for the long-term mass balance and stability of the ice and potential climatic impacts in other parts of the Northern Hemisphere. It also serves as an indicator of climatic change forced by increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. 26 Multi-Component Modeling of Pleistocene Climate ATM 8912967 11/15/89; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $77,280; 48 months Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 G. E. Birchfield The climate system responds linearly to Milankovitch forcing at the precessional and obliquity periods of Earth's orbit. The dominant periodicity of the climate system is in the eccentricity band, where little forcing is apparent. Thus the response of climate at these time scales is highly nonlinear and probably involves the complex interaction of feedbacks between various components of the Earth-ocean-atmosphere-cryosphere system. The grant provides continued support to develop and test multi-component climate models. Researchers are: (1) developing a coupled atmosphere-ocean model which has components which are sufficiently simple that their stability in the climate system can be investigated; and (2) utilizing high-quality oxygen isotopic records to test the general properties of slow response, ice sheet models. The objective of the study is to differentiate the trends in the Pleistocene climate records which are due to internal nonlinear response from those which are the direct result of Milankovitch external forcing. The research is important because it has a direct bearing on understanding the complex linkages between the various components of the climate system. 27 The Extent of Early Versus Late Wisconsin Glaciation: A Test Using Cosmogenic 36C1 Dating ATM 9117566 03/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $59,986; 18 months New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801 Fred M. Phillips Cosmogenic chlorine-36 buildup dating is a new geochronological method that measures how long a rock has been exposed to cosmic rays on the earth's surface, rather than the time since it became a geochemically closed system. The method can thus be used to date the construction of landforms, such as glacial moraines, that are difficult or impossible to date using conventional methods. The award supports glacial chronology investigations by cosmogenic 36Cl buildup at four locations: (1) measurements on samples from Mauna Kea, (2) the Wind River Range, Wyoming, (3) Banks Island, NWT, Canada, and (4) one other site in the High Arctic. These sites provide a latitudinal transect of the Northern Hemisphere to test whether the chronological pattern previously observed at Hawaii and the Sierra Nevada was due to coincidental local anomalies or to truly global climate effects. One potential implication of a positive result would be that the growth of continental-scale ice caps may be more a response to internal dynamics than global climate forcing. 28 Derivation and Analysis of Climatic Information from Tree-Rings ATM 8915353 06/01/90; (OPP) $25,000; (Non-OPP) $205,000; 36 months Columbia University Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory, Palisades, NY 10964 Gordon C. Jacoby An important goal of the U.S. Global Change Program is to quantify the natural rate and range of variability in the climate system. One of the principal sources of paleoclimatic data with annual resolution comes from the analysis of tree-ring thickness. From these data it is possible to reconstruct records of past temperature and precipitation for at least the last few centuries, and perhaps for the last millennium. The project, by an established tree-ring laboratory, continues the production and analyses of paleoclimatic data derived from tree-rings. The project quantifies the thickness variations in tree-rings; relates the variations in thickness to ecological and climatological parameters; develops long-term records of annual variation in climate; and attempts to isolate anthropogenic effects from natural variations in climate. The research is important because it helps to isolate natural variability in the climate system from the effects of fossil fuel burning by man. 29, 30 Collaborative Research: Joint Studies with Russian Scientists to Secure Parallel Histories of Climatic Change in Siberia and Alaska ATM 8914533 03/01/90; (OPP) $20,000; (Non-OPP) $38,018; 48 months Ohio State University Research Foundation, Columbus, OH 43210 Kenneth C. Jezek ATM 8915415 03/15/90; (OPP) $20,000; (Non-OPP) $36,164; 42 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Patricia M. Anderson The effects of greenhouse warming are expected to be much greater in the Arctic regions of both hemispheres than at low latitudes. In order to fully understand and predict the effects of such a warming at high latitudes, it is necessary to reconstruct the history of climate on the continents and over the oceans in the Arctic. The project reconstructs the glacial-interglacial history of climate in a region where, at present, there is a significant sparsity of paleoclimate information: the regions of Alaska and Siberia known as Beringia. Through a series of cooperative field programs, researchers from the United States and Russia are collaborating on paleoecological, paleoclimatological and paleolimnological analyses which determine both the history of climate change in this region and its effects on the local ecology. The project is important because it helps to identify and quantify the natural range and rates of change in climate in regions where significant changes are predicted for the future. 31 A Cooperative Paleoclimatic Study of the Guliya Ice Cap, China: Relationship to Global Climate Variability ATM 8916635 02/01/91; (OPP) $20,000; (Non-OPP) $140,000; 24 months Ohio State University Research Foundation, Columbus, OH 43210 Lonnie G. Thompson Ice core drilling has provided some of the most important paleoclimatic information for the Quaternary interval of earth history. With ice core samples it has been possible to determine the relationship between climate change and atmospheric gas composition. In some low latitude regions the accumulation rate of snow is high enough to resolve annual variations in climate and ENSO scale events. The project supports drilling the Guliya ice cap in China. Located on the northwestern edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, it is the largest and highest subtropical ice cap in the world. Thus, it is likely to contain the best, uninterrupted record of paleoclimate and atmospheric chemistry from the low latitudes. Using the ice core samples, along with others collected from low latitude sites in China and Peru, researchers oversee comprehensive analyses of past climate, and atmospheric gas and dust composition. The research provides the first low latitude record of atmospheric gas composition and its relationship to climate change. It also provides the best record of the relationship of low latitude, high elevations climate to the record of monsoon variability in southern Asia, and information on the relationship between ENSO events and monsoon activity. 32 Photoluminescence Studies of Modern and Pleistocene Lacustrine and Near-Shore Marine Sediments from Spitsbergen: A Potential New Geochronometer for Arctic Waterlain Sediment ATM 9121944 07/15/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $41,954; 11 months Ohio State University Research Foundation, Columbus, OH 43210 Steve Forman There is a clear need for the development of a dating technique that can provide reliable chronologic control for sediments deposited in polar marine and lacustrine environments during the late and middle Quaternary. A series of fundamental investigations are conducted to ascertain the utility of the emerging photoluminescence (PL) technique to date waterlain sediments. The energy selective analysis of PL potentially could supply a widely applicable and accurate geochronometer. Specifically, the experiments test the accuracy and precision of the PL technique to date lacustrine and near-shore marine sediments from Spitsbergen, Svalbard. The sediments chosen for study are either modern or radiocarbon dated sediments from exposures or cores that were deposited during the last 12,000 years. These sediments are from a variety of aqueous sedimentary environments and the research provides coherent results to evaluate the promises and limitations of the PL technique. The project represents one element of the PALE (Paleoclimates from Arctic Lakes and Estuaries) activity. 33 Long-Term Climate Change Studies with Energy Balance Models ATM 8904437 09/01/89; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $55,000; 38 months William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX 77252 Tamara S. Ledley The physical mechanisms of climate change are not yet well understood. The project analyzes glacial-interglacial climate change using a series of experiments with a series of energy balance models (EBM). A coupled climate-sea ice model (CCSI) is being used to evaluate the influence of ice transport and leads on polar and global climate and the impact of Milankovitch solar radiation variations on climate. The CCSI is being coupled with a continental ice sheet model to examine the processes involved in ice sheet initiation and ice sheet response to Milankovitch solar radiation variations. The research program helps to delineate the effects on climate of changes in sea ice distribution and helps to isolate the mechanisms of continental ice sheet growth and decay. 34 Inter- and Intra-Annual Variability in an Interactive Ocean-Atmosphere Climate System ATM 8913261 01/15/90; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $166,740; 48 months University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 David D. Houghton This is a renewal grant to continue investigation of climate variability as simulated by a low resolution atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) coupled to interactive upper oceans formulations. Both interannual and intraannual aspects of the model climate are being examined. Analyses of variability within two already completed 100 year seasonal integrations continues; one performed with the atmospheric model coupled to a 50m deep upper ocean, and the other performed with a prescribed annual cycle of observed ocean conditions. New experimental initiatives with more sophisticated upper ocean and sea ice models are also being explored. These involve 100 year seasonal integrations of the atmospheric model coupled to a prescribed variable depth upper ocean component, a prognostic mixed layer ocean formulation, a tropical-dynamical upper ocean model, and an improved sea ice parameterization. Focus is on characterizing the interannual variability of ocean surface temperature in tropical and extratropical latitudes of the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean and sea ice area and thickness in polar latitudes. Researchers aim to identify cause/effect relationships between anomalies in different parts of the atmosphere-ice-ocean system. The studies of intra-annual variability focus on bimodality in planetary scale atmospheric circulation features of middle latitudes and on transition shifts in the seasonal structures of atmospheric circulation and energetic. Intercomparison of the different experiments identify the relative importance of individual ocean-atmospheric processes that produce climate variability. The processes include ocean-atmosphere energy exchange, mechanisms involving mixed layer and sea ice development, and internal ocean dynamics. The research is important because it seeks to improve understanding of how the ocean-ice-atmosphere system interacts to cause climate variability. Facilities and Equipment 35 CEDAR: Polar Cap Electric Field OPP 9202795 08/15/92; (OPP) $46,596; (Non-OPP) $0; 11 months SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025 Odile de la Beaujardiere This project will study the electric field variations in the polar cap as a function of the interplanetary medium and the magnetic substorm activity. Primarily, the work will center around the Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar, but will also entail coincident data from other ground based facilities and satellite instruments. Two issues addressed are: (1) the influence that the interplanetary medium has on the polar cap electric field, and (2) changes in the electric field in and near the polar cap during substorms. 36 Cooperative Agreement: Support of the National Center for Atmospheric Research ATM 8709659 10/01/87; (OPP) $30,000; (Non-OPP) --; 73 months University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307 Richard Anthes The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) provides observational and computational facilities, including aircraft, radars, and supercomputers, primarily for academic and NCAR researchers. NCAR also conducts research, in collaboration with university scientists, in climate and global dynamics, atmospheric chemistry, mesoscale and microscale meteorology, and solar and solar-terrestrial physics, and oceanography. This Arctic grant provides funding support in conjunction with other NSF agency support. 37 Studies of the Dynamics and Energetics of the Polar Cap Thermosphere and Mesosphere from Thule, Greenland in Support of the CEDAR Program ATM 9002608 06/01/90; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $20,000; 36 months University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1220 Timothy L. Killeen The CEDAR (Coupling, Energetics and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions) program is very much concerned with multistation campaigns for acquisition of data on the polar region atmosphere. The topic of this program involves the operation of an optical observatory at Thule, Greenland. The observations made with high sensitivity electronic imaging systems, Fabry-Perot interferometers and spectrometers are being used to study the optical emissions from the airglow and the aurora as applied to the understanding of plasma convection across the polar cap and the motion of the thermospheric neutral atmosphere. Magnetospheric Physics Program 38 Partial Financial Support for the URSI Commission G International Symposium on the High-Latitude Ionosphere in Fairbanks, August 10-14, 1992 ATM 9212217 08/15/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $4,535; 5 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Robert D. Hunsucker The grant supported the URSI Commission G International Symposium on "A Decade of Advances in Radiowave Probing of the High-Latitude Ionosphere and Atmosphere" held at the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, August 10-14, 1992. The symposium assessed what has been learned during the past ten years and considered the application and significance of new facilities. Most of the papers are being published in a special issue of Radio Science similar to what was done for the comparable August, 1982 meeting (Radio Science 18, Nov.-Dec., 1983). 39 A Conjugate Study of ULF Waves at the Cusp: A GEM Project ATM 9213361 09/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $54,645; 18 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 John V. Olson The project studies the ULF wave spectrum at cusp stations in conjugate hemispheres. An auroral observatory located at Longyearbyen, Svalbard in the Northern Hemisphere has been in operation for nearly a decade and is equipped with induction coil and fluxgate magnetometers to measure the ULF wave spectrum. The station is also instrumented with all-sky and meridian scanning photometers which provide an optical context for the magnetic measurements. In the Southern Hemisphere, the Australian station at Davis, Antarctica is also equipped with induction coil and fluxgate magnetometers and has made observations of the ULF wave spectrum associated with the cusp for several years. An exchange of data has begun and the analyses show promising correlations. It is well known that the cusp region is a rich source of ULF waves spanning the frequency spectrum from near dc to above Hz. The spectrum consists of an ensemble of waves and variations with causes ranging from boundary motions and macroscopic boundary instabilities at the low frequency end, through impulsive and coherent signals with correlation to the solar wind at intermediate frequencies, up to and beyond ion-cyclotron waves generated in the unstable plasma near the magnetospheric boundary layers and shocked cusp plasma. Work in these analyses are aided through collaboration with the plasma simulation group at the Geophysical Institute. The goal is to collect ULF data at the two sites on a campaign basis in order to: (1) investigate the conjugacy of the cusp at these sites; (2) identify wave generation mechanisms associated with the cusp; (3) inspect the ULF spectrum at the two sites for correlations; (4) identify signatures of flux transfer and particle injection at the magnetopause; and (5) use the waves as a diagnostic for location of the boundaries. 40 Operation of the Alaska-Canada High-Latitude Magnetometer Chain ATM 8912155 03/15/90; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $85,000; 42 months University of Alaska Geophysical Institute, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0800 John V. Olson Support for ground-based instruments is an important goal of the Magnetospheric Physics Program. The project continues operation of the Alaska-Canada meridian chain of magnetometers and riometers. These instruments are an essential tool for the investigation of high-latitude geomagnetic phenomena and as a remote sensing facility for the University of Alaska and the space physics community. The chain closely follows a magnetic meridian, spanning the auroral oval reaching into the polar cap. The data from the meridian chain is widely used by the space physics community and is an important diagnostic for a number of satellite operations and rocket launches from the Poker Flat Rocket Range. 41 A Program of Analyses of the Multiexperiment Data from the Cusp Observatory at Svalbard, Norway: A GEM Project ATM 9204116 02/15/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $34,451; 17 months University of Alaska Geophysical Institute, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0800 Roger W. Smith The award supports the continued collection and analyses of multi-instrument data at the Longyearbyen, Svalbard Observatory. Instrumented with an all-sky camera, a meridian scanning photometer, riometer, induction and fluxgate magnetometers, this site is well suited for studies of the cusp and delineation of high latitude magnetospheric boundaries. The Longyearbyen Observatory is unique in the Northern Hemisphere in lying on the dark side of the terminator at noon during northern winter. The sky is dark enough to allow optical observation from late October to early February. The site has been operated successfully for more than a decade. Studies of the multi-instrument data help provide a context for interpretation unavailable for single instrument measurements. While the magnetometers can be used to identify the station location with regard to the major high-latitude current systems, the optical instruments identify emissions associated with the various regions near the cusp. As yet, it is not clear what processes the emissions and associated geomagnetic pulsations represent; they may map boundaries or show the processes confined by magnetospheric boundaries. During the winter season, the campaign allows us to study large scale features of the cusp region and their development in time. Associated with impulsive events at the magnetopause, arcs and waves are detected which require study before a positive identification can be made. When combined with satellite data, the data suite is sufficient to begin the process of identifying ionospheric signatures of auroral forms associated the cusp. 42 GEM: Investigations of the Ionospheric Signatures of Cusp, Magnetopause and Boundary Layer Processes with an Imaging Riometer at Sondrestrom, Greenland ATM 9112720 08/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $79,000; 30 months University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, MD 20742 Theodore J. Rosenberg Integral components of the multi-agency U.S. Global Change Research Program (Our Changing Planet, Committee on Earth Sciences, 1991) are understanding and modeling the geospace environment. As part of its contribution to the U.S. Global Change Research Program, the National Science Foundation's Division of Atmospheric Sciences has established a new research initiative, Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM), with the goal of supporting basic research into the dynamical and structural properties of geospace, leading to the construction of a global geospace model with predictive capability. The subjects of the first GEM campaign are the magnetospheric boundary, the magnetosheath beyond it, and the connection from the boundary through the magnetosphere to the ionosphere. The grant supports placement of an imaging riometer at Sondrestrom, Greenland, used in conjunction with GEM activities. Specifically, the project investigates the nature of transient dayside precipitation regions and the relationship to other short-lived ionospheric perturbations near and within the high-latitude cusp region. 43 GEM: Investigations of the Ionospheric Signatures of Cusp, Magnetopause and Boundary Layer Processes with an Imaging Riometer at Sondrestrom, Greenland ATM 9216395 09/15/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $37,800; 17 months University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, MD 20742 Theodore J. Rosenberg The award provides support for campaign coordination activities in one of the principal components of the Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) Program. The GEM program is aimed at making fundamental advances in understanding the geospace (upper-atmosphere, ionosphere, magnetosphere) environment through coordinated efforts of groups of scientists engaged in observational, theoretical, and modeling activities. The goals of the program are established by active scientists based on results and discussions at workshops. The principal focus of the campaign coordination workshops supported by this project is on observations. 44 Continuing Operation of a Magnetometer Array on the Greenland Ice Cap (MAGIC) to Investigate Propagating Ionospheric Current Systems OPP 9204520 07/15/92; (OPP) $84,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 11 months University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1220 C. R. Clauer The award supports the operation of an array of unattended, automatic magnetic data collection platforms on the Greenland ice cap, and the reduction, distribution, and analyses of these data. Data from the MAGIC (Magnetometer Array on the Greenland Ice Cap) array, after reduction and verification, are fully available to those who request. The MAGIC array compliments the magnetic stations on the coast of Greenland for the investigation of small-scale, ionospheric current systems. Operation of this array in the interior of Greenland takes advantage of the established logistical support for the Greenland Ice Sheet Program II (GISP II) at the Greenland summit. Thus, it is possible to establish and maintain these stations for a small cost. These magnetic stations form a two-dimensional array with station separation of about 150km. The scientific objective of these magnetic measurements is to investigate small-scale propagating magnetic disturbances which appear to result from moving filamentary field-aligned currents interacting with the ionosphere. Different classes of these systems have now been identified and the origin of the field-aligned currents appears to be the magnetospheric boundary layer and magnetopause region. It is particularly important to have a dense two-dimensional array in order to resolve the motion and structural evolution of these current systems. The MAGIC stations, in combination with the existing west coast and east coast Greenland magnetometers and with stations to be deployed in Canada, permit us to observe these phenomena over a sufficient region as to identify their generation location and resolve their motion and spatial evolution as they propagate tailward. Further the comparatively high time resolution (15-s data) of the MAGIC and coastal stations permits investigations which were limited by the one minute data previously available. This data and the research are important to understanding the physics of the processes that couple energy and momentum from the solar wind to the magnetosphere and ionosphere. The research is a collaborative effort between the University of Michigan, SRI International, and the Danish Meteorological Institute. 45 Study of Auroral Radio Emissions from Alaska: Continued Observations and Data Analysis ATM 9123068 08/15/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $39,294; 11 months Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 James W. LaBelle Despite the intensity with which the aurora has been studied at radio wavelengths, there remains a gap in the ground measurements between a few hundred kiloHertz, the upper range of VLF experiments, and a few tens of megaHertz, at which riometers operate. A number of ground observations indicate that emissions are generated by the aurora in this frequency range, but the observations are spotty, and the nature and even the existence of these emissions remains uncertain. There is some theoretical work justifying the investigation of auroral emissions using ground-based instrumentation, but more systematic observations are needed to lay the groundwork for further theoretical progress. Under a previous NSF grant, a PC-based instrument for monitoring 0.1-5 MHz radio waves from remote sites was developed and operated for one Winter, a preliminary analysis of the data was done, and publications on related subjects were prepared or published. The grant supports continued collection of radio data from Alaska with an improved version of the instrument. Three specific plans for completing the analyses of last year's data and the data for the upcoming year are being proposed. The goals of the further year of study are: (1) to provide a solid start towards clearing up the uncertainty regarding the existence of and/or natures of LF/MF/HF emissions observable on the ground from aurorae; (2) to determine whether the method of using PC-based radio receivers in the Northern Hemisphere shows promise for longer-term observations of auroral emissions in the frequency range; and (3) to complete several specific data analysis goals which are achievable with data collected last year, and which will be enhanced by a further year of data. 46 GEM: Operation of an Induction Magnetometer at Frobisher Bay, Canada; A Conjugate Site to South Pole, Antarctica ATM 9111929 08/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $46,564; 30 months University of New Hampshire-Durham, Durham, NH 03824 Roger L. Arnoldy An integral component of the multi-agency U.S. Global Change Research Program (Our Changing Planet, Committee on Earth Sciences, 1991) is understanding and modeling the geospace environment. As part of its contribution to the U.S. Global Change Research Program, the National Science Foundation's Division of Atmospheric Sciences has established a new research initiative, Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM), with the goal of supporting basic research into the dynamical and structural properties of geospace, leading to the construction of a global geospace model with predictive capability. The subjects of the first GEM campaign are the magnetospheric boundary, the magnetosheath beyond it, and the connection from the boundary through the magnetosphere to the ionosphere. The grant supports operation of an induction coil magnetometer sensitive to magnetic pulsations having periods between 1000 sec. and 0.1/sec, at Frobisher Bay, Canada. Pulsations in this frequency range could be an important component of the GEM mapping program since they present a possible opportunity to sample superthermal and energetic ion populations in their generation region. 47 GEM: Global Magnetic Impulse Events ATM 9112522 09/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $35,431; 30 months CUNY New York City Technical College, Brooklyn, NY 11201 Allan Wolfe Integral components of the multi-agency U.S. Global Change Research Program (Our Changing Planet, Committee on Earth Sciences, 1991) are understanding and modeling the geospace environment. As part of its contribution to the U.S. Global Change Research Program, the National Science Foundation's Division of Atmospheric Sciences has established a new research initiative, Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM), with the goal of supporting basic research into the dynamical and structural properties of geospace, leading to the construction of a global geospace model with predictive capability. The subjects of the first GEM campaign are the magnetospheric boundary, the magnetosheath beyond it, and the connection from the boundary through the magnetosphere to the ionosphere. The grant integrates on-going measurements of magnetic field fluctuations at conjugate locations (Iqaluit, Canada, and South Pole, Antarctica) at high geomagnetic latitudes with other measurements to be carried out under the GEM Program in order to obtain a more global description of the dayside magnetopause environment. Of particular interest is the study on a global scale of magnetic impulse events, which appear to delineate regions of localized magnetic field-aligned currents. Solar Terrestrial 48 Solar Modulation of Terrestrial 14C Production During the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Epoch (Solar Wind, Flares and Irradiance) ATM 8919535 04/01/90; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $46,481; 42 months University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 Paul E. Damon The solar activity-radiocarbon-climate relationship of the Little Ice Age, a period of low solar activity, is being compared with that of the Medieval Warm Epoch, a period of low solar activity. Additionally, Russian data of Kocharov, which suggested a 20 percent fluctuation in C14 content of tree rings with an 18-year period (and no 11-year cycle) during the Maunder minimum, is being evaluated. Computer modeling is also being performed to test the stationality of the C14 periodicity over the 10 millennium record, to examine periods not yet studied but which appear in the power spectra, and to determine if the relationships between the C14 record and delta O18 signals from the Greenland ice cores are also evident in the delta O18 record of Antarctic ice cores. The work includes high-precision C14 analyses using liquid scintillation spectrometry of single-year tree-ring samples for the time periods in question. Upper Atmospheric Facilities 49 Continued Operations of the Sondrestrom Incoherent Scatter Radar Facility ATM 8822560 01/15/89; (OPP) $160,000; (Non-OPP) $1,671,000; 60 months SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025 John D. Kelly The award is for a cooperative agreement with SRI International. Under the agreement, SRI is funded to operate and coordinate the authorized use of the NSF-owned Sondrestrom Radar Facility located in Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland. SRI coordinates and provides logistic support, with the help of the U.S. Air Force, for users who travel to Greenland. SRI also provides data reduced to geophysical parameters to radar users, interested researchers, and the database at NCAR. In addition, SRI scientists use the radar to carry out an active research program of their own. 50 CEDAR: Sondrestrom Arctic Lidar Technology (ARCLITE) Facility ATM 9102475 07/15/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $236,678; 30 months SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025 Jeffrey P. Thayer SRI International is establishing a permanent lidar facility at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland, capable of performing Rayleigh and resonant scatter measurements. The Arctic lidar technology (ARCLITE) facility is being installed at the Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar site to allow complementary studies with collocated upper-atmospheric instrumentation, existing and planned. The ARCLITE facility is concentrating on measurements of sodium D2 resonance backscatter to provide information on the characteristics of the high-latitude sodium layer, and on Rayleigh backscatter measurements to provide information on the structure of the high-latitude mesosphere/stratosphere region. 51 Joint Radar and Optical Investigations of Auroral Processes Over Sondre Stromfjord ATM 9000195 07/01/90; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $116,026; 42 months Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32014 Gulamabas G. Sivjee The award provides funds to obtain a Michelson interferometer which operates in the infrared and place it at the optical facility collocated with the incoherent scatter radar at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland. It is used to investigate auroral processes: (1) the investigation of the optical signature for non-linear effects that are similar to the spectrum observed in laboratory beam plasma discharge; and (2) the examination of the optical signature for effects of non-local thermodynamic equilibrium. 52 CEDAR: Ground-based Multifrequency Observations of the Exosphere ATM 9102314 08/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $126,632; 30 months Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 Robert B. Kerr The project sustains efforts to characterize exospheric conditions and coupling with the ionosphere and thermosphere. Three campaigns for simultaneous observations of the geocoronal Ha (6563 A) emission and incoherent scatter radar measurements of the topside ionosphere at Arecibo, PR are taking place and a single campaign at Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland is being done. The project also takes responsibility for advanced analyses of the extant CHARM (Collaborative Ha and Radar Measurements of the Coupled Thermosphere, Ionosphere, and Exosphere) initiative database. Upper Atmospheric Physics 53 Investigations of Mechanisms and Effects of Wave-Particle Interactions Using Data from Siple Station, Antarctica, VLF Wave-Injection Experiments OPP 8918326 12/01/89; (OPP) $105,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 42 months Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 Robert A. Helliwell The award provides funds for the analyses of data acquired by the investigators from an active experiment that injected very low frequency (VLF) radio waves in to the Earth's magnetosphere from Siple Station, Antarctica. Receivers to measure the rich variety of phenomena discovered were located at Siple and at Lake Mistissini, Quebec. In addition, the VLF waves were also measured on a number of satellites. Siple Station has now been closed; however, the Siple transmitter, operated for nearly twenty years, provides a rich storehouse of data that remains to be fully exploited. The main thrust of the research is to study the interaction of the artificially launched VLF waves with the population of trapped energetic particles that make up the magnetospheric (Van Allen) radiation belts, and in particular to better understand how VLF interactions can be amplified by the magnetosphere and how they can cause the precipitation of energetic particles into the atmosphere and, thereby, control the particle population. 54 Ground Based Infrared Measurements in the Arctic OPP 9214819 08/15/92; (OPP) $122,317; (Non-OPP) $0; 17 months University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208 Frank J. Murcray The Arctic project measures a number of trace gases which play an important role in the destruction of stratospheric ozone. The measured species include hydrogen chloride, methane, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ethane, water vapor, nitric acid, chlorine nitrate, carbon dioxide, the chlorofluorocarbons F11 and F22, ozone, and carbon tetrafluoride. The measurement is made from the ground by a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer operating in two modes. The primary mode is to view the rising (or setting) sun at high spectral resolution and to deduce the atmospheric constituents by observing the absorption of solar infrared radiation and simultaneously deduce the altitude distribution of some of the trace gases. The secondary mode is to use the FTIR at low resolution to measure emission from trace gases during the polar night when the sun is unavailable as a source of radiation. The project is important for the study of global change, especially for the effects of man-made chlorine bearing compounds on the ozone layer. 55 Chapman Conference on Solar Wind Sources of Magnetospheric ULF Waves OPP 9212104 08/06/92; (OPP) $7,000; (Non-OPP) $6,280; 16 months American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC 20009 A. F. Spilhaus The award provides partial support for an American Geophysical Union run Chapman Conference entitled "Solar Wind Sources of Magnetospheric ULF (Ultra Low Frequency) Waves". The meeting was held in Williamsburg, Virginia, in September, 1992. 56 Riometry in Antarctica and Conjugate Regions OPP 9119753 07/15/92; (OPP) $144,210; (Non-OPP) $0; 17 months University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, MD 20742 Theodore J. Rosenberg The project continues and expands the study of the upper atmosphere, especially auroral phenomena, using photometry and riometric techniques. The project has developed a new imaging riometer (relative ionospheric opacity meter) system called IRIS (Imaging Riometer for Ionospheric Studies). The first two IRIS were installed at South Pole Station and Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland. A third IRIS is being installed at Iqaluit, NWT, Canada. There are also broad-beam riometers operating at several frequencies at South Pole, McMurdo, and Iqaluit as well as auroral photometers at South Pole and McMurdo. Iqaluit is the magnetic conjugate to South Pole. These instruments constitute a unique network with which to study auroral effects in both magnetic hemispheres simultaneously. 57 An Accomplishment-Based Renewal for Support for Measurement and Analysis of High Latitude Magnetic Pulsations OPP 8913870 04/01/90; (OPP) $110,006; (Non-OPP) $0; 42 months University of New Hampshire-Durham, Durham, NH 03824 Roger L. Arnoldy The project continues the operation and analyses of data from magnetic pulsation sensors located at high geomagnetic latitude stations in the Arctic and Antarctic. The stations are McMurdo and South Pole, Antarctica and Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland. The frequency of pulsations measured are from a few milliHertz to a few Hertz. These pulsations play an important role in attempting to understand the mechanism by which energy is transferred from the solar wind to the Earth's magnetosphere. The ground-based measurements are used in conjunction with similar data acquired from a number of satellites. 58 Geomagnetic Variations in High Latitude Conjugate Regions OPP 8921094 06/01/90; (OPP) $94,500; (Non-OPP) $0; 42 months CUNY New York City Technical College, Brooklyn, NY 11201 Allan Wolfe The project continues research on the variations of the Earth's magnetic field in high latitudes in both hemispheres. Magnetometers are located at South Pole; McMurdo; Iqaluit, NWT, Canada, and Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland, with most of the research activity focussing on the magnetically conjugate sites of Iqaluit and South Pole. Specific subjects being studied include the coupling of the interplanetary medium into the magnetospheric cusp regions and the causes and propagation of low frequency hydromagnetic waves in the magnetosphere. A new magnetometer and data collection instrumentation are being installed at Iqaluit. The project is jointly supported by NSF and AT&T Bell Laboratories. 59 Study of North Polar Vortex Phenomena OPP 8922484 05/01/90; (OPP) $188,196; (Non-OPP) $8,000; 42 months University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 James M. Rosen The award continues support of research on the wintertime north polar stratospheric vortex, which is focused on phenomena that are believed to be related to polar stratospheric ozone depletion. The measurements are made by balloon borne instruments, some of which are especially designed for this purpose. The instruments measure ozone concentration, water vapor concentration by the frost point method, temperature, pressure, nitric acid, and aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds. The aerosol and cloud measurements are being made by a new instrument called a backscattersonde that has been developed for this work. The balloons are being flown from Alert, NWT, Canada; Heiss Island, Russia; the Kola Peninsula, Russia; and Frobisher Bay, NWT, Canada. The first two sites are located well within the normal position of the polar vortex while the remaining two are on the edge of the vortex and in a region where there is some sunlight at mid-winter. The goal of the research is to elucidate the role that polar stratospheric clouds and aerosols play in the destruction of ozone. The project involves a collaboration between U.S., Canadian and Russian scientists. The project is very unusual in that it includes a Russian Co-Principal Investigator, though there is no exchange of funds. 60 Measurements from Long Duration Balloons in the Arctic Vortex OPP 9214703 07/01/92; (OPP) $161,720; (Non-OPP) $9,000; 18 months University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 James M. Rosen The project is developing and using low-cost, long-duration balloon systems to make measurement within the Arctic polar stratospheric vortex to study ozone depletion issues. The balloon borne instruments measure polar stratospheric clouds using the backscattersondes developed by the principal investigator, ozone, temperature and eventually nitric acid, aerosols, water vapor, nitrogen dioxide and other trace gases which are important to ozone depletion. The project is a joint venture of the University of Wyoming and the Central Aerological Observatory, Moscow, Russia. The Russian involvement is necessary to obtain permission for the balloons to traverse Russian airspace, to help with tracking and to facilitate payload recovery. OCEAN SCIENCES Chemical Oceanography 61 Numerical Studies of Negative Buoyancy-Induced Thermohaline Circulation on Arctic Continental Shelves OCE 9113940 09/15/91; (OPP) $57,415; (Non-OPP) $179,393; 42 months Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Glen G. Gawarkiewicz The project is part of a systematic study of the Arctic environment and its role in global change which is promoted by NSF's Arctic System Science Program. It is a three-year project to understand the dynamics of the thermohaline circulation associated with surface salinity fluxes by applying a numerical model in a sequence of process-oriented studies. Surface cooling and brine rejection during ice formation lead to large surface salinity fluxes in many areas of the Arctic Ocean, particularly over the continental shelves. This negative buoyancy input increases the water density to such an extent that it may sink to the bottom and induce thermohaline circulation patterns which may generate dense-water bottom currents in the form of plumes. Such dense-water plumes may transport shelf water across the shelf and deposit it into the deep Arctic basins, thus contributing to the large-scale Arctic circulation. 62 New Production and Carbon Cycling in Marine Plankton Systems OCE 9203250 05/01/92; (OPP) $3,000; (Non-OPP) $149,173; 12 months Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 Raymond N. Sambrotto The export of organic matter from the ocean's surface is an important biological and chemical process. Biologically, this export feeds most deeper dwelling organisms, and chemically it influences the exchange of gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen with the atmosphere. Export usually is defined in terms of carbon. A common approach is to estimate carbon export from a limiting nutrient such as the new (nitrate) component of total plankton production by assuming that 6.6 atoms of carbon are exported for each atom of new production. However, this gear ratio (one of the Redfield ratios) between the surface water carbon and nitrogen cycles has never been rigorously examined. Recent measurements in diverse ocean areas indicate that the net change in inorganic carbon associated with new production exceeds that predicted from the Redfield conversion by more than 50 percent. Thus, current concepts or nutrient cycling in the ocean may be seriously flawed and the role or the ocean as a carbon sink and as an O2 source may be significantly underestimated. The research represents the first quantitative study of the relationship between new production and net production in terms of both dissolved inorganic carbon and O2 with incubation experiments that can isolate the biological processes from the confounding effects of mixing and gas exchange. These experiments provide critical relationships that are needed for more accurate estimates of oceanic carbon and oxygen fluxes. The differential recycling of carbon and nitrogen as a reason why the Redfield C:N conversion fails in surface water is also being evaluated. Instrumentation Development 63 A Versatile 10-Meter Coring Tool for Precision Coring in Deep Water OCE 9013147 02/01/91; (OPP) $7,500; (Non-OPP) $128,108; 30 months University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI 02882 John W. King The development project develops new hardware for enhancing and modifying a Mackereth coring device for use in water depth from 20 to 6,000 meters. The design allows recovery of large diameter (12.7cm), precisely oriented, and undisturbed 10-meter sediment cores. The new deep-water corer has significant advantages over presently used piston corers and has application in a variety of ocean science research applications. Marine Geology and Geophysics 64 Tsunamis (Seismic Sea Waves): An Investigation of Overland Flow and Wave-Structure Interaction BCS 9115422 01/15/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $128,997; 12 months California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 Fredric Raichlen Tsunamis are ocean waves generated by an impulsive geophysical event, such as an earthquake. Historically, Hawaii and Alaska have been the areas of the United States affected by tsunami impact. The objectives of the research program are to study the runup of a tsunami onto a coastline, the overland flow of tsunamis, and their interaction with structures located in the nearshore regions. Specifically, it is investigating: (1) the shape, kinematic characteristics and shoreward limit of propagation of the overland flow of the surge which may develop at the shoreline due to the tsunami; and (2) the determination of the forces and pressures imposed on two-dimensional and three-dimensional structures by an impinging surge. This investigation is directed toward the mitigation of tsunami hazards by contributing to the knowledge needed to improve tsunami warning systems, to estimate the overland flow of a tsunami-induced surge, and to design structures located near the shoreline which could be impacted by such a surge. 65 A Database for Tsunamis Affecting Alaska and Hawaii BCS 9208173 09/15/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $121,212; 17 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 James F. Lander The current tsunami histories for Alaska and Hawaii are inadequate for making decisions on tsunami warnings, inundation mapping, and other tsunami mitigation measures. The errors introduced through repeated compilations, the omissions of detail in ensuing recompilations, the limitations due to the scope and purposes of the ordinal compilations and subsequent studies, and the original material overlooked and omitted from each compilation all combine to obscure the real nature of the hazard. The project, together with work that is being done on the West Coast tsunami experience, provides a database that substantially covers the U.S. tsunami history and provides a useful tool for research and revision of inundation maps, warning systems, and other mitigation efforts with significant safety and financial implications. It is also a contribution to the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction. 66 High Resolution Paleoceanography and Precise Dating of Glaciation in the Norwegian Channel and the North Sea OCE 9019660 03/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $77,821; 30 months Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Scott J. Lehman The project determines whether the central North Sea was glaciated and the rate and pattern of retreat of the Scandinavian ice sheet from the northern North Sea by dating the first glacial marine sediments deposited upon submarine tills in a series of in situ quality geotechnical boreholes. High resolution isotope and faunal records are being developed from rapidly deposited postglacial sediments to monitor changes in meridional circulation and meltwater discharge at the century time scale. The studies allow the evaluation of the relationship between glacier melting and changes in meridional circulation with unprecedented resolution and sensitivity. 67 Mantle Evolution Beneath the Greenland Sea OCE 9017105 03/15/91; (OPP) $5,000; (Non-OPP) $10,000; 23 months University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881 Jean-Guy Schilling Researchers are analyzing samples from 40 dredge stations occupied along the Kolbeinsey, Mohns, and Knipovich ridges from 65o to 80o N. The petrology, trace element, and Nd-Sr isotope ratios of these samples already have been studied. Pb isotope ratios and Th-U-Pb concentrations are being measured. The results provide a complete data base for modeling crust and mantle processes associated with the Greenland basin, and the dynamic and thermal influences of the Iceland and Jan Mayen plumes on the ridges. Oceanography (OPP) 68 Interrelations Between Structural Characteristics, Physical Properties, and SAR Signatures of Late-Summer Pack Ice in the Beaufort-Chukchi Sea OPP 9122948 06/01/92; (OPP) $119,369; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Martin O. Jeffries The project is a study of the composition and properties, as well as the associated synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signatures of warm Arctic sea ice. Direct measurements are being made from U.S. Coast Guard icebreakers in the late summers of 1992 and 1993 in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas. Sea ice characteristics being investigated include thickness, salinity and temperature profiles, dielectric properties, crystal structure, and surface conditions. These characteristics are being used to model the expected microwave backscatter intensities, which are being compared to observed backscatter intensities obtained by the SAR instruments on board the ERS-1 and JERS-1 satellites. The project contributes to an improved understanding of the internal structure of Arctic pack ice, of the specific summer properties of warm sea ice, and SAR signature variations produced by differing ice characteristics. The information produced by this study is expected to be particularly valuable in other fields of polar oceanographic research, such as sea ice dynamics and thermodynamics, ice mechanics and rheology, oceanic heat and salt fluxes, and sea ice biological processes. 69 SGER: Aircraft Measurements in the Bennett Island Plume OPP 9211802 03/01/92; (OPP) $12,650; (Non-OPP) $0; 14 months NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO 80303 Russell C. Schnell The project makes the first direct measurements of a low altitude atmospheric plume that has been observed in satellite imagery as rising from the sea ice in the vicinity of Bennett Island in the Arctic Ocean. It has been hypothesized that the plume consists of rapidly escaping methane released from the melting and vaporization of methane hydrates along a fault structure, but to date there has been no direct confirmation of this conjecture. The work is supported under the Small Grants for Exploratory Research Program (SGER), which includes in its objectives the support of research that is risky and has severe urgency with regard to availability of facilities. The field work was a month-long deployment of a Russian AN-2 aircraft to the vicinity of Bennett Island following the already scheduled Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP-(4), sponsored by NOAA, in March and April of 1992. This takes advantage of the fact that the aircraft has already been equipped with a suite of atmospheric chemistry instrumentation, and only requires the installation of a separate sample inlet line. The work identifies the composition of the Bennett Island plume, and if it is, in fact, largely methane, allows a determination of the age of the source hydrates. This, in turn, promotes the construction of a global methane budget, and assesses its effect as a radiatively important trace species on the global radiation budget. 70 Biogenic Bromine Production in Arctic Waters OPP 9015614 01/01/91; (OPP) $6,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 William T. Sturges The project is a study of organic bromine chemistry in the lower Arctic atmosphere, particularly in relation to tropospheric destruction of ozone. It has been observed that shortly after the Arctic sunrise, surface ozone concentrations decline from a late winter maximum to near zero before recovering to moderately high summer values. There is also strong evidence which implies that the primary cause for the minimum is the photolytic production of bromine radicals from organic bromine gases, which then combine with ozone. The chemical pathways are conjectural, and little is known about the origins of the organic bromine, but it is believed that a marine source is the most probable. The study addresses the former question through a field program at Resolute, N.W.T., Canada, to collect and analyze atmospheric particulate bromine and both inorganic and organic gaseous bromine, as well as other halogens (chlorine and iodine) to assess their possible contributions to tropospheric chemistry during the Arctic spring. Supporting ozone and meteorological variables are measured routinely at the Barrow Observatory of Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change Program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The complementary effort to collect and analyze headspace gases from incubated Arctic macrophyte, phytoplankton, ice algae, and other samples is included in a separately funded action. 71, 72 Modeled and Observed Sea ice Variability in the Arctic Sensitivity to Atmospheric Conditions and the Surface Energy Budget OPP 9024114 05/01/91; (OPP) $87,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 James Maslanik OPP 9110416 04/01/91; (OPP) $62,636; (Non-OPP) $0; 24 months Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 William D. Hibler The project attempts to quantify the effects of variations in the major ice-atmosphere energy budget terms on the Arctic sea ice concentration and distribution. Observational studies have shown the existence of a variety of interrelationships between the atmosphere and the sea ice, but modeling studies are required to identify and quantify forcing mechanisms, directions of operation, and the sensitivity of the interactions to changes in the state of the ocean and the atmosphere. Specifically, the project makes use of a ten-year data set to construct forcing functions for a coupled sea ice-radiative transfer model. Sensitivity studies are being conducted to identify specific climatically interesting regions, to determine if intense short-term events affect the long-term sea ice state, and to define the overall limits of the Arctic climate system. 73 Arctic and Antarctic Ice-Ocean Modeling and Investigations of the Role of Ice Dynamics in Global Ocean Thermohaline Circulation OPP 9203470 05/01/92; (OPP) $178,704; (Non-OPP) $0; 12 months Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 William D. Hibler The project attempts to quantify the effects of sea ice and ice transport on the presence and persistence of high latitude oceanic salinity anomalies, and, more generally, on the circulation of the global oceans. Past global modeling efforts have included only rudimentary ice dynamics and thermodynamics, while sea ice models have generally neglected the large-scale oceanic effects of the sea ice. The project couples an ice-ocean model that includes full sea ice dynamics to a baroclinic ocean model. By varying the fraction of the included global ocean, the sea ice effect can be explicitly demonstrated. A series of numerical studies are being done concerning the question of how critical ice export, or equatorward ice transport, is on regional salinity budgets, and how much a variation in the ice budgets can affect the thermohaline circulation of geographically realistic ocean basins. After separate studies of the Northern and Southern Hemisphere ice-ocean circulation models, a complete model is being constructed for the Atlantic Ocean. With this model it is anticipated that an asymmetrical global model of the thermohaline circulation can be obtained, which may then be perturbed in order to assess the global-scale effect of modified ice transport from the Arctic Basin and the Antarctic circumpolar region. 74 Transport and Deposition of Trace Elements to the Greenland Ice Sheet OPP 8922031 04/01/90; (OPP) $28,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 42 months University of New Hampshire-Durham, Durham, NH 03824 Byard W. Mosher The record of trace elements that is preserved in high latitude ice masses, such as the Greenland ice sheet, potentially contains significant information concerning regional and global scale atmospheric and paleoatmospheric geochemistry, such as the timing and magnitude of volcanic eruptions, anthropogenic emissions, and climatic change. A crucial link is that between atmospheric composition and snow chemistry. The project conducts studies of wet depositional processes active in the high Arctic by measuring concurrent aerosol and snow elemental composition combined with meteorological air trajectory analyses to help identify the types, locations, and transport pathways of contaminants in the ice sheet. Trace metal data from summer snow samples, compared to the annual accumulation data, allow some conclusions on the seasonal timing of net deposition events. This information is of significant help in interpreting the trace metal record contained in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP-II) deep ice core. 75 Water Mass Formation, Renewal and Exchange in the Arctic Ocean: Tritium/He, 18O and 14C Measurements on the Arctic 1991 Expedition OPP 9022890 05/01/91; (OPP) $83,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 24 months Columbia University Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory, Palisades, NY 10964 Peter Schlosser The project investigates the circulation of the deep basins of the Arctic Ocean using chemical tracers supported by closely spaced hydrographic sections. Oceanic tracers are extremely useful in assessing how the large-scale circulation maintains the hydrographic structure and the Arctic sea ice cover, and in estimating the exchange of water between the Arctic Ocean and its marginal seas. The project collects, measures, and evaluates the tritium, helium isotopes, oxygen-18, and carbon-14 concentration in sea water on transects in the European Basin as part of the International Arctic Ocean Expedition 1991, a three-ship expedition. Small volume sampling is being carried out on the Swedish icebreaker ODEN, while large-volume sampling is being done from the German research ship POLARSTERN. The combination of tracers allows the establishment of renewal time scales for both deep and shallow water masses. Additionally, the pattern of tracers in deep basins gives indications of the origin of these deep water masses and the processes by which they were formed. Operations 76 Shipboard Technician Support OCE 9100560 02/15/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $73,941; 29 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 T. D. Smith The award supports shipboard technician activities associated with the research vessel ALPHA HELIX, a 133-foot ship that is owned by the NSF and operated by the University of Alaska. A significant portion of the ship's operating schedule in recent years is in support of NSF-sponsored research projects. The Shipboard Technician Program has two components: an at-sea component, and an ashore component. The at-sea component consists of instructing scientific personnel in the use of shared shipboard equipment; maintenance, repair, and calibration of scientific instrumentation; instruction and supervision of deck operations; and providing logistics assistance to on-coming and off-going scientific parties. On-shore activities include the maintenance, repair, and calibration of shared use seagoing equipment and the assistance of scientific personnel in preparing for field work on the vessel. Shipboard technicians funded by the award have broad responsibilities for providing the coordination and assistance needed for the successful completion of research projects at sea. The level of activity and amount of support are closely related to the size and capability of the vessel and its scientific outfit and capability. 77 Shipboard Scientific Support Equipment OCE 9123304 07/15/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $49,686; 17 months University of Alaska Institute of Marine Science, Fairbanks, AK 99775-1080 T. D. Smith The project provides shipboard scientific support equipment for the research vessel ALPHA HELIX, an NSF-owned ship operated by the University of Alaska, Institute of Marine Science, and dedicated to use in support of ocean science research. The Shipboard Scientific Support Equipment Program provides funds for ship equipment deemed essential to the proper and safe conduct of ocean science research. The project provides support for such items as deck equipment including winch systems for the deployment and retrieval of scientific instruments; navigational equipment such as radars, gyroscopes, and earth satellite receivers to pinpoint the location of research sites; communication equipment including radio transceivers and satellite transceivers for voice and scientific data communications; and other equipment such as motorized workboats for transporting scientists to and from data retrieval sites. The project allows the institution to replace VHF radios, a worn-out outboard motor, and a length of cable that is too short. 78 Preliminary Design of an Arctic Research Vessel OCE 9207515 06/15/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $249,809; 23 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Vera D. Alexander The project continues the design process for an Arctic Research Vessel. The concept design, completed in the Spring of 1991, received wide distribution and comment from the scientific community. As a result, a larger, more capable ship including consideration for alternative hull forms is under examination. Incorporating science operational profiles, the first phase of the project redefines the science mission requirements and decides on the appropriate hull form. Phase two completes the preliminary design after NSF review of the phase one results. A subcontract to the Glosten Associates provides naval architectural assistance during both phases. 79 Ship Operations OCE 9000312 01/01/90; (OPP) $499,995; (Non-OPP) $470,563; 42 months University of Alaska Institute of Marine Science, Fairbanks, AK 99775-1080 T.D. Smith The University of Alaska operates the R/V ALPHA HELIX as a general oceanographic vessel in support of NSF-funded research projects. The R/V ALPHA HELIX is a 133-foot general research vessel constructed in 1966. The vessel is owned by the National Science Foundation and operated by the University of Alaska under a 5-year renewable charter. The ship operates mainly in the coastal waters of Alaska, Gulf of Alaska, and Bering Sea. The vessel is part of a fleet used by the National Science Foundation to support oceanographic research projects. The program recognizes the importance of the R/V ALPHA HELIX to the research fleet because it is the only vessel located in an Arctic region. 80 Oceanographic Instrumentation OPP 9123245 07/01/92; (OPP) $24,000; (Non-OPP) $31,880; 18 months University of Alaska Institute of Marine Science, Fairbanks, AK 99775-1080 Thomas C. Royer The oceanographic instrumentation program supports requests to acquire instrumentation for the collection, processing, and analyses of oceanographic data. The project provides funds for equipment to support NSF-funded research cruises aboard the R/V ALPHA HELIX, a 133-foot vessel that is owned by the National Science Foundation and operated by the University of Alaska. 81 Operation SWAB: Monitoring of Ship Contamination OCE 9023376 05/01/91; (OPP) $20,000; (Non-OPP) $65,030; 24 months University of Miami School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Miami, FL 33149 Zafer Top The grant supports the Rosensteil School of the University of Miami's, "Operation SWAB." Upon request from a ship or laboratory operator, personnel from the University of Miami tritium laboratory travel to and test facilities for radioactive spills at very low levels. A detailed report on background contamination is provided and advice offered on how best to clean affected areas. The aim is to provide safe and effective operation of on-board and on-site sampling for radioactive tracers. The methods are 100 times more sensitive than safety and health-related radiation control regulations require. This sensitivity is necessary because of the extremely low levels of trace radioactivity in ocean, atmospheric, and polar ice core samples. Operation SWAB can assure facility operators and users that background radiation levels are appropriate for conducting a range of NSF-sponsored investigations involving natural and anthropogenic isotope distributions in the oceans, atmosphere, and polar ice caps. 82 The Climatic Record of the North Atlantic OCE 9117381 11/15/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $80,000; 11 months Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 Wallace S. Broecker Examining sudden changes in climate is an important aspect of paleoclimate and paleoceanographic research. The North Atlantic Ocean is particularly critical, since changes in this region may be related to major changes in the deep ocean ventilation and circulation rates. Additionally, the proximity of large Northern Hemisphere ice sheets have significant impact on North Atlantic oceanography during glacial times. Study of the oceanographic and climate history revealed in sediments may allow correlation to the climate record recovered from ice coring projects in Greenland. The award supports study of short timescale variations in the North Atlantic and the evolution of climate during the Pliocene. Previous work at ODP site 609 revealed variability in sedimentation on a 1000 year time scale, as well as features at a 10,000 year time scale. The work attempts to map the distribution of these events using existing cores, and extends the previous study back in time at appropriate DSDP/ODP sites. Physical Oceanography 83, 84 Nonlinear Processes in High Latitudes OCE 9102025 09/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $80,000; 24 months Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2043 Doron Nof OCE 9118426 08/15/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $80,000; 23 months Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 Benoit Cushman-Roisin Analytical and numerical investigations of geophysical fluid dynamics emphasizing strongly non-linear processes in high latitudes are being done. The motivation is previous observations in the Greenland Sea. 85 Presidential Young Investigator Award (Matching Funds) OPP 9096151 01/05/90; (OPP) $100,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 49 months Pennsylvania State University-University Park, University Park, PA 16801 Judith A. Curry The award is being used to study the radiative properties of clouds over a high latitude snow/ice lower boundary, and to relate the radiative transfer processes to atmospheric dynamics. A major objective is to develop a technique for parameterizing clouds and their radiative properties for numerical weather and climate prediction models, with applications to the seasonal variation in aerosol concentration in polar regions and to the resulting Arctic haze problem. EARTH SCIENCES Continental Lithosphere 86 Workshop on Interdisciplinary Crustal Studies, Southeast Alaska and British Columbia EAR 9018694 01/15/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $2,700; 17 months Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 Lincoln S. Hollister The award supports a workshop to formulate a plan of research to study terrane accretion in southeast Alaska and adjacent portions of British Columbia. Geologists and geochemists who have extensive experience in the region are being brought together with geophysicists with expertise in imaging features in the deep crust. Because of the network of water ways in southeast Alaska, it is possible to exploit the logistic and scientific advantages of using offshore/onshore seismic imaging techniques. The geological community has a good working understanding of the distribution of rock types in the area and models for their formation and evolution. Constraints are needed on the nature and distribution of structures and lithologies to the base of the crust and into the upper mantle. At the workshop, the overall tectonic history of the region is presented, followed by discussions leading to a determination of the geophysical techniques that could be used to resolve the major questions and where they could best be applied. Geology and Paleontology 87 Late Quaternary Dynamics of the Labrador/Foxe Sectors of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and Ice-Sheet/Ocean Interaction in the North Atlantic EAR 9005179 07/01/90; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $85,000; 42 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 Gifford H. Miller The demonstration of a major advance from a Labradorean dispersal center flowing essentially at right angles to regional topographic features provides strong evidence that the flux of ice during this advance must have been great. The cross-sectional area for that portion of the ice facing the Labrador Sea is ca. 300 km2. A velocity between that of Jacobshavn Glacier, an outlet glacier draining the Greenland Ice Sheet (8 km a-(1)), and the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica (1 km a-(1)) yields an annual flux of 300 to 2400 km3 a-(1). This is about the same fresh-water flux entering the North Atlantic when the St. Lawrence outlet was opened by the retreating Laurentide Ice Sheet 11,000 years ago (30,000 m3 sec-1 or 1000 km3 a-(1); Teller, 1988). Recognizing the importance of ice-sheet/ocean interactions in the global climate system, researchers are investigating a new field effort to define more precisely the spatial limits of this newly recognized advance and the timing of its onset and retreat, and to model the ice dynamics based on the field evidence. Specifically, five objectives are being addressed: (1) defining the maximum limits of the Labradorean advance; (2) deciphering the interaction between the Foxe outlet glacier that flowed out Frobisher Bay and the Labradorean ice sheet backfilling the bay; (3) determining whether all of Meta Incognita Peninsula was overridden by Labradorean ice; (4) defining the temporal limits of these advances; and 5) using the field evidence on the limits and timing of ice sheet advance and retreat as input to glaciological models to provide realistic ice limits, and ice velocities. Accurate reconstructions of the overall configuration of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and the pattern of its flow are necessary to understand the climate and general circulation during a glaciation, the response of the earth's crust to loading, and to contribute to understanding of ice dynamics. 88 The Late Triassic Tetrapod Fauna of the Fleming Fjord Formation, East Greenland EAR 9204789 08/01/92; (OPP) $39,695; (Non-OPP) $79,510; 30 months Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 Farish A. Jenkins The project provides data critical to understanding vertebrate faunal evolution during the Late Triassic, which includes the origin of mammals as well as other major tetrapod groups (e.g., dinosaurs, turtles, crocodylomorphs, Pterosaurs). Although major originations took place during this time, almost half of known Late Triassic tetrapod families became extinct by the Early Jurassic. The temporal, taxonomic and geographic extent of this faunal turnover has been debated, principally because well-dated, fossiliferous rock sequences are rare. The Late Triassic Fleming Fjord Formation offers a greater range of stratigraphic and lithologic exposures (representing lacustrine, fluviatile, and subaerial environments) than those in which Late Triassic faunas have previously been found. The Fleming Fjord fauna is now known to include a substantial representation of European taxa, including prosauropod (Plateosaurus) and theropod dinosaurs, a turtle (Proganochelys), an aetosaur (Aetosaurus ferratus), a pterosaur (Eudimorphodon), plagiosaurid (Gerrothorax) and capitosauroid (cf. Mastodonsaurus) amphibians, as well as other taxa (a phytosaur, sharks, lungfish, and semionotids). The Fleming Fjord fauna is potentially a key biostratigraphic link between continental sediments of Europe and North America. Evidence of one of the earliest known mammals has been found in the Fleming Fjord Formation. Only the scantiest record of mammalian evolution has been found prior to the Early Jurassic. The cranial and postcranial anatomy of Late Triassic mammals is little understood with the result that current phylogenetic hypotheses suffer from a lack of substantive evidence. At the end of the 1991 season four fossiliferous horizons were discovered in the upper Fleming Fjord Formation; these quarry sites, together with investigation of new, recently identified areas for prospecting, hold great promise for producing additional material of mammals as well as other constituents of this fauna. 89 High-Resolution Holocene Climate Reconstruction from the Eastern Canadian Arctic OPP 9196131 05/16/91; (OPP) $22,580; (Non-OPP) $8,000; 25 months Ohio State University Research Foundation, Columbus, OH 43210 Steve Forman The award supports a study of the potential of thermoluminescence (TL) to date high Arctic deglacial marine sediments. A suite of modern and, independently dated, early Holocene and Late Quaternary sediments were specifically collected from western Spitsbergen to explore new TL methods to date deglacial sequences, as well as to test the accuracy, precision, and temporal limitations of the technique. The research is designed to provide needed insight into the basic TL properties of sediments and to develop procedures that can routinely date sediments. The focus of the laboratory studies is to gain a better understanding of which particle size and mineralogic component yield the most chronologically sensitive and stable TL signal. The study outlines the basis for extending the TL method to Arctic deglacial marine-sediments, providing a new method for constraining the timing of Late and Middle Quaternary Arctic glaciations. Geophysics 90 Processing and Interpreting Data from the 1990 Brooks Range Seismic Experiment EAR 9105002 07/15/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $66,274; 23 months William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX 77252 Alan R. Levander The research supports data analyses of the 1990 Brooks Range Seismic Experiment for which field operations support is provided by NSF, IRIS, and the USGS. The project conducted a vertical-incidence to wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction investigation across the Brooks Range and North Slope, Arctic Alaska extending 315 km from the Ruby terrane at the Arctic Circle, across the eastern edge of the Koyukuk Basin, the Brooks Range fold-and-thrust belt, and the southern half of the North Slope. A 700-channel seismograph system is being used in six deployments to record 63 shots at 44 shot points. The research is for conventional and advanced seismic processing, and its interpretation complements that done by USGS scientists. Lithologic interpretations are being done in collaboration with Purdue University. Global Change 91 Miniconference on Aquifers as Archives of Paleoclimate EAR 9215202 06/01/92; (OPP) $2,000; (Non-OPP) $4,000; 12 months Columbia University Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory, Palisades, NY 10964 Martin Stute Isotopic and elemental composition of groundwater are influenced by climatic conditions at the time of recharge and are potential indicators for climate change. Little work has been done to unravel climate information contained in deep circulating groundwater; however, it has been successfully demonstrated that in selected aquifers the isotopic composition of groundwater and the concentrations of dissolved noble gases can be related to paleotemperatures and/or past atmospheric circulation patterns. These studies raised hopes that groundwater as an archive of paleoclimate may play an important role in future climate research, but they also indicate that there are still many open questions that must be addressed. The award supports a meeting at Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University to explore the potential and strategies for future paleoclimate research in this area. Instrumentation and Facilities 92 Acquisition of a High-Sensitivity 40Ar/39Ar Dating System for the University of Alaska Fairbanks STC 9214375 09/15/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $120,000; 29 months University of Alaska Geophysical Institute, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0800 Paul W. Layer The award provides one-half the funding needed for the acquisition of a high sensitivity noble gas mass spectrometer installed and operated in the Geophysical Institute at the University of Alaska-Fairbanks. The University is committed to providing the remaining funds necessary. The mass spectrometer is being used primarily in the application of the argon-40/argon-39 isotopic method of dating rocks and minerals in a variety of research projects including the timing of ore-mineralization, dating of Alaskan Quaternary volcanic sequences, the study of very old continental crust evolution, and the study of the retention of argon in minerals. 93 Petrogenesis of Early Tertiary Rift-Related Basalts of the East Greenland Passive Margin EAR 9117239 01/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $72,600; 24 months University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8671 Charles E. Lesher Detailed mapping and sampling of the lowermost volcanics of the Blosseville Coast succession were undertaken in 1989. This material, supplemented by samples from the University of Copenhagen and Greenland Geological Survey collections, provides the framework for detailed geochemical and experimental studies. The project conducts major and trace element analyses of whole rock samples, microprobe studies of mineral phases, and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope analyses of selected whole rocks and pyroxene separates to establish temporal changes in magma composition during the transition from continental rifting to oceanic spreading. Complementary experiments characterize the compositional relations for damp melting of mantle lherzolite and define the liquid line-of-descent of parental magmas for Blosseville Coast basalts. These geochemical and experimental results form the basis for modeling East Greenland basalt petrogenesis and for an evaluation of proposed physical models of early rifting in the North Atlantic. 94 Acquisition of an Automated Carbonate Preparation System for Isotopic Determinations EAR 9118615 02/15/92; (OPP) $5,000; (Non-OPP) $17,200; 29 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 James W. White The award provides half the funds necessary to acquire an automated carbonate preparation system which is attached to and integrated with an existing gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometer. The additional funds for this acquisition have been committed by the University of Colorado. The equipment is used primarily by faculty and students in the Department of Geological Sciences and the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR). The automated preparation system makes it possible to increase greatly the number of samples that can be processed, thereby lowering costs per sample. Research projects supported by this equipment cover a broad range of topics including paleoclimate studies, recent climate changes based on studies of corals, carbonate diagenesis, and paleozoic paleooceanography. National Earthquake Hazard Reduction 95 Stress-Tensor Orientations in Central Alaska Based on Fault Plane Solutions EAR 9118086 02/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $55,000; 18 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Max Wyss The research concentrates on the orientation of stress in south-central Alaska. Stress tensors are being estimated by means of analyses of fault plane solutions for large numbers of small to medium magnitude earthquakes. The Denali fault and the deep subduction zone changes strike markedly in this area, and one of the questions being addressed is how the stress changes relate to the strike changes and depths of the faults. These are fundamental questions that bear on the seismic hazard and tectonics of Alaska. The research is a component of the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program. 96 A Tomographic Study of Seismic Velocity Structure in Alaska EAR 9118090 03/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $67,636; 18 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Douglas H. Christensen The research uses tomographic inversion to determine 3-dimensional velocity in the crust and upper mantle beneath Alaska. The area of highest seismic station density and resolution is in the south-central portion of the state which has high seismic activity. The main source of data is from local earthquakes recorded by the Alaska Earthquake Information Center, a joint effort by the University of Alaska and the U.S. Geological Survey. Teleseismic arrival times are being used for large-scale inversions that emphasize deeper structure that include the subducting oceanic plate. The research is a component of the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program. 97 A Conference on Great Subduction Earthquakes (Wadati Conference) EAR 9201406 07/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $32,000; 12 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Max Wyss The grant supported travel for 20 scientists to a conference on Great Subduction Zone Earthquakes held in September 1992 in Fairbanks, Alaska. The focus of the conference was on the Shumagin Gap, a zone along the Aleutian Islands chain in southwest Alaska that has been designated by the International Association for Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior as a test site for international collaboration on earthquake prediction research. The research is a component of the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program. 98 The Depth Distribution of Coseismic Slip During Large Earthquakes from Inversion of Geodetic and Tsunami Waveform Data EAR 9117800 02/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $55,264; 12 months University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1220 Kenji Satake The research addresses the determination of down-dip slip distribution on fault surfaces during large earthquakes. This has been a difficult problem in the past because of limitations in the bandwidth of seismic instrumentation. This technique uses recorded tsunamis for oceanic earthquakes, along with any land-based geodetic data, to constrain the down-dip earthquake slips. Earthquakes being investigated are the 1944 Tonankai and the 1946 Nankaido earthquakes along the Nankai Trough, Japan, the 1923 Kanto, Japan, earthquake, the 1964 Alaska earthquake, and the 1960 Chilean earthquake. The research is a component of the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program. 99 Statistical Properties of Mainshocks and Aftershocks in Regional Earthquake Catalogs EAR 9105069 09/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $52,895; 24 months University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 Cliff Frohlich The research applies several recently developed methods utilizing single-link cluster analyses to evaluate temporal and spatial changes in mainshock and aftershock activity in eight different regional catalogs of earthquake hypocenters. The catalogs are from networks in the Central Aleutians (Adak), Eastern Alaska, California, Nicaragua, Oregon, southern Russia, Peru, and Vanuatu. The goal is to see how statistical properties of earthquake clusters are influenced by the obvious stress and rheologic differences between convergent margins, strike-slip margins, and volcanic regions. The research is a component of the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program. Petrology and Geochemistry 100 Transport of Hydrocarbon Contaminants in Ice and Ice/Soil Systems OPP 9119559 09/01/92; (OPP) $116,662; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Mark A. Tumeo The award is for the support of work over a three-year period. There has been little interest in the fate of hydrocarbon contaminants in cold regions. There has been limited research on water movement in such frozen soils as permafrost. Research on contaminant transport under freezing conditions has increased as interest in human activity in polar regions has increased. The work has three components: (1) bench-scale studies of mechanisms affecting transport processes in ice and soil/ice systems; (2) field studies of two locations (one Arctic, the other Antarctic) known to have experienced hydrocarbon contamination; and (3) development of a computer model to allow analyses and prediction of hydrocarbons in ice and ice/soil systems. Spatial and temporal variation in soil matrices are important aspects of soil contaminant investigations. Data collected in the physical bench-scale studies serve as the underlying support for equation development and documentation of the exclusion phenomenon. Also, they provide specific information on the effects of percent clay and silt, and on exclusion coefficients for the three components of the contaminant mixture (i.e., benzene, toluene, and xylene). Field study data serve to calibrate and validate a transport model. The research extends current work being done on modeling of hydrocarbon-groundwater interactions under freezing conditions. 101 Transport, Concentration, and Deposition of Precious Metals in Layered Gabbros During Continental Rifting EAR 9206962 07/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $48,100; 12 months Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 Dennis K. Bird Recent discoveries of gold and platinum group (PGE) mineralization in Eocene layered gabbros of East Greenland demonstrate that physical and chemical processes associated with the transition from continental to oceanic rifting can concentrate precious metals in the Earth's crust. One of these gabbros, the Kap Edvard Holm Complex, exhibits an unusual combination of features related to stratiform precious metal mineralization. An understanding of these processes requires detailed field, petrologic, isotopic, and chemical analyses, combined with theoretical analyses of the thermodynamic and transport characteristics of magma-hydrothermal systems. The long-term plans for this research program involve using these techniques to provide new insights into the nature of processes controlling: (1) precious metal concentration during gabbro crystallization; and (2) precious metal transport and deposition in gabbro-hosted hydrothermal systems. A specific objective of the research is the evaluation of various hypotheses that may explain the unusually high ratio of precious metal to sulfide that is characteristic of this deposit. Investigation of the processes responsible for mineralization in the East Greenland gabbros is potentially of great importance to understanding the global distribution of precious metals and to formulating future mineral exploration strategies. The present award enables investigators to get started while formulating a plan to achieve the long-term goals. 102 Growth and Differentiation of Earth's Earliest Lithosphere, The Acasta Gneisses: Slave Province NWT Canada EAR 9206126 07/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $87,000; 18 months Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 Samuel A. Bowring The project is studying the Acasta gneisses in the Slave Province of the NWT of Canada. By field mapping, petrologic, and geochemical/isotopic techniques, researchers utilize these extremely old rocks to better understand how the Earth's first lithosphere was stabilized. 103 Petrogenesis of Archaean Anorthosites from West Greenland EAR 9118253 04/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $97,506; 30 months Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130 Robert F. Dymek Researchers are carrying out a combined field and laboratory study of Archaean anorthosites from the high-grade gneiss complex of West Greenland, utilizing a variety of geochemical techniques. The work provides new insights into the nature of magmatic differentiation of anorthosite bodies and places new constraints on the parent magma compositions. The work also bears on general problems related to the early crustal evolution of the Earth. 104 Petrogenesis of Mantle Eclogites from Yakutia, Siberian Craton EAR 9118043 05/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $45,000; 30 months University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0140 Lawrence A. Taylor The project studies four new eclogite xenolith localities from Yakutia, Siberia. It provides a three-dimensional view of the craton edifice at various depths and distances from the craton edge. There has been much speculation and discussion over the petrogenesis of eclogite inclusions in kimberlite with some authors favoring high pressure igneous fractionation and others low pressure igneous fractionation. The study compares and contrasts pertinent chemical and isotopic signatures from the widely separated Kaapvaal and Siberian cratons. This multinational approach includes petrographic and mineral-chemical analyses of selected xenoliths. The study includes an exchange of scientific personnel between the United States and Russia. A representative suite is being chosen for further whole-rock, major-and trace-element analyses and O, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, U-Pb, and Re-Os isotopic analyses. Researchers are using the results of this comprehensive study of the eclogite xenoliths of the Siberian craton, along with other data, to achieve a more complete and global picture of the formation of mantle eclogites and the structure and evolution of old cratons. Tectonics 105 Paleomagnetic and Detrital Zircon Analyses of Paleozoic Strata of the Alexander Terrane EAR 9206100 06/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $130,005; 30 months University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 Robert F. Butler The Alexander Terrane, an accreted crustal fragment in southeast Alaska, affords a unique opportunity to determine its paleolatitudinal motion history through paleomagnetic and detrital zircon analyses. Alternative paleopositions for the terrane during the Paleozoic are: (1) the Sierra-klamath province of California; (2) the paleo-Pacific margin of Gondwana; or (3) an intra-oceanic setting. The study resolves the controversy surrounding the origins and movement history of the Alexander Terrane, and has major implications for the accretionary history of the North American Cordillera. The results will have bearing on orogenic processes in other tectonic settings. 106 Tectonic Setting and Uplift History of Metamorphic Rocks, Kigluaik Mountains and Vicinity, Seward Peninsula, Alaska EAR 9018922 01/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $48,702; 30 months Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 Elizabeth L. Miller Dome-shaped uplifts of high temperature, low- to medium-pressure metamorphic rocks with cores of Cretaceous granite are flanked by high-pressure, low-temperature Jurassic blueschists in the Seward Peninsula of Alaska. The origin and tectonic setting of these complexes is controversial, and their uplift has been attributed to thermal relaxation following crustal thickening. Preliminary new work in the Kigluaik Mountains indicates patterns of deformation, metamorphism, and magmatism that are similar to those in Cenozoic metamorphic core complexes of the Basin and Range province. Field mapping, structural analyses, and geochronologic/thermochronologic studies elucidate the timing and mechanism of uplift of the blueschists rocks on Seward Peninsula. Areas of concentrated study include: the highest structural levels exposed; low angle faults between feebly metamorphosed Paleozoic rocks and greenschist to blueschist facies rocks beneath; and the high-temperature core rocks of the domes. This approach also establishes whether uplift was single or multi-stage. The results bear on the age, regional tectonic setting, and uplift of blueschist facies rocks in N. Alaska and address the possible history of extension leading to the offshore shelf region beneath the Bering and Chukchi Seas. The results also provide insight on the interplay between magmatism, metamorphism, and strain in regions of the crust that undergo large vertical uplift. 107 Displacement History of the Chugach-Prince William Terrane EAR 9118170 01/15/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $67,228; 17 months Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 Michael O. McWilliams A strong discordance exists between displacement estimates for Cordilleran tectonic terranes inferred from paleomagnetic studies as opposed to geologic studies. Existing paleomagnetic data from southern Alaska suggest large northward displacements of the Chugach-Prince William (CPW) terrane with respect to the southern Alaska terrane since the lower Tertiary, but geologic evidence suggests the two terranes were juxtaposed in early Tertiary time. However, the paleomagnetic database for the CPW terrane is small and highly variable and may be unreliable. The study resolves the discrepancy by detailed paleomagnetic analyses of a suite of ophiolitic and dike rocks already obtained from the Kenai Peninsula and Knight-Island. The results clarify the tectonic evolution of the northern Cordillera, particularly the Alaskan segment, and have bearing on orogen-parallel displacement estimates for accreted terranes in other orogenic belts. 108, 109 Collaborative Research: Tectonothermal Evolution During Collisional Orogenesis: Blueschist to Granulite Facies Metamorphism in the Kigluaik Mountains, Alaska EAR 9118394 02/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $95,000; 24 months University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Brian E. Patrick EAR 9118012 02/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $64,935; 30 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Bernard W. Evans The Kigluaik Mountains in Alaska contain a granulite facies (high-temperature) metamorphic overprint on relatively cool, high pressure, epidote-blueschist rocks. Two competing hypotheses for this juxtaposition are: (1) that it represents an extensional metamorphic core complex with a pronounced structural break between the different grade rocks; and (2) that the high temperature metamorphism formed in response to thermal re-equilibration of thickened crust with no structural break. The study directly tests the second hypothesis by an integrated program of field work, petrology, and geochronology. It also evaluates heat transport mechanisms for the high grade rocks. The results provide important constraints on the thermal history of deep-seated parts of orogens immediately post-collision, and have wide tectonic significance. 110, 111 Collaborative Research: Petrologic, Isotopic, and Structural Evolution of Low Pressure Metamorphism in an Accretionary Complex, Eastern Chugach Mountains, Alaska EAR 9018717 03/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $46,247; 30 months University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148 Terry L. Pavlis EAR 9020391 03/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $24,412; 24 months William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX 77252 Virginia B. Sisson The metamorphic and structural consequences of ridge subduction along a convergent margin are not well known, but are significant because virtually all convergent margins ultimately consume a spreading center. The collaborative project between EAR90-18717 and EAR90-20391 examines the Chugach metamorphic complex which possesses several unusual features that can be attributed to ridge subduction in the Tertiary. Work focuses on the anomalous low P, high T metamorphic and the structural and kinematic setting which accompanied the formation of this metamorphic assemblage. Results are expected to lead to a general model for ridge subduction-related tectonics. 112 Tectonic and Petrologic Features of the Siberian Plate During the Precambrian INT 9201722 07/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $9,880; 18 months New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801 Kent C. Condie Western knowledge of major Precambrian tectonic and lithologic elements in the basement of the Siberian plate is limited, although considerable data on that geology exists in Russia. The award provides support for O.M. Rosen, an expert on the Siberian plate, to collaborate with workers at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology in evaluating and analyzing much of the existing information. Results should provide a compilation of relevant data and several manuscripts that will be of considerable value to western workers in the Arctic basin including Alaska. 113 Structural History of the Arctic Margin of Eastern Alaska and Northwestern Canada and its Implication on Evolution of the Canada Basin EAR 9017835 03/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $87,624; 24 months William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX 77252 John S. Oldow The tectonic history of the Canada Basin is poorly understood, and the Mesozoic history of the Arctic margin of Alaska and NW Canada is critical to this problem. Magnetic data from the oceanic crust of Canada Basin are ambiguous and cannot distinguish between: (1) anticlockwise oroclinal rotation of the northern margin of Alaska away from the Canadian Arctic Islands about a pole of rotation near the MacKenzie delta, and (2) a major left-lateral transform fault to permit the southerly migration of northern Alaska. The two models predict different structural regimes for the eastern Brooks Range, MacKenzie delta, and Black River-Oglivie Mountains regions during the Mesozoic. The project addresses the problem by structural and kinematic studies along the Porcupine River fault system and adjacent areas. Spatial variations in the geometry of superposed structures is being documented from Precambrian through Cenozoic rocks, and ages of deformation are being established from stratigraphic and igneous intrusion relationships. The results of the study improve understanding of the tectonic evolution of the Canada Basin and the adjacent Arctic region, and also have relevance to oil exploration in the area. 114 Interrelation of Granitic Magmatism, Metamorphism and Deformation, within an Extensional Tectonic Setting, Kiqluaik Mountains, Seward Peninsula, Alaska EAR 9117419 01/15/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $101,339; 23 months William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX 77252 James E. Wright Prior studies in the Kigluaik Mountains of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska have raised the possibility that Cretaceous granites were emplaced in a large-magnitude extension event, rather than during a compressional, crustal thickening event as previously thought. The project involves age dating and chemical and isotopic petrogenetic studies to test between the two different hypotheses. Results assist other studies in the area by providing age control, and give insight into processes leading to the production of granitic melts in several tectonic environments. 115 Stable Isotopic Studies of Fluid Flow During Low Pressure Regional Metamorphism in an Accretionary Complex, Eastern Chugach Mountains, Alaska EAR 9205218 07/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $115,648; 30 months University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 John R. Bowman Theoretical models of mass transport to metamorphic terranes present petrologic and stable isotopic criteria for recognizing the passage of fluids through metamorphic rocks and provide techniques for quantifying the pattern and extent of fluid flow. The project attempts to determine the scale and extent of fluid infiltration responsible for quartz veining and 180 depletions in the Chugach metamorphic complex, Alaska. The work takes advantage of the recent mapping and structural work on these rocks done by workers at Rice University. Results provide a more realistic evaluation of the role of fluid flow in the thermal evolution of the Chugach terrane and by analogy to other similar convergent arc-margins. General OPP (Misc.) 116 International Conference on Arctic Margins (ICAM) OPP 9204472 07/01/92; (OPP) $10,750; (Non-OPP) $0; 12 months Alaska Geological Society, Anchorage, AK 99510 Linda E. Okland The award supports travel grants to fund six postdoctoral and/or graduate researchers who are working with the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded geoscientists to attend the International Conference Arctic Margins (ICAM). The conference features many topics of basic Arctic earth science, such as: (1) Quaternary Environmental Geology and Permafrost; (2) Paleoclimate; (3) Structural Geology and Tectonics; (4) Chronostratigraphy; (5) Solid Earth Geophysics; and (6) Arctic Marine Geology. 117, 118 Late Cenozoic History of the Bering Strait: Collaborative Research OPP 9015469 08/01/91; (OPP) $34,639; (Non-OPP) $10,000; 18 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 David M. Hopkins OPP 9015234 08/01/91; (OPP) $51,321; (Non-OPP) $8,000; 26 months University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 Julie Brigham-Grette Doubt remains concerning the age and nature of Late Cenozoic marine and glacial deposits along the coast of the Chukchi Peninsula, Siberia, and the correlation of these deposits with the Late Cenozoic sequence on nearby Alaskan coasts. A better understanding of the Chukotkan sequence is especially needed in the light of recent confirmation that western St. Lawrence Island was over-run by large glaciers that originated in the mountainous Chukchi Peninsula. Adding interest is the fact that glaciomarine deposits of middle Pleistocene age are reported to be widespread on the Chukchi coast. The award addresses these questions in a joint study with Russian researchers intended to establish a new stratigraphic and geochronologic framework for regional late Cenozoic correlations. Special attention is being given to the paleoclimate significance of the remarkable mid-Pleistocene event that evidently resulted in out-of-phase glaciation throughout central Beringia. The project is part of the program for U.S.-Russian Cooperation in the Field of Basic Research. 119 Influence of the Active Layer and Snow Cover on the Thermal Regime of Permafrost OPP 9122928 06/01/92; (OPP) $70,645; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Thomas E. Osterkamp Permafrost temperatures are an extremely sensitive indicator of climatic change. Changes too small to be detected by continuous measurements of the surface energy budget occur as clear and robust changes in permafrost temperature profiles. The award supports research to allow rational utilization of permafrost temperature data and to improve current interpretations of permafrost temperature profiles. These tasks require a better understanding of the influence of the active layer and snow cover on the thermal regime of permafrost. The research program consists of field and laboratory measurements, interpretation, and modeling the thermal response of permafrost to changes in climate. The research is being conducted at four established sites along the Haul Road between the Brooks Range and Prudhoe Bay. Measurements include daily temperatures at eleven levels from the air 1/2m or more into the permafrost, annual permafrost temperatures to depths of 80m, in situ, and laboratory measurements of thermal and other properties of the numerical model for predicting temperatures at all levels. The continuing research effort is necessary to develop an understanding of climatic change that has occurred and may be occurring in the permafrost areas of Alaska and the north polar region. 120, 121 Mesozoic to Present-Day Tectonics of the Eastern Yakut Russia: A Cooperative Research Program with the Yakut Science Center, Yakutsk, Russia OPP 9024088 09/01/91; (OPP) $81,980; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months University of Alaska Geophysical Institute, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0800 David B. Stone OPP 9023580 07/15/91; (OPP) $4,713; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Kazuya Fujita The award supports a two-year project to initiate cooperative studies between the University of Alaska and the Institute of Geology of the Yakut Science Center, Yakutsk, Russia, on the tectonics of northeastern Russia. The project studies the Mesozoic to present-day tectonics of eastern Yakut and its implications for the evolution of the Arctic Ocean and lithospheric processes. This is being done by examining the development of the Kolymian structural loop and its effects on the present-day North America-Eurasia plate boundary. The project initially consists of studies of the paleomagnetism of Mesozoic rocks from the Cherskii Range (central Kolymian loop) and the seismotectonics of the northern Cherskii Range and adjacent areas. The award supports the initiation of a seismic data exchange between the Yakut Science Center and the Michigan State University and for cooperative analyses of seismic data. 122 U.S.-Russian Cooperative Science: Workshop in Quaternary Terrestrial Records (Fairbanks, AK; June 1, 1991) INT 9104068 06/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $10,000; 24 months University of Alaska Geophysical Institute, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0800 Mary E. Edwards A workshop was held at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks in June 1991 to deal with common problems in the interpretation of paleoecological and paleoclimatological records in Beringia, eastern Siberia and Alaska. The workshop was preceded by extended work in the field at two critical fossil localities which contain somewhat comparable records to those in northern Siberia. This reciprocated a field-workshop held on the lower Kolyma lowland in Siberia, sponsored by the Russian Academy of Science. The far north is a special place for studies of past environments and their relevance to future global changes. Beringia has repeatedly linked the biota of eastern and western hemispheres, affecting both continents in major ways. Beringia is an important location for Quaternary studies, as this region contains a good record of past climatic events and their resulting ecological changes. The datable sediments document the effects of these changes in the form of paleosols, plant micro- and macrofossils, and in rapid mammalian evolution. The main objective was to bring together U.S. and Russian scientists in an extended field-workshop situation to increase the flow of information east and west, and to develop a joint research strategy for the future. The project in paleoecology/paleoclimatology fulfilled the program objective of advancing scientific knowledge by enabling leading researchers in the United States and Eastern Europe to combine complementary talents and pool research resources in areas of strong mutual interest. 123, 124 Collaborative Research: A Late Cretaceous and Paleocene Arctic Paleoclimate Record: The Sedimentary Sequence at Strand Fjord, Axel Heiberg Island, N.W.T., Canada OPP 9123088 08/01/92; (OPP) $45,599; (Non-OPP) $0; 12 months University of California-San Diego Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093 John A. Tarduno OPP 9122947 08/01/92; (OPP) $10,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 Leo J. Hickey The award supports a two-year study to test a preliminary magnetostratigraphic correlation which was developed for Strand Fjord, Axel Heiberg Island, N.W.T., Canada. In addition to extending the section to younger (Eocene) and older (Campaign-Maastrichtian) sediments, an in-depth lithostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic study is being made of a laminated lagoonal sequence at Strand Fjord. This sequence affords a nearly unique opportunity to obtain a Late Cretaceous polar paleoclimate record of annual variability that also extends into the Milankovitch frequency band. 125 Response of Gas Hydrates and Permafrost to Changes in Climate and Sea Level OPP 9123374 06/01/92; (OPP) $30,583; (Non-OPP) $9,409; 18 months Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401 Joan P. Gosink Methane gas hydrates may occur wherever methane and water exist in close proximity at low temperatures and elevated pressures. These hydrates are thought to be widespread in both on-shore permafrost regions of the North American and Russian Arctic and in the shallow continental shelves of the Arctic Ocean where sub-sea permafrost is found. Methane gas may be released to the atmosphere because of hydrate destabilization as a result of climatic warming and changes in sea level. With present knowledge, it is not possible to predict the timing or the amount of methane that would be released by gas hydrate decomposition as a result of permafrost, especially sub-sea permafrost, degradation during interglacial periods. The award supports modification of a two-dimensional model of climate-permafrost interaction. The model is being applied to several sites in North America and in Russia to elevate the potential for gas hydrate and permafrost occurrence and degradation in response to changes in climate and sea level. This information is being used (in collaboration with USGS and Russian investigators) to make improved estimates of the possible fluxes of methane onto the atmosphere as a result of hydrate and permafrost degradation. 126 The East Greenland Fjord-Shelf-Slope Continuum: Late Quaternary Variations in Sediment Flux and Accumulation with Time and Space OPP 9024100 07/01/91; (OPP) $162,725; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 John T. Andrews The award supports marine geologic research to document sediment flux and accumulation on the proximal (fjord/shelf) environments off Kangerdlugssuaq Fjord, East Greenland, and to compare these with similar shelf/fjord environments along the Eastern Canadian Arctic margin and with margins of the Nordic Seas (as part of the international PONAM Project). The work emphasizes the paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic variations with time. The research targets opal and diatom flux as well as benthic foraminifera as indicators of change in surface water productivity and bottom water conditions. A reconnaissance cruise to the fjord and inner shelf in the Autumn 1991, on an Icelandic research vessel, provided preliminary data regarding the sea floor morphology, shallow seismic structure, surface sediment characteristics, bio- and lithostratigraphy, sedimentology, stratigraphy, hydrology, and suspended matter. A second cruise, on the Canadian research vessel Hudson, in 1992, obtained side-scan sonar data, additional high-resolution Huntec DTS stratigraphy of the fjord basin, and long cores that allow further delineation of the relationships between the seismic and core stratigraphy. 127 Travel for U.S. Participants in the Sixth International Conference on Permafrost in Beijing, China OPP 9122307 01/01/92; (OPP) $15,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 Mark F. Meier The award provides travel support to U.S. authors of papers accepted for presentation at the Sixth International Conference on Permafrost to be held in Beijing, China, on July 5-9, 1993. This international conference is held once every five years and brings together scientists and engineers from throughout the world who are interested in cold regions research. The international concern for global climate and environmental change has created increased world interest in permafrost and seasonally frozen soils. The International Conference on Permafrost is one of the most important international meetings devoted to this timely subject. Travel awards will be made on a competitive basis with final decisions being made by the Principal Investigators in cooperation with the U.S. Committee for the International Permafrost Association (USC/IPA) of the National Research Council. 128 Late Quaternary Cryosphere/Ocean Interactions: Margins of the Hudson Strait Ice Stream-- SE Baffin Shelf-- NW North Atlantic OPP 9122811 06/01/92; (OPP) $51,548; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 John T. Andrews The award supports a one-year standard grant to investigate ice ocean interactions during the late Quaternary in the Hudson Strait region of the northwest North Atlantic, which is the major sediment and meltwater route for deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Sediment cores are being obtained during a 1992 cruise to Hudson Strait and Frobisher Bay and being analyzed for: (1) carbon-14 of foraminifera; (2) stable oxygen and carbon isotopes of planktonic and benthic foraminifera; (3) down core mineralogy; and (4) changes in foraminifera species. 129 Equipment Request to Support Process-Oriented Studies of the Formation of the Sedimentary Record OPP 9118134 03/15/92; (OPP) $10,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 17 months Northern Illinois University, De Kalb, IL 60115 Paul W. Loubere The award supports the acquisition of equipment for analyses of sedimentary record forming processes in a number of different environments. It includes process-oriented research in Arctic fjords, high latitude marine shelf sedimentary systems, marine outer shelf and slope environments, and geochemical processes governing carbonate mineral precipitation. The equipment includes: an alpha spectroscopy system, a carbon-nitrogen analyzer system, and a spectrophotometer. The equipment complements the analytical base at Northern Illinois University which is well developed for research and teaching in the geological record of environmental change, and in the processes governing the formation of the geological record in Arctic and Antarctic environments. 130 Chronostratigraphy of Pleistocene Glacial and High-Sea-Level Deposits, Northeastern Bristol Bay, Alaska OPP 9210124 07/15/92; (OPP) $20,890; (Non-OPP) $0; 17 months Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04011 Peter D. Lea The award supports a study to reconstruct the spatial and temporal pattern of pre-late Wisconsin glacial and sea-level fluctuations of the northeastern Bristol Bay region of southwestern Alaska. A wide spectrum of geochronological methods, including aminostratigraphy, tephrostratigraphy, thermoluminescence, and radiocarbon dating is being used to date the stratigraphic records that are available. An improved chronostratigraphy allows the spatial and temporal variability in the response of the glacial and periglacial systems to be assessed in terms of the changing oceanic and atmospheric boundary conditions of the last interglacial to late-Wisconsin time. 131 High Resolution Record of Late Wisconsin Climate Events Wonder Lake, Alaska OPP 9123145 09/01/92; (OPP) $93,058; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075 Al Werner The award supports a project designed to provide a high resolution record of late Wisconsin climatic events in central Alaska. The objectives of the study are: (1) to recover, analyze, and date sediment cores from Wonder Lake; and (2) to use the dated lake record to interpret a late Wisconsin/Holocene climatic change. The results of the research have broad implications to the nature and timing of rapid/abrupt climatic events during the late Wisconsin in central Alaska. 132 Origin and Deformation of the Forlandsundet Basin, Spitsbergen: Tertiary Plate-Margin Dynamics in the Arctic Region OPP 9022689 07/15/91; (OPP) $75,625; (Non-OPP) $0; 25 months University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55415 Karen L. Kleinspehn The study evaluates the deformational history of the Tertiary Forlandsundet basin of western Spitsbergen and relates the deformational sequence to basin evolution and plate dynamics along the Tertiary transform plate margin as it evolved to the modern spreading margin between Svalbard and Greenland. Preliminary field work in the basin suggests multiphase deformation including strike-slip and thrust components. In addition, sandstone and conglomerate samples display signs of ductile deformation with recrystallization of mica grains and development of penetrative foliation. Earlier field work also emphasizes the need to resolve the timing of the deformational episodes. Investigators use macrostructural mapping, paleostress analyses, microstructural study, and 40Ar/39Ar dating to test working hypotheses for the tectonic evolution of the basin. A multiphase deformational history is certain, and the goal of the study is to decipher the kinematic history of the basin and relate that history to the evolution of the Tertiary margin and the opening of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. 133 Mathematical Sciences: Analyses of Ice Core Time Series and Paleoclimate Modeling OPP 9217868 09/15/92; (OPP) $39,789; (Non-OPP) $6,000; 17 months University of New Hampshire-Durham, Durham, NH 03824 Loren D. Meeker The award supports the cross-disciplinary efforts and the development of a research collaboration involving quantitative modeling in the geosciences. In particular the mathematician(s) and the GEO scientist(s) research focuses on the statistical and scientific analyses of records arising from ice cores taken from the Greenland ice sheet. The two-phase interdisciplinary research begins with the development of scientifically and statistically valid exploratory and confirmatory statistical techniques for assessing the record of the paleoclimate as recorded in the Greenland ice sheet. The second phase addresses the development of mathematical models relating the environmental signals deposited in polar ice sheets to important paleoclimate factors. The project presents significant mathematical and statistical challenges to provide geoscientists with tools to be applied to the task of understanding the approximately 200,000 year-old Earth's climatic history. 134 Holocene Glaciation of the Southern Kenai Mountains, Alaska OPP 8922696 04/01/90; (OPP) $94,931; (Non-OPP) $0; 36 months SUNY, Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 Parker E. Calkin The research investigates the patterns and timing of latest Pleistocene deglaciation and particularly of Holocene climatic change as recorded in fluctuations of glaciers on the Kenai Peninsula, southwest Alaska. Work focuses on the landfast glaciers, which lack evidence of irregular flow and which are expected to have experienced cycles of advance and retreat similar to those that are widely recorded in Alaska, but with variations reflecting individual aspect, position, and hypsometry. Calving outlet glaciers in the Kenai Fjords National Park, by contrast, have displayed prolonged advances followed by dramatic retreat in cycles dominated by such factors as fjords depth and configuration, water circulation, and ice-marginal sediment accumulation. Evaluation of moraine modification as well as the methods of radiocarbon dating, tephrochronology, lichenomentry and dendrochronology, will be critically applied in building the glacial chronology. Because most of the ice tongues end in forested areas, tree-ring dating of surfaces and selective cross-dating of living trees with buried wood is a particularly powerful dating tool. 135 Ice-Rafting History of the Central Arctic Ocean During the Last 600 KA OPP 9123027 01/01/92; (OPP) $100,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 24 months Old Dominion University Research Foundation, Norfolk, VA 23508-0369 Dennis A. Darby Despite numerous studies of the biogenic component in Arctic deep-sea sediments, several conflicting hypotheses exist concerning the history of glaciations on the surrounding land-masses and ice-rafting events in the central Arctic Ocean. The award supports the analyses of lithic and heavy mineral particles and the reflected light petrography and microprobe composition of Fe-Ti oxide grains to determine the history of ice-rafting events in sediment cores from the central Arctic Ocean and determines the sources for these sediments. This approach has the real potential to differentiate ice-rafting events in the Arctic Ocean and link ice-rafted detritus to potential sources from the surrounding landmass and thus provide a definitive glacial history for the North American Arctic as well as a clearer paleoceanographic history of the central Arctic Ocean. This ice-rafting history and provenance of the Arctic Ocean is critical to the full understanding of Pleistocene paleoclimate and paleooceanography. 136 Sr and Nd Isotope Evolution of the Late Cenozoic Arctic Ocean: High Resolution Stratigraphy and Variations in Continental Input OPP 9122741 05/15/92; (OPP) $68,733; (Non-OPP) $0; 17 months University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 David L. Clark The award supports a study designed to: (1) establish Sr isotope compositions for each of the Late Cenozoic lithostratigraphic units of the central Arctic Ocean; (2) correlate the Sr isotope curve that will be established for the Arctic Ocean to that recognized in the sub-Arctic oceans; (3) relate the ages established using isotopic ratios to the magnetic stratigraphy, oxygen isotope, and amino-acid chronologic data that are recognized in the Arctic; and (4) use the central Arctic Ocean Sr isotope compositions to assess ages for the widespread Arctic sediment and stratigraphic units of unknown age, and for sediment not well constrained by any of the other stratigraphic tools. This approach has the potential to produce high resolution stratigraphic correlations and overcome the largest obstacle to long-range sedimentological and stratigraphic interpretations for the Arctic Ocean. In addition, Nd isotope compositions of Arctic Ocean samples are being determined. Because of the very short residence time of Nd in the oceans, samples selected from widely different areas of the Arctic Ocean will identify sources of continental input and amount of sediment dispersal. All samples for this work come from existing cores and materials in the University of Wisconsin collection. 137 Late Quaternary Environments and Climate Change in the Eastern Canadian Arctic Reconstructed from Lake Sediment Cores OPP 9208810 08/01/92; (OPP) $16,123; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI 54901 William N. Mode The award supports a lake coring program in the eastern Canadian Arctic with the goal of recovering continuous records of environmental change for the last 10 to 15 ka. Pollen and diatom assemblages are being studied, as well as the physical characteristics of the cores. Down-core variations in the stable isotopic ratios of carbon and hydrogen in plant macrofossils and the dissolved organic carbon content of the sediments are being studied. The studies address questions of climate change, including regional glacial history and sea-level change. GLACIOLOGY 138 Support for Polar Ice Coring Office OPP 8820948 09/01/88; (OPP) $3,619,018; (Non-OPP) $0; 75 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Luis M. Proenza The Polar Ice Coring and Support Contract (PICS) is a multiyear award funded in annual increments. The tasks are as follows: (1) maintain administration of the Polar Ice Coring Office (PICO); (2) maintain the current inventory of ice coring equipment; and (3) continue the development and testing of an instrumented electromechanical drill capable of retrieving core from a fluid-filled hole. 139 Analysis and Synthesis of Glaciological Data OPP 9002345 06/01/90; (OPP) $1,900; (Non-OPP) $0; 42 months University of Alaska Geophysical Institute, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0800 Carl S. Benson The award supports the analyses and interpretation of glaciological data, primarily from Greenland and Alaska. The project consists of three parts: (1) the analyses of glacier facies as a classification for all glaciers, focusing on the importance of meltwater percolating and freezing within snow to both the heat and mass balance of glaciers and the extent to which facies boundaries can be determined from satellites and aircraft; (2) a synthesis of existing knowledge about snow accumulation on the Greenland Ice Sheet based on data from pit studies, snow and ice cores, and meteorological stations, demonstrating the extent of orographic control on the distribution of snow accumulation; and (3) an analysis of snow pit and core data from the summit of Mt. Wrangell, Alaska, obtained between 1961 and 1989 to define the snow stratigraphy's relation to available climatological data. 140 Geophysical Investigation of Seasonal Changes in the Basal Zone of Black Rapids Glaciers, Alaska OPP 9122783 07/15/92; (OPP) $22,283; (Non-OPP) $0; 23 months University of Alaska Geophysical Institute, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0800 Keith Echelmeyer The award supports a program of high-resolution seismic reflection and radio-echo sounding on the surge-type Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska. Determination of changes in the structure of the glacier bed during seasonal fluctuations in velocity are being made. The measurements are being made at a location where a 100 to 400 percent increase in speed is known to occur each year in the early melt season. Geophysical sensing of the basal zone is being performed before and during the speed-up. Surface motion and uplift, the discharge of water, solutes and sediment in the terminal stream, meteorological conditions, and water level in moulins are all being monitored. These measurements allow the morphology of the glacier bed to be determined at times of differing amounts of basal motion, and thus provide valuable insight into the mechanisms of glacier and ice stream motion and the role of basal water. 141 Distribution of Reactive Chemical Species in Ice and Snow OPP 9123025 06/01/92; (OPP) $100,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 Roger C. Bales The award supports a two-year program to study the air-snow exchange processes controlling the uptake, release, and incorporation of reactive gases into polar firn. The concentrations of two reactive species, hydrogen peroxide and formaldehyde, in air above and below the snow surface, are being measured and the equilibria and kinetics of the absorption, and release of these gases at the ice-air interface are being studied. A mathematical model to describe gas-snow interactions are being developed, calibrated and validated using field data obtained at Summit, Greenland. 142 Workshop on Processes of Snow - Atmosphere Chemical Exchange OPP 9208733 03/01/92; (OPP) $13,690; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 Roger C. Bales The Snow-Atmosphere Chemical Exchange Working Group, an official working group under the International Commission on Snow and Ice, convened a workshop in March 1992, at the University of New Hampshire. The objective of the workshop was to define particular problems that currently hinder the quantitative interpretation of proxy climate records that are being recovered from the Greenland Ice Sheet Program (GISP-II) ice core, and to develop a research plan for the continued utilization of the NSF-constructed camp at the drill site. The grant provided support for the participation of twelve American and foreign scientists. 143 Phytoplankton Organic Carbon and Sulfur Cycling at the Marginal Ice Edge Zone OPP 9200436 03/15/92; (OPP) $118,048; (Non-OPP) $0; 11 months University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093 Maria Vernet Arctic phytoplankton may act as a sink for carbon dioxide (CO2) and a major producer of dimethylsulfide (DMS). Maximum effects are expected in the marginal ice zone where phytoplankton blooms extend from May to September as the ice recedes northwards. These productive waters can cover more than half the area of Arctic shelf seas, such as the Barents Sea, in any one growth period. One of the main components of the phytoplankton at the marginal ice zone is Phaeocystis pouchetii which, in its colonial form, is a high producer of DMS. This species is known to excrete a high proportion of newly fixed carbon as high molecular weight polymers in order to form the colony. Later, it sinks in mass in the latter stages of the bloom when nitrate becomes limiting. Diatoms, such as Thalassiosira gravida, may dominate the bloom at the ice edge late in the summer and may also precede the P. pouchetii bloom in early spring (i.e., Chaetoceros socialis). The different patterns of dissolved organic carbon formation and cell sedimentation between P. pouchetii and diatoms need to be included in productivity models for an understanding of the production and sink of CO2 and DMS in Arctic shelf areas. The objectives of the field and laboratory study, in collaboration with Norwegian scientists, are: (1) to determine the quantitative differences between P. pouchetii and diatoms blooms in the ice edge with respect to primary production, proportion of carbon fixed that is extracellular, DMS production, and sedimentation of particulate carbon and sulfur to depth; (2) to determine which are the main environmental variables that favor each type of bloom using a 10-year time series from the Barents Sea; and (3) to estimate a 10-year time series of DMS production and CO2 uptake by combining the existing time series with carbon and sulfur budgets of the ice edge blooms. The research provides a first approximation to the seasonal and interannual variability of the phytoplankton contribution to the carbon and sulfur cycle during the ice edge bloom in Arctic shelf areas. 144 GISP II: Helium and Rare Gas Studies OPP 9122991 05/01/92; (OPP) $90,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 12 months University of California-San Diego Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093 Harmon Craig The award supports a two-year project to measure the helium concentrations and isotope ratios, potassium/argon ratios, and krypton 81 ages in ice from the GISP II core. The helium program searches for nulls and/or reversals of the Earth's magnetic field, which should leave a strong signal in the helium 3 to helium 4 ratios and the helium 3 concentrations in ice core helium. If a geomagnetic helium event is recorded in the ice sheets, it provides a world-wide traceable horizon in both Greenland and Antarctica for model studies of ice flow and for chronology. The potassium/argon measurements study gravitational fractionation of gases in the firn. The krypton 81 dating provides one of the first absolute ages on the GISP II core. 145 Late Quaternary Glaciations of Franz Josef Land, Russia: Ice Extent, Timing and Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions OPP 9001471 07/15/90; (OPP) $80,744; (Non-OPP) $0; 42 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 Gifford H. Miller In collaboration with the Murmansk Institute of Marine Biology and Geology, Russia, the project initiates basic glacial geologic, stratigraphic, and geochronologic studies to provide new field data to independently evaluate the extent and timing of Late Weischselian and older glaciations. Field research focuses on the western part of the Franz Josef Land Archipelago, where ice-free forelands contain abundant raised marine and glacial features. High resolution SPOT satellite imagery is being used as a mapping base to determine the distribution of raised beaches, moraines, and other glacial features. Geomorphic and pedologic studies provide relative ages for a previously isostatic response being documented by radiocarbon dating of fossils included in raised beaches of known elevation. Particular attention is being given to the recognition of glacial-diamicts and uncomformities, the collection of micro- and macro-fauna for paleoenvironmental assessment, and radiocarbon dating and amino acid racemization analyses. These studies provide new insight into the history and extent of Late Weichselian glaciations on Franz Josef Land and provide needed data to evaluate conflicting hypotheses regarding Late Weichselian ice volumes in northern Eurasia. 146 National Ice Core Curatorial Facility OPP 9016366 01/01/91; (OPP) $209,543; (Non-OPP) $0; 26 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 Mark F. Meier The award supports the establishment of a National Ice Core Curatorial Facility to be located on the grounds of the Denver Federal Center, operated as an extension of the U.S. Geological Survey's Core Research Center (CRC) by the University of Colorado at Boulder and the U.S. Geological Survey. The Facility provides 50,600 cubic feet of safeguarded core storage at -35o celsius. Refrigerated examination room, holding, staging, and changing areas are provided as well as instruments and equipment for routine core examination and processing. Additional facilities are available at the Core Research Center. The Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado is responsible for the Facility, and provides direction and communication with the scientific community. The University also provides a background of relevant research and educational activities that enhance the Facility and provide new scientific opportunities. The USGS provides the physical facilities and staff, operates, and maintains the Facility. The USGS also acts in a curatorial capacity, providing for the processing, cataloging, and distribution of samples--an area in which CRC personnel have over forty man-years of experience. 147 Improvement and Validation of Glacier Dynamics Models: A Collaborative Study OPP 9122916 07/15/92; (OPP) $40,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 23 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 Tad Pfeffer The award supports a three-year collaborative program between the University of Colorado, Boulder, and the University of Wyoming, Laramie, to improve and validate glacier dynamic models. An isothermal, active glacier is being selected and the surface, englacial, and basal velocity field being determined on a 3-D array of points over the glacier. The results are being used to test an improved top-down model, to compare top-down and bottom-up models, and to define further the constitutive law and sliding relations. 148 Symposium on Remote Sensing of Snow and Ice Proceedings OPP 9214651 09/01/92; (OPP) $10,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 Mark F. Meier This is for support for the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Ice and Climate. The meeting is being sponsored by the International Glaciological Society, and co-sponsored by a number of other groups. This award is to support, in part, the publication of reviewed and accepted manuscripts comprising the proceedings of the symposium. 149 Development and Application of the Thermoluminescences Technique to Date Arctic Marine Sediments: A Case Study on Western Spitsbergen, Svalbard OPP 9296065 11/01/91; (OPP) $128,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 25 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 Jonathan T. Overpeck The award supports an integrated field and laboratory paleoenvironmental study of the eastern Canadian Arctic (60 to 90 degrees West, 50 to 85 degrees North), a region known to have experienced significant climatic change during the Holocene. The field team is obtaining complete undisturbed sediment records from six strategically located Arctic lakes. Fossil pollen and diatom analyses provide two independent, well-dated records for each lake. The new paleoclimatic time series is being combined with published and unpublished data to generate a 100 + site network of paleoclimate records for the region. The network is being used to map past vegetation change and past climate change over a significant portion of the North American Arctic. The investigation provides an opportunity to test the utility of annually laminated sediments for Arctic paleoclimatology. Important new data for inclusion in the mapping and analyses of past environmental change across the entire North Arctic is being provided. 150 Submersible Investigation of Temperate Glaciomarine Sedimentation, SE Alaska OPP 8822098 06/15/89; (OPP) $37,536; (Non-OPP) $0; 54 months Northern Illinois University, De Kalb, IL 60115 Ross D. Powell The project supports a three-year investigation of sedimentation processes at grounding lines of tidewater glaciers, and at a deltaic system, in SE Alaska. The study is designed around an unpiloted cruise-submersible to collect data that is extremely difficult to obtain using any other means. This is the first attempt to directly observe and quantify processes at a modern grounding-line with such vigor. A group of four researchers are studying retreating, slowly advancing, and rapidly advancing tidewater fronts, as well as older grounding-line deposits. The submersible is also being used to evaluate submarine mass movement processes and the settling of particles from suspension which produce laminate deposits. The field program emphasizes collection of data provided by side-scan sonar, seismic reflection profiling, videotapes, stereo still photography, CTD surveys, current meter measurements, and samples of suspended and bottom sediment. Most data is being recorded in a manner that allows an evaluation of the field procedures, and a modification, if necessary. The study provides critical data for modeling the processes and depositional systems of glacial grounding lines. The results contribute to current models of quasi-stability and advance of marine glaciers. The data increase the reliability of sedimentological models for interpreting stratigraphic successions, and for predicting sediment budgets in different glaciomarine depocenters. An evaluation of the ability of sediment gravity flow channels to be eroded in different glaciomarine basinal systems is being made. Lastly, the research tests a new hypothesis on how laminitis can be produced. The process is thought to be applicable to both glacial and non-glacial marine environments. 151 A Study of Calving Dynamics for Jakobshavns Isbrae OPP 9120532 06/01/92; (OPP) $80,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-0114 Terence J. Hughes The award is for support of a two-year study of calving dynamics for the floating ice shelf of Jakobshavns Isbrae on the west coast of Greenland. Jakobshavns presents the full range of ice calving environments, ranging from slow sheet-flow calving from a south-facing ice wall into a shallow proglacial lake, through faster sheet-flow calving from a north-facing ice cliff into water of increasing depth, to the fastest known stream-flow calving from the west-facing cliff of a floating ice shelf in Jakobshavns Isfjord. Photogrammetric maps showing ice topography and ice velocity are being used as input for finite-element computer modeling of both homogeneous and nonhomogeneous creep of ice that leads to fracture (crevassing) and calving. The study has applications beyond Jakobshavns Isbrae, in particular applications relating to calving of Antarctic ice shelves. 152 Late Wisconsin (Late Foxe) Glacial Extent in Pangnirtung Fjord-Cumberland Sound Area, Baffin Island, Canada OPP 8922199 05/15/90; (OPP) $10,700; (Non-OPP) $0; 36 months Bentley College, Waltham, MA 02254 P. Thompson Davis Late Wisconsin ice extent on Baffin Island has important global implications for ice sheet reconstruction, sea level change, and climate modeling of the late Pleistocene. The project tests two hypotheses: (1) ice flowed down Pangnirtung Fjord from a grounded position on the floor of Cumberland Sound, or (2) ice flowed up the Pangnirtung Fjord from a grounded position on the floor of the Cumberland Sound. In both scenarios, ice extended far beyond previously mapped late Wisconsin margins. Field work focuses on detailed mapping and accurate surveying of glacial abrasion limits and depositional features. In particular, the Duval moraines are being mapped in detail to determine the direction and age of the last ice flow in the area. Analytical work involves analyses of soils, including hornblende etching, to determine relative ages. Sediment cores from strategically located lakes are being retrieved to provide minimum-limiting radiocarbon ages for glacial erosional limits and depositional features. Pollen analyses of lacustrine sediments are being used to support the above dating techniques. Finally, ice profiles are being reconstructed in an attempt to evaluate ice volume and dynamics in the Pangnirtung area during the late Wisconsin. 153 Stratigraphy, Extent, and Paleoclimatic Implications of Middle Pleistocene Glacial/Interglacial Conditions, Coastal NW Alaska OPP 8922980 05/15/90; (OPP) $48,976; (Non-OPP) $0; 42 months University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 Julie Brigham-Grette The interbedded glaciogenic and marine sediments exposed in many places along western Alaska comprise the best-known Arctic record of late-Cenozoic regional climatic change and eustatic sea-level fluctuations. Western Alaska is one of few areas in Arctic North America where both terrestrial and oceanic records can be clearly resolved. Based upon regional stratigraphic work completed over the last two years, it is now known that glaciation about 500,000 years ago throughout western Alaska was an order of magnitude more extensive than any subsequent glaciation. The award supports investigation of the well-exposed stratigraphy sedimentology, and paleoecology of sediments representing this interglacial/glacial transition to better understand the regional climatic setting that culminated in the last extensive early to middle Pleistocence glacial events in northwestern North America. Marine micro- and macrofossils and terrestrial pollen, beetles, and plant macrofossils collected from nearshore prodeltaic deposits are being examined to reconstruct land-sea climatic conditions during this transitional period. Data collected from this project provides proxy data for understanding regional paleoclimatic conditions with implications for evaluating paleosnowlines, climatic gradients through the Bering Strait, and changing paleogeography at a time of climatic transition. 154 Relation Between Water Drainage and Short-term Strain/Velocity Events on Storglaciaren, Sweden, and Geomorphic Implications OPP 8822156 01/15/90; (OPP) $109,422; (Non-OPP) $0; 48 months University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55415 Roger Hooke There is an overdeepening in the bed of Storglaciaren, a predominantly temperate valley glacier in northern Sweden. In the overdeepening, the glacier is, at least locally, underlain by a layer of water-saturated deformable till, the glacial drainage system is englacial, and water pressures are consistently high. Here also, diurnal variations in water input appear to result in long, low waves in the water table. These waves seem to become amplified as they move down glacier, resulting in a local diurnal uplift of the glacier surface. Down glacier from the bed's overdeepening the drainage is subglacial and there are large (often > 7 b) diurnal variations in water pressure. Here, peak velocities seem to occur during rising and falling water pressures, rather than during the peak pressure. Tracer experiments and measurements of surface tilt, strain, velocity, internal deformation, and water pressure are being undertaken to study these phenomena. The results are expected not only to clarify their causes, but also to contribute to a general understanding of the response of glaciers to variations in water pressure. The results are also expected to shed light on a classical problem of glacial geology: the origin of cirques and overdeepening in glacier beds. As part of the study of this problem, a post-doctoral research associate is investigating processes of glacial quarrying. 155 Chemical Analysis, Morphology and Grain Size of Insoluble Particles in the Greenland Ice Sheet OPP 8822068 04/01/89; (OPP) $103,405; (Non-OPP) $0; 54 months University of New Hampshire-Durham, Durham, NH 03824 Paul A. Mayewski The award supports one element of the second Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP II). The objectives of GISP II are the retrieval and analyses of a deep ice core from central Greenland. Insoluble particulates in selected samples are being analyzed for mass concentration, size distribution, chemical composition and morphology. Sampling is being coordinated with investigators working on other analytical techniques (specifically ECM/Laser Particles and Ice Chemistry) in order to identify the most important sections of the core for detailed study. The insoluble particulate concentration of ice samples from the GISP II core provides important information about not only the particulate loading of the atmosphere in the past but also temperature, radiation balance, global aridity, wind strength, and circulation patterns. Superimposed upon the background concentrations of continental dust associated with changes in climate are elevated particle concentrations from sporadic events such as volcanic eruptions. In addition to providing information about the temporal variations in the concentration and type of particulates deposited on the Greenland ice sheet, the research also provides insight into the relationship between volcanism and climate. 156 The University of New Hampshire Science Management (NHSM) Plan for GISP II OPP 8822082 03/01/89; (OPP) $388,184; (Non-OPP) $0; 55 months University of New Hampshire-Durham, Durham, NH 03824 Paul A. Mayewski The second Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP II) is intended to yield an ice core drilled to bedrock (approximately 3100 m) from a site close to Summit in central Greenland. The resultant record will be the longest ice core record yet retrieved from the Northern Hemisphere extending back through the last interglacial and into the proper glacial period (approximately 200,000 years). As planned, this record will include measurements of the following: stable isotopes in ice; gases and isotopes of gases; cosmogenic isotopes; major anions and cations; trace metals; organic compounds; other trace constituents; particulates; physical and mechanical properties of the ice core; borehole studies; and atmospheric studies. The purpose and justification for a GISP II science program has been clearly stated in a series of documents and priority statements issued by the National Science Foundation, the Polar Research Board of the National Academy of Sciences, several ad hoc committees, and the scientific community. The award is for the administration of the science plan and for the establishment of the management structure on behalf of the paleoclimatology research community. The GISP II scientific management office will reside at the University of New Hampshire. 157 Major Anions and Cations, Total Acidity and Ionic Balance Program for GISP II OPP 8822085 03/31/89; (OPP) $250,613; (Non-OPP) $0; 53 months University of New Hampshire-Durham, Durham, NH 03824 Paul A. Mayewski The award supports the chemical aspects of the second Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP II). Ice core samples retrieved from the GISP II project are being analyzed for major cations and anions, total acidity, and ionic balances. The data are used for several purposes, which may be broadly categorized as identification of climate change indicators, examination of the history of volcanic eruptions, determination of changes in global atmospheric chemistry (both natural and anthropogenic), identification of solar phenomena, and comparison with other chemical and physical measurements involved in GISP II. To achieve these objectives, the program includes processing the core samples, conducting the chemical analyses of the samples, and performing data analyses. Core processing involves ultra-clean procedures to prepare the samples for analyses. The chemical analyses are conducted primarily by ion chromatography. The data are treated to determine statistical features such as trends over time, episodic events, and dominant frequencies for cyclic variations in concentration. The results of the project, combined with other types of data from GISP II, are being used to further understanding of global change. The findings also enhance understanding of the impact of human activity on the global atmosphere. 158 Continuous Measurements of Dust Concentration Along the Summit Ice Core OPP 8922042 03/01/90; (OPP) $8,750; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months SUNY, Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 Michael Ram The award is in support of the second Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP II). The award supports the design, fabrication, and testing of a 90 degree laser-light scattering instrument (LLSI) for continuous measurements of dust stratigraphy along the GISP ice core that is being retrieved at Summit, Greenland. This is being correlated with ECM and oxygen isotope measurements and with reference horizons to establish the absolute chronology of the core. 159 Presidential Young Investigator Award OPP 9058193 08/15/90; (OPP) $37,500; (Non-OPP) $0; 42 months Pennsylvania State University-University Park, University Park, PA 16801 Richard B. Alley Two lines of scientific inquiry currently under investigation are being continued. The first involves studies in ice sheet stability as a function of basal flow of a deforming bed, where instability caused by marginal melting triggers ice sheet collapse. Field and modeling work support the idea of a triggering mechanism, and if correct, can also explain the patterns of ice-related, sediment deposition associated with glacial movement. In addition, work will continue in the basic physics of glacial ice, its transformation, and implication to the broader field of paleoclimatology. 160 Chronostratigraphy of Pleistocene High-Sea-Level and Glacial Deposits, Northeastern Bristol Bay, Alaska OPP 9217634 06/01/92; (OPP) $12,531; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 Darrell Kaufman The award supports a study to reconstruct the spatial and temporal pattern of pre-late Wisconsin glacial and sea-level fluctuations of the northeastern Bristol Bay region of southwestern Alaska. A wide spectrum of geochronological methods, including aminostratigraphy, tephrostratigraphy, thermoluminescence, and radiocarbon dating are being used to date the stratigraphic records that are available. An improved chronostratigraphy allows the spatial and temporal variability in the response of the glacial and periglacial systems to be assessed in terms of the changing oceanic and atmospheric boundary conditions of the last interglacial to late-Wisconsin time. 161 18O/16O Record of the Greenland Summit (GISP-II) Core OPP 8822073 01/15/89; (OPP) $190,586; (Non-OPP) $0; 54 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Pieter M. Grootes The 18O/16O ratio of the ice in a core through the central part of the Greenland ice sheet provides a uniquely detailed record of paleoenvironmental conditions that may extend back as far as 200,000 years. The project studies the 18O/16O ratio to determine the characteristics of the major global climate cycles and the cause and effect relationships between the various environmental parameters, such as temperature, concentration of CO2 and CH4, dustiness, and cation/anion concentration, that change with climate. A better definition of the processes that determine climate change provides better predictions of future climate change. The location of intervals of major and/or rapid climate change are the focus of detailed multiparameter studies. The study provides a preliminary isotope stratigraphy of the core. The 18O/16O research is part of the multiparameter multi-investigator GISP II project. A special collaboration provides a record of deuterium excess (d). 162 Motion of Particles in Melting Snow OPP 9024254 05/01/91; (OPP) $65,853; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Charles F. Raymond This award supports a project to study the motion of particles in melting snow, under both natural conditions and in controlled laboratory experiments. The research has two primary motivations. First, this work will aid in understanding the impact of natural and industrial particle depositions in the course of snow melt. Primary focus will be on elemental carbon particles (soot), because of their strong effect on radiative properties and their environmental importance. Secondly, this work will provide important information for glaciologists who want to know if the stability of particle stratigraphy in accumulation areas of temperate ice caps can be used to find past history of particle deposition, for example, in relation to biomass burning or volcanic eruptions. The field studies will be undertaken on the Snow Dome of the Blue Glacier, Washington. 163 Geophysical Investigation of Seasonal Changes in the Basal Zone of Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska OPP 9122540 07/01/92; (OPP) $6,949; (Non-OPP) $0; 24 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Charles F. Raymond The award supports a program of high-resolution seismic reflection and radio-echo sounding on the surge-type Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska. Determination of changes in the structure of the glacier bed during seasonal fluctuations in velocity are being made. The measurements are being made at a location where a 100 to 400 percent increase in speed is known to occur each year in the early melt season. Geophysical sensing of the basal zone is being performed before and during the speed-up. Surface motion and uplift, the discharge of water, solutes and sediment in the terminal stream, meteorological conditions, and water level in moulins are all being monitored. These measurements allow the morphology of the glacier bed to be determined at times of differing amounts of basal motion, and thus provide valuable insight into the mechanisms of glacier and ice stream motion and the role of basal water. 164 Climate and Meteorology of the Greenland Crest: 1992 - 1995 OPP 9200806 06/01/92; (OPP) $69,660; (Non-OPP) $0; 12 months University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 Charles R. Stearns The project provides for the continued operation and maintenance of an automatic weather station network on the Greenland ice sheet in support of the GISP-II drilling effort and the associated atmospheric chemistry research. Three AWS units are located at the GISP-II, GRIP, and atmospheric camp sites, while four are located 100 km to the north, east, south, and west of the drill site. These are used to determine the regional divergence and vorticity fields. 165 Improvement and Validation of Glacier Dynamic Models: A Collaborative Study OPP 9122966 07/15/92; (OPP) $9,974; (Non-OPP) $0; 23 months University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 N. Humphrey The award supports a three-year collaborative program between the University of Colorado, Boulder, and the University of Wyoming, Laramie, to improve and validate glacier dynamic models. An isothermal, active glacier is being selected and the surface, englacial, and basal velocity field are being determined on a three-dimensional array of points over the glacier. These results are being used to test an improved top-down model, to compare top-down and bottom-up models, and to define further the constitutive law and sliding relations. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 166 The PanArctic Fauna and Flora Project: A Workshop INT 9016770 02/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $10,000; 18 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 David F. Murray A joint U.S.-Russia workshop is identifying, developing, and coordinating databases on Arctic flora and fauna. There is, at present, no coordinated system for retrieving such data or to record new data about as yet undiscovered species in the Arctic. The ecology of the Arctic regions is extremely fragile and susceptible to stresses caused by economic development and global climate change. The objective of the workshop is to begin laying a baseline of data about Arctic ecology for subsequent studies of biodiversity and global climate change. The meeting is being organized by Dr. David Murray of the University of Alaska at Fairbanks and Academician Vladimir Sokolov of the Institute of Evolutionary Animal Morphology and Ecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The project fulfills the program objective of advancing scientific knowledge by enabling leading researchers in the United States and Russia to combine complementary efforts and capabilities in areas of strong mutual interest and competence in the field of basic scientific research on the basis of equality, reciprocity, and mutuality of benefit. 167 U.S.-Russia Workshop on PanArctic Fauna and Flora (St. Petersburg, Russia; February 2-10, 1992 INT 9245690 01/30/92; (OPP) $1; (Non-OPP) $0; 0 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 David F. Murray The award supports a further coordination begun at the PanArctic Biota working group that met in (February 1991) to develop databases on Arctic flora and fauna and expanded the areas of cooperation to fishes and invertebrate organisms. The ecology of the Arctic regions is extremely fragile and susceptible to stresses caused by economic development and global climate change. The meeting was organized by Dr. David Murray of the University of Alaska at Fairbanks and Academician Vladimir Sokolov of the Institute of Evolutionary Animal Morphology and Ecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The project fulfilled the program objective of advancing scientific knowledge by enabling leading researchers in the United States and Russia to combine complementary efforts and capabilities in areas of strong mutual interest and competence in the field of basic scientific research on the basis of equality, reciprocity, and mutuality of benefit. 168, 169 Collaborative Research: Patch Formation and Mycorrhizal Colonization During Succession on Glacial Till DEB 9107344 07/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $56,055; 30 months University of Alaska Agricultural Experiment Station, Palmer, AK 99645 Dorothy J. Helm DEB 9108988 08/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $48,272; 30 months San Diego State University Foundation, San Diego, CA 92182-1900 Edith B. Allen Plant succession may be initiated by patch formation by the pioneer plants. The research consists of a series of experiments to determine whether the formation of these patches is related to mycorrhizal colonization on recently deglaciated till. Initial colonization by individual plants may be controlled by abiotic factors such as microsites for seed deposition and water catchment, while later patch formation may be regulated by both abiotic and biotic factors. These biotic factors are the focus of the study. The initial colonizing plant may act as a "nurse" plant both by ameliorating the microenvironment and by providing a source of mycorrhizal inoculum for later colonists. The investigators hypothesize that the initial colonizers in boreal Alaska are facultatively mycorrhizal, and that they can survive in glacial till without mycorrhizae until inoculum is naturally dispersed. The next wave of plant colonists may be facultatively or obligately mycorrhizal, and they may establish more rapidly if their seeds are deposited near a nurse plant. Thus patch formation in the initial stages of glacial succession in Alaska may depend on mycorrhizal fungi. Experiments consist of planting both vesicular-arbuscular (VA) and ectomycorrhizal inoculated and uninoculated nurse plants on glacial till, planting uninoculated seedlings around the nurse plant, and observing natural plant and mycorrhizal colonization. The effects of microenvironmental amelioration by the nurse plants versus mycorrhizal inoculation can be separated by comparing plant growth near and at a distance from inoculated versus uninoculated nurse plants. The physiological response of the individual plants to mycorrhizae is being measured under controlled conditions. Many early to mid-seral plants have been reported to be both VA and ectomycorrhizal during succession on glacial till, and both types of fungi area being manipulated and observed. 170 Acquisition of Equipment and Improvement of Facilities for Research at the Toolik Field BIR 9115429 04/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $66,534; 30 months University of Alaska Institute of Marine Science, Fairbanks, AK 99775-1080 Francis S. Williamson The Institute of Arctic Biology at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks operates the Toolik Lake Field Station on Alaska's North Slope. The Station is one of 17 NSF-supported Long-Term Ecological Research Sites, and it supports research projects conducted by University of Alaska faculty members and a wide array of visiting investigators. A number of improvements to the Toolik Lake Field Station are planned, including installation of fume hoods that allow bio- and geochemical procedures, construction of a modular laboratory, an upgrade in the electrical systems used for computers and communication, and acquisition of equipment for environmental monitoring. Research projects conducted at the Toolik Lake Field Station are rapidly increasing understanding of the terrestrial and freshwater environments of the Arctic tundra. The improvements correct violations of safety regulations, and increase the efficiency and productivity of research projects based at the Station. Continued growth of research at the Station requires new instrumentation and improved lab facilities. 171 Polar Ozone Depletions and Biologically Relevant Ultraviolet Radiation OPP 9200747 07/15/92; (OPP) $62,580; (Non-OPP) $0; 42 months University of Alaska Geophysical Institute, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0800 Knut Stamnes Data from the National Science Foundation-sponsored monitoring sites of ultraviolet and visible radiation in Antarctica and Barrow, Alaska are being used to determine the relationship between biologically effective ultraviolet radiation, ozone abundance and cloud effects. Satellite data on ozone abundance and cloud properties are being used in a radiative transfer model to compute the ultraviolet radiation budget at these sites. Comparison with the ground-based measurements is being made to determine the feasibility of assessing the biospheric ultraviolet radiation environment in the polar regions from space. Climatological estimates of the surface albedo are then being used to assess how the ultraviolet and visible radiation budget varies with season throughout the Antarctic and Arctic regions. The relative magnitudes of UVB (280-320 nm), UVA (320-400 nm), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400-700 nm) are being assessed as a function of latitude and season and climatological parameters (turbidity, cloud cover, etc.). Finally, a coupled atmosphere/ocean radiation model is being used to estimate the amount of ultraviolet and visible radiation penetrating to various levels in the polar ocean as a function of ocean productivity. 172 Database Development and Verification of the Mammal Collection at the University of Alaska Museum DEB 9201380 07/15/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $178,166; 29 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Joseph A. Cook The award allows the continued improvement of the mammal collection at the University of Alaska Museum (UAM). Specifically, researchers are cataloging, retroactively, 10,000 specimens, constructing a database and beginning verification of the entire collection (28,000 specimens), enhancing the frozen tissue collection (currently at 700 specimens), and establishing a permanent collection manager position. The UAM mammal collection is the only regional resource readily accessible to state, Federal, and academic scientists in Alaska for research and education on mammals from the Arctic and sub-Arctic biomes. UAM is the de facto natural history museum for Alaska and continues to be the central repository for voucher material arising from environmental management studies and other research projects. Recently, UAM became the repository for frozen tissues (with vouchers) from NBS and NOAA projects in Alaska. The improved collection will be widely used in research and education on the biology and game management of Arctic and sub-Arctic mammals. 173 Successional Processes in Taiga Forests of Interior Alaska: A Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Program for Study of Controls of Sub-Arctic Forest Development DEB 9211769 09/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $657,500; 20 months University of Alaska Fairbanks Campus, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Keith Van Cleve The program focuses on population and ecosystem level questions within the framework of succession. It capitalizes on a substantial existing base of information and preliminary results from past research to address hypothesized controls of structure and function of successional forest communities. These processes previously have not been examined in a comprehensive manner in the North American taiga. Results of the research will greatly improve understanding of the links between resource (moisture, light, nutrients) supply and plant growth as influenced by herbivores and soil microbial activity. Researchers in interior Alaska have demonstrated their commitment to long-term studies of ecological processes. Several studies have been pursued, essentially by the same scientists for 20 to 25 years. For example a series of plots in various successional stages on the floodplain of the Chena and Tanana Rivers established in 1964, are still being monitored for growth and changes in species composition. The USDA Forest Service is also committed to long-term experimentation and encourages these activities through their management of Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest, the principal site of the research. The hypotheses put forth in the project address important long-term aspects of forest ecosystem structure, function only initially evaluated in earlier research efforts. During this new phase, initial experiments are being continued and new hypotheses are being addressed based on some initial results. Considering questions dealing with taiga forest ecology from a successional standpoint establishes a strong organizational structure for the research and promotes linkage among research projects and feedback of ideas and information among personnel. The structure and objectives of the project take advantage of existing knowledge, current research activities, and an experienced group of investigators, melding them in a combination which promotes the type of interaction necessary for advancing scientific understanding of the ecology of taiga forest ecosystems, and insuring success of a long-term ecological research program. 174 Facilities Upgrade for Mass Spectrometry STC 9214752 09/15/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $100,000; 17 months University of Alaska Institute of Marine Science, Fairbanks, AK 99775-1080 Vera D. Alexander The Academic Research Infrastructure (ARI) program supports acquisition or development of major research instrumentation, and/or repair, renovation, or in exceptional cases, replacement of obsolete science and engineering research facilities. The award provides funds to purchase an automated mass spectrometer with a gas stripping module. The instrument is being operated as a shared-use facility to support research efforts of several scientists at the University of Alaska and aboard research vessels in the Arctic region. The instrument is widely used for nutrient cycling studies funded as part of the Global Change Research Program. Funding for the project is provided by the Directorate of Geosciences and matching funds are provided by the University. 175 The Biology of Glycerol-Producing Arctic Fishes OPP 9123228 04/01/92; (OPP) $72,556; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688 James A. Raymond Many polar fishes produce macromolecular antifreezes that act in non-colligative ways to prevent freezing. Some Arctic fishes in the smelt and greenling families use a novel method to avoid freezing. These fishes increase the freezing point depression of their body fluids by producing high concentrations of glycerol in winter. The study focuses on the high glycerol concentrations in Arctic fishes and the physiological and biochemical implications they have on water balance, kidney and gill function, and metabolism of energy stores. Conservation of glycerol by the kidney and gills is being investigated by measuring glomerular filtration rate, urine flow, drinking rate and permeability of the gills to glycerol. Because glycerol is present only in winter, seasonal variations in these parameters are being determined. The source and fate of glycerol is being determined with assays of glycogen, lipid and key enzymes using cold- and warm-acclimated fish. Additional studies are being conducted to determine the maximum concentrations of glycerol that occur in cold-acclimated fishes, the environmental conditions that regulate its production, and the occurrence of glycerol in other species. A puzzling characteristic of the smelts is that they have both colligative and non-colligative antifreezes. Further studies are being undertaken to explain why two different antifreezes are needed in these species. 176 REU: Phenotypic Diversification in Gasterosteus Aculeatus DEB 9108132 11/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $10,000; 18 months University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Susan A. Foster During the last Pleistocene glacial advance, ice covered much of the modern day range of the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). As the glaciers began to retreat about 14,000 years ago, a diversity of freshwater habitats were created and subsequently colonized by the marine threespine stickleback. Today, the resultant freshwater populations are undergoing rapid evolutionary diversification throughout northwestern North America, and in some cases speciation has occurred. This remarkable, recent radiation holds great promise for providing information on the patterns and mechanisms of evolutionary change. It also provides a model for adaptive radiations that have new genera and higher taxa. The research determines, for the first time, the reproductive behavior patterns exhibited by marine threespine stickleback, and the extent to which they vary among sites. This is essential for interpreting the patterns of change in the radiation because the marine form is thought to have given rise to the divergent freshwater forms observed today. In addition, the diversity of reproductive behavior in twenty or more Alaskan freshwater populations is being documented. These observations not only provide a first approximation of the range of behavioral diversification among Alaskan freshwater populations, but enable the investigators to select populations for future research on the evolution of specific behavioral phenotypes. 177 Dissertation Research: Temperature Effects on Tundra Plant Communities and the Consequences for Ecosystem Processes DEB 9122791 05/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $15,000; 24 months University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 F. Stuart Chapin This dissertation research project examines how Arctic plant communities may respond to global climate change, and the consequences that changes in community structure may have for ecosystem functioning. Field manipulations of community structure and temperature, combined with growth chamber experiments are being used to determine how the competitive interactions of the major tussock tundra species change with increased temperature. Field transplants of major treeline species along with seed germination studies are being employed to determine the controls over tree migration into tundra. How individual species affect system processes such as productivity, decomposition and nutrient cycling, and CO2 and CH4 flux, are being studied using the previously mentioned community manipulations, as well as laboratory soil incubations. The Arctic is an appropriate system for this study because the low number of species allows whole-community manipulations. Furthermore, dramatic increases in temperature are expected to occur at high latitudes in the near future. The study is significant because it links community structure with ecosystem processes. 178 Foraging of Planktivorous Seabirds and Hydrographic Processes in the Aleutians OPP 9122830 04/01/92; (OPP) $321,616; (Non-OPP) $0; 12 months University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717 George L. Hunt A multidisciplinary study is being conducted to test the hypothesis that planktivorous seabirds concentrate their foraging where tidal and sub-tidal currents, interacting with bathymetry, transport, and concentrate zooplankton near the surface in spatially predictable upwellings and fronts. It is hypothesized that quasi-permanent fronts, caused by horizontal gradients in mixing associated with gradients in tidal velocity and bottom depth, are of importance to the birds. Physical processes and plankton distributions in both shallow (100 m) and deep (600 m) passes near Buldir Island are being compared, as are avian responses to concentrations of prey in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions. Advanced technologies including an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), an integrating echosounder, multiple opening-closing nets (MOCNESS) and computerized data entry and real-time analyses of results to optimize use of the ship are being employed. The study provides a unique opportunity to combine the benefits of new technologies for investigating how physical processes affect the distribution and concentration of plankton that support higher trophic levels. The study is one of the few to examine simultaneously physical processes, zooplankton distributions and abundance, and the foraging ecology of marine birds in the western Aleutians. This suite of information permits comparison of the marine ecology of seabirds on oceanic islands with that of seabirds on nearby continental islands studied previously. 179 Dissertation Research: Asian American in Multicultural Subarctic America: A Comparative Multivariate Analysis DBS 9209799 06/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $12,000; 18 months University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717 Joseph G. Jorgensen The project involves the dissertation research of an anthropology student from the University of California-Irvine. The project studies the Asian-American community in three places in Alaska--Anchorage, Kodiak, and Nome. The project gathers demographic information and studies migration patterns, employment and occupations, cultural retention and changes, and interracial and interethnic interactions. It uses multiple methods including respondent interviews, participant observation, survey questionnaires and key informant protocols. The research is important because interethnic and interracial strife is a major fact of life in many areas. This case study of how a complex Asian community fits into a complex Alaskan social setting helps us understand general principles of community conflict and adaptation. 180 Human Performance and Adaptation in Polar Environments OPP 9019131 07/15/91; (OPP) $32,527; (Non-OPP) $0; 23 months University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093 Lawrence A. Palinkas Failure to adapt to prolonged isolation and extreme conditions of polar environments can have adverse consequences for both the individual and the organization. Despite decades of research, the identification of social and psychological characteristics associated with successful adaptation and performance in these settings remains problematic. Building upon the results of preliminary work conducted both in Antarctica and in the Canadian High Arctic, the study focuses on social and psychological characteristics that predict performance and adaptation in both polar regions. Research is being conducted at McMurdo Station in Antarctica and four Atmospheric Environmental Service weather stations in the Canadian High Arctic using a battery of psychological screening instruments and a standardized debriefing protocol. The study adds to the understanding of social and psychological sequellae of adaptation and adjustment in polar regions contributing to group morale and well-being, improved safety, and performance in these regions. In addition, the research explicates fundamental interrelationships among environmental stress, coping resources, personality traits, and performance, and provides a growing database for comparative and cross-cultural studies of adaptation and performance in polar environments. 181 Role of Phytoplankton in the Cycling of Carbon and Sulfur at the Marginal Ice Zone of the Barents Sea OPP 9200847 03/15/92; (OPP) $86,622; (Non-OPP) $0; 11 months University of Miami School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Miami, FL 33149 Patricia A. Matrai Arctic phytoplankton may act as a sink for carbon dioxide (CO2) and a major producer of dimethylsulfide (DMS). Maximum effects are expected in the marginal ice zone where phytoplankton blooms extend from May to September as the ice recedes northwards. These productive waters can cover more than half the area of Arctic shelf seas, such as the Barents Sea, in any one growth period. One of the main components of the phytoplankton at the marginal ice zone is Phaeocystis pouchetii which, in its colonial form, is a high producer of DMS. This species is known to excrete a high proportion of newly fixed carbon as high molecular weight polymers in order to form the colony. Later, it sinks in mass in the latter stages of the bloom when nitrate becomes limiting. Diatoms, such as Thalassiosira gravida, may dominate the bloom at the ice edge late in the summer and may also precede the P. pouchetii bloom in early spring (i.e., Chaetoceros socialis). The different patterns of dissolved organic carbon formation and cell sedimentation between P. pouchetii and diatoms need to be included in productivity models for an understanding of the production and sink of CO2 and DMS in Arctic shelf areas. The objectives of the field and laboratory study, in collaboration with Norwegian scientists, are: (1) to determine the quantitative differences between P. pouchetii and diatoms blooms in the ice edge with respect to primary production, proportion of carbon fixed that is extracellular, DMS production, and sedimentation of particulate carbon and sulfur to depth; (2) to determine which are the main environmental variables that favor each type of bloom using a 10-year time series from the Barents Sea; and (3) to estimate a 10-year time series of DMS production and CO2 uptake by combining the existing time series with carbon and sulfur budgets of the ice edge blooms. The research provides a first approximation to the seasonal and interannual variability of the phytoplankton contribution to the carbon and sulfur cycle during the ice edge bloom in Arctic shelf areas. 182, 183 Primary and Secondary Productivity of Arctic Marginal Seas: Collaborative Research OPP 9123007 01/01/93; (OPP) $91,990; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months University of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc., Athens, GA 30602 Lawrence R. Pomeroy OPP 9122887 01/01/93; (OPP) $103,345; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0140 Glenn F. Cota Modeling and empirical measurements suggest that much of the ocean's margin is net heterotrophic utilizing more organic matter than is produced by photosynthesis. Seasonally, however, many continental shelves are dominated by autotrophic processes and may then export organic matter to the ocean's interior. This annual cycle of trophic status is largely the result of an interactive two factor response by bacteria to low temperature and low substrate concentration. Bacterial isolates from the Arctic Ocean, the Labrador Current, and the subtropical southeastern continental shelf all indicate greatly reduced rates of growth when cultured at their annual minimum temperature and at low substrate concentrations, comparable to those normally present in seawater. Little is known, however, about net metabolism in Arctic marine communities. Bacterial production is very low during the early spring period when most primary production is within the sea ice, and it is higher in late summer after the open-water phytoplankton bloom, all based on limited data, also very limited geographically. The project will result in an extensive concurrent data set on phytoplankton biomass, bacterial and microzooplankton abundance, nutrient uptake (nitrate and ammonium), inorganic nutrients, hydrographic variables, primary production, microbial secondary production, and microbial respiration in the Arctic Ocean. Knowledge of the autotrophy-heterotrophy status of the Arctic is an important consideration for modeling the global carbon cycle and for predicting the effects of global climate change, as well as for understanding and modeling polar food webs. 184 Plasticity of Life History Traits: Arctic Charr as a Paradigm OPP 9123017 05/15/92; (OPP) $118,097; (Non-OPP) $0; 11 months University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 Richard L. Radtke Due to the disparate nature of environmental conditions in oceanic and freshwater systems, the characteristics of these environments strongly influence total population structure of species with plastic life history patterns. To conduct meaningful research on these processes, it is essential to identify which life history stages and/or environmental events are significant. The Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) is characterized by a variety of morphological types. These morphs appear to reflect differences in environmental conditions. The project investigates the relationships between morph, growth and environmental history. The research applies novel analytic techniques to evaluate the periods in the life history of the Arctic charr. The otoliths of fish have incorporated within their structural and chemical components a large amount of life history and physiological information. Age, growth rate, and environmental perturbations are being determined from otolith microstructure, while environmental trends in the history of an individual are being determined through elemental composition analyses of otoliths. The results of these investigations will be a comprehensive and detailed understanding of physiologically and ecologically induced changes in otolith microstructure and chemical composition. This knowledge is vital to an understanding of the processes at the foundation of adaptable life history patterns and should make it possible to link growth and migration to nutritional and environmental occurrences. 185 Plant and Insect Thermal Hysteresis Antifreeze Proteins IBN 9117903 03/15/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $90,000; 17 months University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 John G. Duman Thermal hysteresis producing antifreeze proteins lower the freezing point, but not the melting point, of water by a special mechanism which makes them extremely effective antifreezes. These antifreeze proteins (AFPs) have been reported in many cold blooded animals (polar marine fishes, insects, spiders, centipedes), but they have been best studied in fish where the biochemistry of the AFPs are well understood and certain of the AFP genes have cloned and transferred to other organisms (salmon, plants, bacteria). The AFPs from the overwintering larvae of the beetle Dendroides canadensis are by far the most active AFPs known. The project continues biochemical characterization of the AFP and clones the Dendroides AFP gene. The gene is being sequenced, providing the amino acid sequence of the protein and allowing comparisons to the fish AFPs. Also, the function of the AFPs in the membranes of epidermal cells located just under the cuticle of the larvae are being investigated. These studies further understanding of the role of AFPs in insect cold tolerance. Because of the high activity of this AFP, the results could have applications in cryopreservation, agriculture, and frozen food technology. 186 An LTER Program for the Alaskan Arctic DEB 8702328 09/01/87; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $49,000; 66 months Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Gaius R. Shaver The Long-Term Ecological Research Project on Arctic tundra ecosystems has five related sections: (1) baseline data collection; (2) experimental manipulations of whole ecosystems from the bottom up (i.e., nutrients, light, and temperature); (3) manipulations from the top down (grazers and predators); (4) linkages of land, water, and the atmosphere through exchanges of elements; and (5) regional extrapolations. Research in all five sections involves terrestrial ecosystems, lakes, and rivers. The major strengths of the research include the ability to apply experimental techniques to whole ecosystems, both terrestrial and aquatic, and the application of new methods using stable isotopes. The relative simplicity of Arctic ecosystems makes them particularly good models for whole ecosystem research, and their location in a region of climatic extremes makes them particularly important to include in the family of Long Term Ecological Research projects. The project comprises a true interdisciplinary research team from several different academic and research institutions. In addition to coordination and collaboration among the principal scientists and their institutions, the project also requires close contact with several Federal, state, and local agencies. These aspects of the organizational burden are also well managed to the benefit of the project. Facilities at the parent institution, the Marine Biological Laboratory, are excellent as are the adjunct support laboratories of collaborating scientists. Field facilities provided through the University of Alaska are more than adequate to the task. 187 Global Change and the Carbon Balance of Arctic Ecosystems: The Importance of Carbon/Nutrient Interactions DEB 9019055 11/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $404,427; 18 months Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Gaius R. Shaver The subject of the research is the role of carbon/nutrient interactions as constraints on carbon cycling processes and overall carbon budgets of terrestrial ecosystems. The specific focus is on carbon/nutrient interactions in three contrasting tundra ecosystems along a continuum from dry uplands to wet lowlands in northern Alaska. The research is placed in the context of global warming, viewing the predicted global temperature increase as an experiment in carbon/nutrient interactions at the ecosystem level. The central idea is that primary production of Arctic ecosystem is strongly nutrient-limited, and its ability to respond to higher temperatures is constrained by nutrient supply. Soil respiration, on the other hand, is more directly limited by low soil temperature, as is the mineralization of nutrients in soil organic matter. Plant carbon gains associated with increased nutrient mineralization must be balanced against soil carbon losses due to increased soil respiration. To understand controls on carbon balance at the ecosystem level, one needs to understand controls on plant carbon/nutrient ratios and the ratio of soil carbon respiration to N and P mineralization. The program of research includes process studies, whole-ecosystem experiments, and simulation modeling. The process studies are designed to improve understanding of C/N/P interactions at key points in the cycle of organic matter in terrestrial ecosystems, with a particular focus on the balance of soil respiration and N and P mineralization. The whole-ecosystem experiments are focused on determining correlations between changes in the C/N/P ratios of the major organic matter fluxes and organic matter pools. The modeling efforts are designed to help explain these correlated changes in whole ecosystems, to identify cause-effect relationships, and to clarify constraints on the observed range of variation in C/N/P ratios. 188 Freshwater Systems OPP 9024188 08/01/91; (OPP) $821,194; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 John E. Hobbie Freshwater systems are a major feature of the Arctic landscape because permafrost prevents drainage, and evaporation is low. They must be studied and understood in their pristine condition as a major part of the Arctic interacting system. The broad goal of the project is to understand and predict how the tundra, lakes and streams function and how they respond to change. Specific goals are to understand the extent of control by resources (bottom-up control) or by grazing and predation (top-down control) and to understand the exchange of nutrients between land and water. The heart of the project is the long-term experimental manipulations of ecosystems to examine processes and the effects of change. A part of the project is to monitor year-to-year variability and to measure long-term changes. The data collected in plots on the tundra and in small areas of the stream and lakes are being scaled up to the whole watershed level through mathematical modeling. In the future, the watershed model will be interactive with other databases so the model and process information may be extrapolated to the larger region. A prediction may then be made for the future export of nutrients from the whole of the north slope of Alaska when temperature and precipitation changes. 189 The Arctic LTER Project: Terrestrial and Freshwater Research on Ecological Controls DEB 9211775 09/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $657,500; 20 months Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 John E. Hobbie During the first five years of the Arctic LTER at Toolik Lake, Alaska, systematic measurements of climate, tundra plant distribution and productivity, and lake and stream physics, chemistry and biology were begun. Whole system experiments were set up on the tundra, in streams, and in lakes to examine the ecological effects of changes in environmental and biological factors such as air temperature, added nutrients, and changes in the density of the top predators and grazers. These measurements and long-term experiments are designed to help reach the overall goal: to understand how tundra, streams and lakes function in the Arctic and to predict how they respond to human-induced changes including climate change. Under this broad goal there are three specific goals: (1) to determine year-to-year ecological variability in these systems and measure long-term changes; (2) to understand the extent of control by resources (bottom-up control) or by grazing and predation (top-down control); and (3) to measure rates and understand the controls of the exchange of nutrients and organic matter between land and water. Long-term experiments are the heart of the Arctic LTER program. It has been found that Arctic systems often do not respond for many years, and that long-term responses are often not predictable from short-term responses. Changes in the responses of both streams and terrestrial vegetation to nutrient amendments are still being documented after nine years. Lake trout manipulations take many years to show effects as these long-lived fish may change their diet from invertebrates to fish when they reach a certain size. As a result, most long-term experiments and measurements for determining ecological variability will be continued. The results of the long-term experiments continue to be measured as more is discovered about long-term ecosystem controls by resources and predation. New research on the controls of the exchange of nutrients between land and water are being started. A major watershed experiment is being carried out to measure the movements of water and dissolved gases through the groundwater and into the streams. 190 PRF: Fine Root Dynamics in Floodplain Forests of the Alaskan Taiga DEB 9203031 07/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $69,600; 30 months Individual Award, Washington, MI 20550 Ron L. Hendrick The objective of the research is to study fine root dynamics along a floodplain forest chronosequence sere on the Bonanza Creek LTER near Fairbanks, Alaska. The above ground structure and function of these and other taiga forests are well documented, but little is known about below ground processes. Direct observations of roots, made with minirhizotrons, are being used to study the life history and longevity of fine roots and mycorrhizae. These data are being used to estimate the rate at which the fine root system is turning over and being replaced each year. Fine root/mycorrhizae production and morality rates determined via direct observation are being combined with biomass and nutrient content data derived from destructive harvest of the root systems to determine patterns of carbon allocation to fine roots and mycorrhizae during succession. The research is designed to capitalize on the strengths of direct and indirect methods of studying root systems to better understand the role of roots and mycorrhizae in ecosystem processes in the Alaskan taiga. 191 The Behavioral Ecology of Sea Otters at Amchitka Island, Alaska OPP 9101134 08/01/91; (OPP) $131,081; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55415 Donald B. Siniff Long-term, continuous records on individual sea otters in a population that is near equilibrium are needed to examine hypotheses concerning how population status influences social behavior, foraging, and reproduction. Similar data already exists for expanding populations at Prince William Sound, Attu Island, Alaska, and California. Researchers are collecting data among various individuals of different ages and sexes at Amchitka Island, where the population has been at equilibrium. These records will be compared with complementary data from populations which are increasing. Radio transmitters, surgically implanted, are being used to locate the animals and to follow the activity, agonistic interactions, survival and reproduction. Such individual-level comparisons between populations of known status have never been made for any carnivore species. This approach to population assessment should prove useful in managing now expanding sea otter populations. 192 Under-Ice Behavior of Ringed Seals OPP 9024106 03/01/91; (OPP) $98,666; (Non-OPP) $0; 32 months University of Missouri-Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121 Douglas Wartzok Very little is known about the evolution of Arctic ringed seals, in particular, ecological constraints on social organization and foraging strategies. These most northern ice-adapted seals live and breed in the fast ice, an environment that usually restricts learning about their ecology and behavior. But, because of their habitat, ringed seals are also constrained to forage within the range of their breath-hold from a fixed breathing hole. Researchers are investigating aspects of social organization, diving behavior, and foraging patterns of these seals and, using an electronic tracking system, are following the movements of ringed seals as they interact and forage under the ice. Seals, captured at their breathing holes using a triggered pursing net, have acoustic pingers and radio frequency transmitters glued to their fur and are then released. Continuous data is being recorded on their under-ice movements and their use of breathing holes and lairs. The data is being used to evaluate hypotheses concerning territoriality, territory size, sharing of breathing holes, role of vocalizations in territory maintenance, diving patterns, and presumed foraging activities including depths and diurnal patterns. The study should contribute significantly to understanding the social organization and foraging strategies of ringed seals. 193 RUI: Thermoregulation in Arctic Invertebrate Endotherms DEB 9106930 08/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $6,987; 24 months SUNY College at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY 12901 F. Daniel Vogt Bumblebees are perhaps the most important of all pollinators of plants in the Arctic. Their ability to perform at low air temperature is based on their remarkable ability to produce heat by shivering and to keep warm in order to remain active. Shivering, however, only affects the thoracic muscles that drive the wings. The abdomen, which contains no heat-producing tissues, remains cold unless heat is shunted to that area from the exercising flight muscles. In order to reproduce and live in the Arctic, the bees must squeeze their entire life cycle into a single, short summer. For them, time is temperature; to accelerate egg production and development rates they must also keep the eggs warm. The investigators are examining the hypothesis that Arctic bumblebee queens incubate their eggs not only after they are laid, but also while they are still developing in the abdomen. The energy cost of this heat production is likely very high, but it must be met because of the time constraint. The investigation helps determine the importance of temperature regulation in the evolution of the unique life history of the bumblebee and further elucidates one of the many patterns of adaptation employed by animals in the harsh, yet fragile Arctic environment. 194 U.S.-Sweden Cooperative Research: Genetic Diversity of Endangered Populations of Mysticete Whales: Mitol Historical Demographic Studies INT 9024592 09/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $18,870; 18 months Ecosystems Technology Transfer, Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104 Richard H. Lambertsen The one-year award supports collaborative research in mysticete whale systematics and conservation. Researchers photoidentify and sample by biopsy free-ranging humpback whales in the offshore waters between Iceland and Greenland. The tissues are analyzed for mitochondrial DNA variation and sequencing at the University of Hawaii and the University of Lund. These data are being correlated and compared to corresponding estimates of mitochondrial DNA nucleotides of other whale species in the Atlantic and Pacific. The project extends ongoing investigations into the worldwide population genetics and evolution of mysticete whales. The project is part of the NSF's Conservation Biology Initiative. Results allow an initial assessment of the genetic consequences of commercially exploited whales, provide a greater understanding of mitochondrial DNA variation among whales worldwide and ultimately help promote the whale conservation. 195 Photosynthetic Performance of Laminaria Solidungula and L. Saccharina in the High Arctic: Adaptation to Very Low Light Levels Under Winter Ice OPP 9000605 07/01/90; (OPP) $82,178; (Non-OPP) $0; 36 months University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 Kenneth H. Dunton The large size and rapid growth of kelp is partially due to their ability to optimize growth under a variety of light conditions through changes in photosynthetic performance. This feature may be most pronounced in one Arctic species, Laminaria solidungula, which increases its annual production by more than half over eight months of continuous ice cover when irradiance levels are lowest. Reported open-water saturation irradiance in this occurs during the summer, a period of minimal growth, when dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations are lowest. The project tests the hypothesis that photosynthetic sensitivity in L. solidungula increases considerably during the ice-covered period, and that ambient increases in DIN, not low levels of irradiance, are primarily responsible for seasonal changes in the plant's photosynthetic performance. Several photosynthetic parameters are being calculated from photosynthetic irradiance (P-I) curves derived from radioactive carbon uptake and oxygen flux measurements, and the light harvesting characteristics of entire plants incubated in situ in Beaufort Sea. In the lab, photosynthetic parameters of individuals grown under different conditions of light and DIN over a four-month period are being compared to specifically address the role of these factors in regulating winter photosynthesis at low light levels. In addition, the photosynthetic response of L. saccharina, which is common in temperate regions but is relatively rare in the central Alaskan Beaufort Sea, is being compared to that of L. solidungula. Studies of photosynthesis in both species under natural conditions of light and nutrient limitation enhances understanding of photoadaptation and greatly improves the ability to accurately model kelp production from measurements of in situ irradiance. 196 Hormone - Behavior Adaptations for Breeding at High Latitudes OPP 9023834 05/01/91; (OPP) $5,400; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 John C. Wingfield Little is understood of how environmental and social factors, particularly territorial aggression, affect the breeding of migratory Arctic birds. Relationships between reproduction and environmental induced stress, where they play an important adaptive role, are virtually unknown in high latitude species. Many species arrive in the Arctic, establish territories, and eventually feed their nestlings in a fraction of the time for temperate birds. In adherence to this rigorous schedule, pairs must ignore environmental conditions that would normally inhibit or delay breeding at temperate latitudes. These constraints have been met by adaptations of the endocrine system in Arctic birds. The study continues examining the relationship between two potentially antagonistic hormones: corticosterone, which directs behavior away from reproductive activities and towards survival activities; and testosterone, which mediates the aggressive behavior associated with territoriality. In both hormone-behavior systems, the endocrine responses of Arctic-nesting birds potentially show decreased sensitivity to environmental stimuli, allowing more prolonged opportunities to breed. The endocrine adaptations being investigated in the research program elucidate physiological mechanisms by which polar animals avoid delays and/or conflicting behaviors which might reduce their chances for successful reproduction. 197 Ecosystem Development within Circumpolar Polar Deserts OPP 9100080 07/15/91; (OPP) $219,315; (Non-OPP) $6,800; 30 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Lawrence C. Bliss Polar desert ecosystems in the high Arctic have not been studied in terms of their development and function. To provide an understanding of the critical components controlling development of polar desert ecosystems, researchers are studying the microclimate of soils, algal crusts, soil invertebrates and vascular plants within these systems. It is hypothesized that algal crusts, especially cyanobacteria, play a central role in soil development and to a greater extent species diversity and biomass of vascular plants. The overall influence of biota on soil development is being estimated from carbon dioxide and carbonate analyses in the soil atmosphere and in solution. To evaluate the hypothesis that the distribution of vascular plants relates primarily to water availability throughout the summer, winter snow fall and summer snow melt are being determined along moisture gradients. It is further believed that the algal crusts play a central role in maintenance of higher levels of soil moisture. Because polar deserts are one of the least understood ecosystems in the Arctic, it is critical, in terms of predicted global warming to understand important components controlling development of polar deserts. Additionally, knowing how modern systems develop may provide an analog to development of systems following continental ice retreat. 198 Collaborative Research in the LTER Network DEB 9100342 02/01/91; (OPP) $54,678; (Non-OPP) $601,458; 30 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Jerry F. Franklin The Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program has transformed itself from a loosely-affiliated collection of sites to an integrated network. Recent accomplishments include: equipment and software standardization; creation of an effective electronic networking system; standardization in data collection and management; collaboration in ecological research including multi-site experiments, and comparative analyses and syntheses addressing major ecological issues; development of the infrastructure for support of intersite activities; major efforts to identify appropriate technologies and to train LTER scientists in their application; and creation of long-term plans identifying network goals and action programs. Collectively the LTER Network has expanded its focus to include larger spatial dimensions (regional and global) in its long-term research and assumed a leadership role in ecological research related to global change. The networked activity of LTER has allowed scientific collaboration that has spread far beyond the formal LTER Network. This interest in collaboration with and by the larger ecological community, and other research organizations and agencies, has led to increased requests for the Network Office to provide research coordination and communications not only within LTER, but to the larger ecological community. The LTER electronic mail forwarding system developed at the Network Office, has been particularly effective in providing a simple means of rapid communication and data exchange for ecologists. The project supports the activities which facilitate collaborative research in the LTER Network. Most of the resources are used to support the infrastructure of the organized, electronically-linked group of ecological scientists working on multi-site research and synthesis within and beyond the formal LTER program. Proposed activities include: (1) development of on-line, long-term databases, and operation and expansion of electronic networking; (2) acquisition, archiving, and analytic use of an array of remote sensing imagery for the LTER sites; (3) maintenance of the facilitating infrastructure and publication program associated with the Coordinating Committee and Network Office; and (4) increased involvement with other long-term research programs both domestically (e.g., sponsored by agencies such as DOE, USDA, and USGS) and internationally. Research and development efforts by the Network staff occur in areas of database management, remote sensing, and geographic information systems. 199 SGER: Salvage of Valdez Bird Specimens DEB 9218534 07/15/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $50,000; 17 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Sievert A. Rohwer The SGER supports the urgent salvage of approximately 3000 rare and valuable bird carcasses recovered from the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The birds, stored in four enormous freezer vans, have been held as evidence in legal proceedings by the U.S. District Court for Alaska since 1989, but are now scheduled to be destroyed on or before September 30, 1992. Two basic reasons to salvage the Valdez birds are: (1) to complement the world's holdings of rare specimens; and (2) to provide rare material for important research on avian biology. The Valdez seabirds represent a Spring sampling, whereas most seabird holdings in museums are Summer/Fall. Further, 11 species of seabirds in the Valdez collection are represented by fewer than 100 skeletons in the world's collections, and four of the species are listed as either endangered or threatened. Other species that are being salvaged can no longer be collected in large numbers to study morphological variation. Research projects made possible by the salvage collection include the study and recognition of new species (Red-faced and Pelagic Cormorants), the ecology of seabird molt, the origin (which breeding colony) of Winter and early Spring seabirds along the western coast, and growth patterns in seabirds. These specific studies are cross-disciplinary, involving ecology, molecular and morphological systematics, population biology, and physiological ecology, and enable a better understanding of avian systematics, breeding ecology and conservation biology. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES 200 Archaeology and Paleoecology of the Broken Mammoth and Mead Sites, Central Alaska OPP 9112174 07/01/91; (OPP) $16,997; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months Office of History and Archaeology, Anchorage, AK 99510-7001 Charles E. Holmes The primary objective of the project is the study of archaeology and paleoecology of the Broken Mammoth and Mead sites in central Alaska. Preliminary archaeological testing of these sites provided an abundance of artifacts, faunal, and other organic materials from the late Pleistocene-Holocene, 11,500-10,500 B.P. This may be the first conclusive evidence that humans and mammoths coexisted in Alaska, and could provide the most detailed picture of human subsistence thus far discovered in northern North America. In addition, the study provides information about human adaptation and climate change in Beringia, the main migration route of humans to the New World. 201 Joint U.S.-Russia Workshop: Native Welfare and Vital Statistics in the Russian Northeast and Alaska INT 9200251 11/01/92; (OPP) $2,400; (Non-OPP) $2,600; 4 months University of Alaska-Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508 Matthew D. Berman The workshop brought together U.S. and Russian experts for purposes of comparing population and sociological data on rural northern settlements in the Russian Northeast and Alaska. These data are essential for understanding northern community viability, and problems such as violence, suicide, life expectancy and health care delivery. The workshop is the first significant data exchange of Arctic demographic and vital statistics between Russian and American researchers, and provides a basis for future joint research within this critical area. 202 Introduction of Contemporary Visual Anthropology Methods with the Native Peoples of Siberia and Alaska OPP 9110410 07/15/91; (OPP) $6,475; (Non-OPP) $6,475; 36 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Mark O. Badger The scientific goal of the project is to develop and test new applications of visual anthropology in cooperation with Native peoples of Siberia and Alaska. An integral part of the project is a training workshop in ethnographic methods and video documentation; this provides a mechanism for Alaskan and Siberian Natives to document their own cultures. The Siberian part of the project is in collaboration with the Institute of Ethnography and Anthropology of Russia Academy of Sciences. The ethnographic part of the project focuses on community studies, which have rarely been carried out in the Russian, and multi-ethnic perceptions. The project greatly facilitates the recording of traditional knowledge in the Arctic and represents an advancement of the method and theory of modern anthropology. 203 Establishing the Chronologic and Climatic Correlates of Late Holocene Cultural Development in Northwest and Northern Alaska OPP 9111403 07/15/91; (OPP) $4,850; (Non-OPP) $0; 23 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 S. C. Gerlach The project establishes a framework needed to model Holocene archaeological sites in Arctic Alaska in relation to global and regional climate patterns. Subfossil wood from archaeological sites, living trees and driftwood collected in the northwestern Kobuk River area are being used to extend tree-ring data back to 1000-2000 BP. This dendrochronological data can be used to reconstruct past climate patterns and date archaeological sites. The results of the project significantly expand the understanding of the chronology of cultural development and human adaptation in the western Arctic, and contribute to an understanding of global climate change. 204 Archaeological Perspectives on the Origins of the Siberian Late Paleolithic OPP 9115218 11/15/91; (OPP) $9,760; (Non-OPP) $0; 17 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Roger W. Powers The project is a comparative study of archaeological assemblages from 30 Middle and Early Paleolithic sites in Siberia dating between 50,000 and 20,000 years ago. These sites are essential to an understanding of the origins, adaptations, and dispersal of modern humans in Eurasia. The material is also central to an understanding of the origins of culture in the New World. Combined with a reevaluation of geomorphic and stratigraphic contexts of sites, organic samples are being collected for radiocarbon datings using accelerator mass spectrometry. Against this chronological background, lithic artifacts from Siberian sites are being reexamined and analyzed. 205 Alutiiq Ethnicity OPP 9120859 01/01/92; (OPP) $9,964; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Lydia T. Black This dissertation project studies three Native, Alutiiq, villages on the Alaska Peninsula. This poorly documented cultural group has been able to maintain its ethnic identity in spite of continuous contacts with Russian, American, and other indigenous groups. The question of how Alutiiq identity has persisted through two centuries of contact is of fundamental interest to all Arctic indigenous groups being impacted by contemporary culture change. The project makes an important contribution to basic research on Native culture in Alaska, and also contributes to the theoretical and methodological development of cultural anthropology in the Arctic. 206 Seventh International Conference on Hunting and Gathering Societies, Support OPP 9209026 06/15/92; (OPP) $16,000; (Non-OPP) $10,000; 29 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Linda J. Ellanna The project supports the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, with planning for the Seventh International Conference on Hunting and Gathering Societies (August 1993). There is an extremely limited ethnographic and ethnohistoric database on indigenous peoples in the Russian North. The meeting facilitates the first meaningful worldwide communication with scholars and Native peoples within Russia, and lays the groundwork for future international research support and collaboration in northern ethnography, anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology. 207 Towards a Theory of a Culturally Representative Visual Ethnography in the Arctic: Alaska and Siberia OPP 9219449 08/01/92; (OPP) $9,980; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Eliza Jones The project is a description and analysis of two experimental studies in visual ethnography: a portrayal of Koyukon Indians (Alaskan Athabascans), and a comparative study of the reindeer-herding Khanty (Ostyaks) of Western Siberia. The project addresses issues of cultural representation and the incorporation of Native perspectives in ethnography, two major themes in anthropology today, and of great interest to Native Americans. The project also contributes to the development of Native American education, a national concern and priority. 208 Long-Term Social Impact of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill on Natural Resource-Dependent Communities in Prince William Sound OPP 9101093 03/15/91; (OPP) $67,686; (Non-OPP) $0; 42 months University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688 J. Steven Picou The project evaluates the long-term social impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on natural-resource reliant communities in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The effects of technological disasters on communities are reflected by changes in perceptions, actions and choices which can lead to long-term social changes. These effects are termed "secondary disasters" and are rarely studied. This project, unlike the bulk of previous research relating to the oil spill, focuses on the Native and non-Native communities in the region. The study is highly relevant to the well-being of local people and of considerable scientific interest and importance, both inside and outside of the Arctic. The impact of industrial disasters is, nevertheless, greatly magnified in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions because of the sensitivity of the environment and the vulnerability of small natural resource-dependent communities. 209 Subsistence Hunting as an Economic/Ideological Adaptation Among Young Canadian Inuit Adults OPP 9110708 05/01/92; (OPP) $91,680; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Richard G. Condon The project examines the economic and social dynamics of subsistence hunting and fishing among young adult Inuit in two Canadian Arctic communities: Holmon and Clyde Rivers. Both husbands and wives are being interviewed to construct an accurate picture of dietary patterns, food-sharing networks, Inuit self-identity, harvest activities and wage-employment. These data are being used to examine how subsistence hunting fits into the overall economic strategies of young adult households, an important issue with respect to the future direction of northern society in Canada, Alaska and much of the Arctic world. 210 Critical Analysis of Historical Data Relating to Climate Change OPP 9214232 08/01/92; (OPP) $8,356; (Non-OPP) $0; 12 months University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 Robert M. Netting The study focuses on the character of production strategies in 10th to 14th Century Iceland in the context of foreign exchange, ecological succession, and climatic change. Field ethnography and other Icelandic research on agriculture is being used to carry out a problem-oriented analysis of Medieval documents on livestock production. The research provides a valuable critical analysis of historical data relating to the effects of climate change and socioeconomic transformations over time. 211 Selective Change and Adaptation Revealed Through Archaeology: The Unalakleet River, Alaska OPP 9216347 07/15/92; (OPP) $10,045; (Non-OPP) $0; 11 months University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024 Timothy K. Earle The Unalakleet River corridor in Western Alaska presents unusual opportunities for analyzing cultural adaptation and change. In spite of the influences of Western culture, and the adoption of new technologies, cultural conservatism among Native groups persisted, and could be a source of social conflict. The project examines how change is manifested in small groups (households) at the time of Euro/American contact. A 19th century village is examined in detail through excavation, artifact and architectural analyses. The data contribute to a clearer understanding of stability and change among Native Americans in general and Native Alaskans in particular. 212 Public Attitudes to Whales and Whaling: An International Study OPP 9208369 05/15/92; (OPP) $16,288; (Non-OPP) $0; 11 months Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 Stephen R. Kellert The study is an international analysis of public attitudes towards contemporary whale management and an assessment of public knowledge about whales and whaling. Questionnaires are being administered in the United States, Australia, Britain, Germany, Japan, and Norway. The research is intended to obtain accurate information about public attitudes on whaling. The information is essential for the development of national policy decisions and the formulation of whale management policies by international bodies, such as the International Whaling Commission. 213 Survival in Contact: Asiatic Eskimo Transitions: 1900-1990 OPP 9213942 07/15/92; (OPP) $38,593; (Non-OPP) $0; 17 months Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 Igor I. Krupnik The Asiatic or Siberian Eskimos were under Russian dominance during most of their contact history and subject to enormous acculturation pressure. The project provides the first monograph on the contact history and survival of this indigenous group, and compares Native transitions and government strategies during two periods in Russia, 1900-1932 and 1933-1990, and parallel developments in the United States, Canada, and Denmark. 214 A Grammar of West Greenlandic OPP 9108056 01/01/92; (OPP) $58,254; (Non-OPP) $58,253; 12 months University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 Jerrold M. Sadock The goal of the project is to produce an extensive grammar of West-Greenlandic Eskimo. The grammar contains technical and non-technical descriptions to suit the needs of both linguists and Native speakers. The research serves as a basis for the production of manuals for related languages in Greenland, Canada, Alaska, and Siberia and contributes to the preservation and revitalization of Native languages and cultures throughout the Arctic. 215 North Atlantic Environmental Archaeology Workshop OPP 9114488 08/15/91; (OPP) $2,600; (Non-OPP) $0; 12 months Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04011 Susan A. Kaplan The project requested funding for an international workshop that was held in Maine in October 1991. The workshop brought together natural and social scientists from the United States, Canada, Scandinavia and the United Kingdom with a common interest in studying past human use of terrestrial and marine resources, and adaptation to the changing climate in the North Atlantic region. The workshop provided an opportunity for addressing methodological and integrative research problems involving cooperative work by zooarchaeologists, ethnographers, paleobotanists, and landscape archaeologists. 216 Rapid Social Change and Attitudes, Expectations, and Aspirations of Arctic Youth OPP 9111675 08/15/91; (OPP) $60,373; (Non-OPP) $27,368; 36 months Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 Carole L. Seyfrit The project examines the social impacts of rapid social change on the expectations and aspirations of rural youth in Alaska. Surveys are being administered to high school students in two regions: the Northwest Arctic Borough, site of the Red Dog Zink Mine; and the Bristol Bay Area, where there has been little or no oil or mining development. The object is to compare the responses of students in terms of educational, occupational, and residential aspirations and expectations, as well as attitudes toward family, community and the environment. The project addresses the limitations of previous social-impact research, collects data directly from high school students, and provides cross-national and cross-cultural comparisons using data from Scotland and Newfoundland. 217 An Investigation of Canada's Inuit Resettlement Programs OPP 9113103 08/15/91; (OPP) $1,400; (Non-OPP) $0; 5 months Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 Oran R. Young The project focuses on Canadian government programs of resettlement of Inuit (Eskimo) communities: from Port Harrison to Resolute Bay and Grise Fiord (1953-55), Ennadai Lake to North Henik Lake (1957-58), Nutak and Hebron to southern Labrador (1956-59), and Killiniq to northern Quebec (1978). Field and archival research focuses on government use of resettlement for sustainable development, impacts on health, economic welfare, intergroup relations and social change. The goal is to gain an understanding of the political processes involved at the time and the long-term social and economic effects of relocation on native populations in the Arctic. 218 Northern Archaeological Research Training OPP 9100575 05/01/91; (OPP) $39,996; (Non-OPP) $22,582; 30 months CUNY, Hunter College, New York, NY 10021 Thomas H. McGovern The grant supports eight undergraduates participating in archaeological analyses of animal bone remains, stone artifacts, and medieval Norse artifacts at the Hunter College Bioarchaeology Laboratory. The focus of the program is on the northern circumpolar zone, including collections from Iceland and Kodiak Island, Alaska. Students develop skills in observation, quantification, and scientific reasoning through contact with real archaeological collections and problems. The Hunter Bioarchaeology Facility has a 10-year record of attracting women and minority students to the social sciences. 219 Heat-Transfer Processes in Discontinuous Permafrost Regions SES 9008771 05/01/91; (OPP) $10,000; (Non-OPP) $22,081; 24 months University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 Kenneth M. Hinkel The possibility of climatic warming in high-latitude zones has fueled growing concern about prospects for widespread melting of permafrost across large areas of the Arctic. The dynamics by which permafrost melts are not fully understood, however. Longstanding views that held conductive heat transfer as the primary mechanism have been challenged by new theories that hold that nonconductive heat transfer also plays an important role in the freezing and thawing of permafrost. This project assesses the degree to which each of these mechanisms and other possible processes affects permafrost dynamics in a variety of settings in central Alaska. Measurements of a variety of different soil, snow and ice, temperature, and moisture conditions are collected at a set of paired permafrost and non-permafrost sites. These data will be used to analyze relationships among these different variables and to test different models of heat transfer within permafrost. This project will provide valuable new data on conditions within and immediately above the soil in permafrost and non-permafrost regions, and it will provide an effective test of competing hypotheses regarding heat transfer mechanisms that affect the stability of permafrost. In addition to contributing to new insights about permafrost dynamics, this project also will make methodological contributions by testing the efficacy of new instruments in harsh environments. 220 Human Subsistence Practices in Response to Environmental Fluctuations in NW Alaska During the Last Millennium OPP 9114130 07/01/91; (OPP) $93,558; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 Douglas D. Anderson The project develops a methodology for studying continuity and change in northwestern Alaskan Inupiat culture in response to fluctuations in environment. The study focuses on comparative analyses of ethnographic and archaeological patterns of subsistence and land-use practices in the Kotzebue Sound region. Climatic analyses are being based in large part on tree-ring studies in the region. The long-range goal is to identify and interpret the archaeological past when conditions were very different from the present. This approach provides insight into the variability of subsistence practices and human adaptation in the Arctic. 221 Memory and Forgetting Among the Nivkhi of Sakhalin Island OPP 9201401 06/15/92; (OPP) $3,140; (Non-OPP) $0; 11 months William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX 77252 George E. Marcus The project is a study of the Nivkhi of Sakhalin Island, a Paleoasiatic people in the Russian Far East. A major focus is placed on the narratives and reflections of these Native people on the past, set against the backdrop of contemporary social change in Russia. In addition to fieldwork, archival research in St. Petersburg and Tomsk is being carried out. 222 Logical Frameworks for Making and Justifying Arctic Development Decisions: Russian and U.S. Approaches OPP 9213392 07/01/92; (OPP) $65,250; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030 Rex V. Brown The need to manage Arctic natural resources presents a pressing and distinctive case for a methodology to integrate conflicting economic, social and environmental considerations. The project compares Russian and American approaches to decision analysis and focuses on an environmental concern affecting all Arctic nations and calling for joint solutions: the past and potential contamination of the Arctic, and the impacts of industrial development on northern regions and societies. 223 Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Hunter/Gatherer Occupation of SW Alaska OPP 9212704 07/01/92; (OPP) $57,069; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-3140 Robert E. Ackerman The archaeological project investigates two Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene archaeological sites and carries out surveys on the Kisarilik and Holitna River drainages in Southwest Alaska. The purpose is to define the artifact, settlement, and land-use relationships of ancient Siberian hunter-gatherer societies which first settled Alaska. The project addresses the need to define the earliest origins of Native peoples and cultures in the New World. 224 Sivuqaqhhmiit History and Culture: Values for Survival in a Changing World OPP 9122083 04/01/92; (OPP) $103,359; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Carol Z. Jolles The project is designed to study the socio-religious history of the Yup'ik Eskimos of Sivuqaq (St. Lawrence Island, Alaska). The goal is to study present religious systems and the socio-religious changes which took place following the introduction of Christianity in the 1900s. Ethnographical, ethnohistorical, oralhistorical, and contemporary oral data are being used to construct an ethnographic narrative based on native perspectives, the so-called emic perspective. The study draws theoretically and methodologically on the relationship of the anthropologist to human subjects, and the participation of Native people in the research process. 225 Comparative Study of Social Transition in the North: Alaska and Russian Far East OPP 9213137 08/01/92; (OPP) $204,898; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Steven McNabb The project investigates sociological questions relating to demographic, epidemiologic, and domestic transition in a sample of Alaskan and Russian Far Eastern communities. A multi-trait, multi-method design using several types of data is employed for controlled comparisons of independent socioeconomic, political, historical and cultural factors. The results form a basis for international collaboration in areas of Native health and rapid social change, the two most urgent concerns of northern indigenous people. Native organizations in Alaska and the Russian north are advisory to the project. 226 Long-Term Effects of Reconstruction on Vulnerability as Defined by Urban Patterning and Urban Form BCS 9207158 09/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $79,806; 18 months Urban Regional Research, Seattle, WA 98101 Jane Preuss Area wide development patterns established during post-earthquake reconstruction may have significant long-term effects on regional patterning of vulnerability levels. In Anchorage urban patterns that were sanctioned twenty-five years ago during the reconstruction following the great Alaska earthquake are now an integral part of the community's fabric. Using Anchorage, Alaska, as a case study, the project examines how the reconstruction process has impacted and continues to impact development of urban form and, thereby, the configuration of future risk and vulnerability levels. Vulnerability encompasses location of uses; location of building types and clusters, the distribution of critical facilities (hospitals, fire stations, etc.); and the linkages between these clusters. The project will analyze the implications of changes in urban patterns and form on seismic vulnerability to damage, life loss, and system disruption, especially during the emergency recovery period. A time series analysis of urban form/vulnerability levels at regional and neighborhood scales focuses on the evolution of the three basic urban form variables: building groupings and site utilization patterns; open spaces; and linkages. Anchorage, Alaska, is used as a case study because it lends itself to a time series analysis of development patterns which emerged from post-earthquake reconstruction after 1964. ARCTIC SYSTEM SCIENCE 227 Arctic Research Consortium of the United States OPP 9210133 09/15/92; (OPP) $544,305; (Non-OPP) $0; 12 months Arctic Research Consortium of the U.S., Fairbanks, AK 99708 Laura L. McCauley The Arctic Research Consortium of the United States (ARCUS) was formed in 1988 to identify and bring together the distributed human and facilities resources of the academic research community with the purpose of advancing knowledge and understanding of the Arctic to meet national needs. Specifically, ARCUS serves as a forum for planning, facilitating, coordinating, and implementing disciplinary and interdisciplinary studies of the Arctic; acts as a synthesizer and disseminator of scientific information; and encourages and facilitates the education of scientists and the public in the needs and opportunities for research in the Arctic. Today ARCUS has 21 member institutions from 17 states. The main activities to be undertaken as part of the effort are: (1) establishment and support of an ARCSS Project Office; and (2) the organizational and business systems development of ARCUS. The specific tasks of the ARCSS Project Office include: (1) providing support to the ARCSS Integrating Panel; (2) providing support for the OAII Science Steering Committee; and (3) providing support for the LAII Science Steering Committee. 228 Synoptic-Scale Factors Affecting Snow Melt at High Latitudes OPP 9214953 09/15/92; (OPP) $98,963; (Non-OPP) $0; 17 months University of Alaska Geophysical Institute, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0800 Sue A. Bowling The award is part of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program, a U.S. Global Change Program. The research uses climatological and sounding data, as well as a radiative transfer model to examine the energy transfer from the atmosphere to the snow surface, which, in turn, leads to better parameterization of the process of spring snow line retreat. The project utilizes two approaches; the first involves expanding the study of roughly 40 years of historical weather data, including snow depths, precipitations, surface temperatures, and atmospheric soundings, at four Alaska stations. The second involves using a state-of-the-art radiative transfer model to examine the theoretical effects of changing cloud cover, and relative humidity on the actual transfer of energy from the atmosphere to melt snow. These results, used together, simulate snow melt in atmospheric models. 229 Volume Changes of McCall Glacier, Alaska, in Response to Climatic Warming in the Arctic OPP 9214954 09/01/92; (OPP) $71,577; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months University of Alaska Geophysical Institute, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0800 Keith Echelmeyer The award is part of the Arctic System Science Program, a U.S. Global Change Program. It is a three-year study of the response of the McCall Glacier in northern Alaska to climatic change in the Arctic. The study evaluates the effects of climatic response on the Arctic hydrological cycle through airborne measurements of glacial profiles and evaluation of glacial volume changes which have occurred over the past 40 years. The results of this study allow evaluation of the relationships between glacier geometry, mass balance, and climatological parameters measured at different locations in northern Alaska. Volume change estimates on two other nearby glaciers are being used to determine the degree to which McCall Glacier is representative of Arctic Alaska as a whole. 230 Collaborative Research on the Northeast Water Polynya: The Circulation from Current Meter Moorings and ADCP OPP 9113887 09/15/91; (OPP) $84,000; (Non-OPP) $59,000; 23 months University of Alaska Institute of Marine Science, Fairbanks, AK 99775-1080 Mark A. Johnson The project is part of an integrated scientific investigation to study the properties of the Arctic Ocean, atmosphere, sea ice and biology in the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya, which occurs near northeastern Greenland, in order to gain an integrated understanding of Arctic shelf-slope processes. This element of the NEW program studies the physical oceanography and circulation of the NEW polynya using closely-spaced CTD stations, Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler and current meter moorings. Current meter moorings are being used during the initial four-week research program and then redeployed for year-long measurements. The moorings are then recovered during the second field research period. The data from these instruments are used to determine whether Atlantic Intermediate Water arrives in the polynya via the polynya trough system to supply heat to melt ice and to assess the importance of the flow fields to biological productivity. 231 Collaborative Research on the Northeast Water Polynya: Numerical Modeling OPP 9118865 09/15/91; (OPP) $30,259; (Non-OPP) $30,259; 29 months University of Alaska Institute of Marine Science, Fairbanks, AK 99775-1080 Mark A. Johnson The project is part of an integrated scientific investigation to study the properties of the Arctic Ocean, atmosphere, sea ice, and biology in the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya, which occurs near northeastern Greenland, in order to gain an integrated understanding of Arctic shelf-slope processes. This element of the NEW program conducts numerical experiments with a three-dimensional ocean model. Numerical experiments help guide planning for initiating field research and hydrographic surveys. Data gathered during the first field season are being used to validate the model. When model and observed currents are in agreement, the model begins to integrate the physical and biological components to evaluate heat and carbon budgets associated with the polynya. 232 The Solar and Terrestrial Radiation Environment of the Arctic: A Study of the Albedo Feedback in the Context of Global Change OCE 9114010 09/01/92; (OPP) $102,081; (Non-OPP) $197,917; 42 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Knut Stamnes The award is part of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program, a U.S. Global Change Program. The research project emphasizes spatial and seasonal variability in the radiation budget and the roles of surface reflectivity (albedo) and cloud cover in regulating solar and terrestrial radiation in the lower atmosphere. Planetary albedo and brightness temperature data are being obtained from AVHRR satellite measurements. Other satellite measurements, obtained using Synthetic Aperture Radar, provide surface type identification and albedos. Data entries are derived using theoretical and field research results. These data are used in modeling efforts to evaluate irradiance and heating rates in the lower atmosphere. Existing radiation measurement programs at Barrow, Alaska, provide validation for theoretical and modeling aspects of the study. 233 Numerical Modeling of the Ice-tide Interaction in the Arctic Ocean OPP 9114549 03/15/92; (OPP) $159,896; (Non-OPP) $0; 29 months University of Alaska Institute of Marine Science, Fairbanks, AK 99775-1080 Zygmunt Kowalik The ice cover in the Arctic Ocean plays an important role in the global climate by controlling exchange of momentum and heat between the atmosphere and the ocean. Ice distribution defines not only the heat balance but it also influences the oceanic density distribution through the brine rejection during the cold season, and ice melting during the warm season. The strong processes of exchanging moisture and heat between atmosphere and water occur at the pack-ice openings. This project is part of a systematic study of the Arctic environment and its role in global change which is promoted by NSF's Arctic System Science Program. It is a two-year project to utilize data sets existing in the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia with existing and refined models of increased sensitivity to evaluate the effect of tides on ice production and ice-ocean interaction. This research investigates four basic tidal constituents, with space resolution of about 20 kilometers, and the role of tides in sea ice lead formation. 234 Late Quaternary Climate Change in the Eastern Interior of Alaska: A Multidisciplinary Pilot Study OPP 9200600 07/15/92; (OPP) $120,002; (Non-OPP) $0; 17 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Bruce P. Finney The award supports a multidisciplinary study of three lakes in eastern interior Alaska to investigate how lake-levels, vegetation, and sedimentary processes are related to climate change. The study focuses on the late Wisconsin and early Holocene (c.a. 14,000 to 6000 years B.P.), a period of marked and relatively rapid climatic change. The lakes are expected to be sensitive to climatic fluctuations and have sedimentation rates rapid enough to record high-frequency events. The work has three components: (1) assessment of the detail with which a lake-level record can be constructed; (2) comparison of high resolution records of vegetation change from fossil pollen with the lake-level record to examine how lakes and vegetation differ in their response to climate change; and (3) the construction of basic hydrologic budgets for each lake and their use to estimate past values of important parameters of the hydrologic system, in particular precipitation. This project represents an element of the PALE project (Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries). 235 A Regional Model of the Arctic Land-Atmosphere System OPP 9214810 09/15/92; (OPP) $118,351; (Non-OPP) $0; 17 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 John E. Walsh The award is part of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program, a U.S. Global Change Program. The research project implements a regional model of the Arctic land-atmosphere system, uses this model to simulate the land-atmosphere interactions that control the hydrological cycle of a key Arctic region, and projects changes in the climate and hydrology of the Arctic region. Plot-size and mesoscale topography and vegetation data are being incorporated into the regional model at 40 km resolution to provide a working model of the regional hydrological cycle and a framework for the scaling up of plot-size measurements of surface variables and processes in northern ecosystems. The research project is a collaborative component of a larger interdisciplinary program known as the ARCSS FLUX Program. 236 Effects of Global Warming on Carbon Cycling in Arctic Soils OPP 9214913 09/15/92; (OPP) $88,046; (Non-OPP) $0; 17 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Chien L. Ping Arctic soils are extensive and have an abundance of organic matter acting as a carbon sink in the terrestrial biosphere. The project assesses the quantity and quality of the organic constituents in Arctic soils, predicts their increased rates of release, and evaluates their potential for decomposition and movement upon thawing of permafrost due to accelerated global warming. 237 Hydrologic Linkages with Arctic Freshwater and Terrestrial Systems OPP 9214927 09/15/92; (OPP) $175,082; (Non-OPP) $0; 17 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Douglas L. Kane The objective of the research is to delineate and quantify the physical interactions or linkages between atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic systems in the Arctic. Hydrologic and meteorologic data from the North Slope of Alaska is synthesized and incorporated into a numerical model that describes pathways of mass and energy between systems. This modeling work is augmented with field data on stream flow, nutrient movement, and energy fluxes at system interfaces. The models offer new insights into land-surface feedback processes within the Arctic system. 238 Trapped Gases in the Greenland Ice Sheet: CO2 Isotope Ratios and Concentration in the Past Atmosphere OPP 8821995 03/01/89; (OPP) $109,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 54 months University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721 Alexander T. Wilson The project extends the atmosphere CO2 concentration and isotope composition record back through Holocene times. This is done by measuring the concentration and C13/C12 ratio of carbon dioxide in atmospheric gases trapped in relatively small (250 g) samples of ice from Greenland ice cores. The technique places the sample in a specially designed vacuum system and sublimes the ice onto the surface of a -80 c cold trap. The gas is released by this procedure. The amount of CO2 sample so obtained is accurately measured and its C13/C12 ratio determined. The air in the sample is recovered on molecular sieve. The amount of air, per unit of ice, records the altitude of the ice sheet at the time of seal-off. The ratio of CO2 to air is accurately measured (to better than 0.5 percent) which records the CO2 concentration of the sample of trapped atmosphere to better than 1 ppm. The C13/C12 ratio of atmospheric carbon dioxide during glacial times is also measured. The change of this ratio during the glacial/post-glacial transition is an important test of the proposed mechanisms for the large (80 ppm) CO2 concentration change that occurred at that time. Other climate-related questions include a detailed study of the end of the last glacial and the glacial/post-glacial transition, the Younger Dryas event, and the Dansgaard-Oeschger events. These concentration and stable isotope data, combined with radiocarbon dates for CO2, enable testing of carbon cycle models relating to past and future climate change. 239 Large Area Estimates of Carbon Fluxes in Arctic Landscapes OPP 9216109 09/01/92; (OPP) $282,337; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months San Diego State University Foundation, San Diego, CA 92182-1900 Walter C. Oechel The award is part of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program, a U.S. Global Change Program. The project measures the movement of carbon dioxide to and from the soil and vegetation in the Arctic. The near-surface soil in the Arctic contains carbon equivalent to approximately 60 percent of the carbon currently in the Earth's atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Much of this carbon is stored in the soil as dead organic matter. Its fate is subject to the net effects of global change on the plant and soil systems of northern ecosystems. Recent findings indicate that the Arctic has become a source of atmospheric carbon dioxide. This change coincides with recent climatic variation in the Arctic, and suggests a positive feedback of Arctic ecosystems on atmospheric carbon dioxide and global change. The research uses enclosures, towers, and aircraft to make its measurements. This project is a component of a larger interdisciplinary program known as the ARCSS FLUX Program. 240 Ice Cap Magnetometer Data-Recording System OPP 9204546 07/01/92; (OPP) $54,672; (Non-OPP) $0; 12 months SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025 C. R. Clauer The project provides data-recording equipment for a fourth magnetometer to be deployed as part of the MAGIC magnetometer array and supplies spare parts for the continued service and operations of the other systems in the array. Such equipment is critical to the science program funded under the complementary program from the University of Michigan on "Continuing Operation of a Magnetometer Array on the Greenland Ice Cap (MAGIC) to Investigate Propagating Ionospheric Current Systems." Since SRI provided the systems for the present stations, it was most efficient that they provide equipment for the final station deployed during the 1992 summer field season. The apparatus includes the following: (1) very low power microcomputer with interface to handle the analogue magnetometer signals; (2) large, low power consumption static random access memory; (3) clock providing 1 ms timing precision from Omega system VLF broadcast signals; and (4) power supply and conversion equipment. The system is packaged in a heavily insulated container to provide environmental protection for the computer system which self-heats the enclosure. Data is stored in the static RAM for later interrogation by the experimenter with a memory sufficient to store up to one year of 15-s averaged data. 241, 242 Interactions of Arctic Ecosystems with Regional and Global Climate OPP 9214906 09/15/92; (OPP) $106,162; (Non-OPP) $0; 11 months University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 F. Stuart Chapin OPP 9216138 09/01/92; (OPP) $63,273; (Non-OPP) $0; 12 months University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717 William S. Reeburgh The award is part of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program, a U.S. Global Change Program. The project focuses on integrated research that explores interactions between Arctic terrestrial ecosystems and climate. Field research is related to measurements of tundra to determine the environmental and vegetation correlates of fluxes of water, energy, and trace gases, especially carbon dioxide and methane. Field studies measure the movement of carbon dioxide and methane to and from the soil and vegetation in the Arctic. This project is a component of a larger interdisciplinary program known as the ARCSS FLUX Program. 243 Cosmogenic Radionuclides in the GISP II Ice Core: 10Be, 26A1, and 36C1 OPP 9023226 03/15/91; (OPP) $91,720; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months University of California-San Diego Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093 Kunihiko Nishiizumi The award supports a study of cosmogenic radionuclides in the GISP II ice core. Accelerator mass spectrometry techniques are being used to measure Beryllium-10, Aluminum-26 and Chlorine-36 isotopes at selected depths on the core. The results are being applied to dating ice cores and deducing the history of solar activity and variations in the geomagnetic field. These analyses are also useful for studying climatic history through effects of atmospheric circulation and atmospheric chemistry on nuclide deposition. 244 Oceanographic Instrumentation OPP 9023729 04/01/91; (OPP) $97,650; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months University of California-San Diego Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093 Robert A. Knox The Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California at San Diego is acquiring several sea-going data management systems and items of oceanographic instrumentation to be placed in a pool of shared use equipment. The equipment is maintained for use on or in association with the four research vessels operated by the institution. The instrumentation includes: (1) shipboard data management systems and components for real-time acquisition, management, analysis, and display of large environmental and geophysical data sets; (2) mercury reversing thermometers for precision calibration of temperature data collected at sea; (3) water purification system to provide reagent grade pure water for chemical analyses at sea; (4) Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler system for remote and continuous measurements of subsurface circulation features while the ship is underway; (5) 12-kHz echosounder system for collecting data on seafloor bathymetry and sedimentary profiles; (6) replacement Niskin bottles, thermometer racks, and acoustic altimeter for collecting discrete seawater samples at various depths in the water column; (7) installation of a sea chest on R/V NEW HORIZON to accommodate acoustic Doppler current profiler transducers; and (8) calibration equipment to assure the accuracy of measurements made at sea. The University of California is cost sharing in the acquisition of this equipment. The instrumentation increases the capability of the ships of the institution to support NSF-sponsored research and engineering activities. 245 Toolik Lake Field Station Support OPP 8922832 10/01/89; (OPP) $660,155; (Non-OPP) $0; 79 months Antarctic Support Associates, CO 92668 Ronald G. Koger The award supports design and procurement (but not installation) of approximately 4000 square feet of research facility space for analytical, isotope, and general purpose laboratories to be installed at Toolik Lake Field Station, Alaska. Information on design elements for the research facility space is available in the report of the Office of Polar Programs Toolik Lake Research Facility Upgrade Meeting, held May 5, 1992. Based on design considerations, off-the-shelf modular laboratory units are suitable for this requirement. 246 del D and Deuterium Excess Measurements on the GISP II Ice Core OPP 8821808 05/15/89; (OPP) $174,078; (Non-OPP) $25,000; 55 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 James W. White The award allows the measurement of stable isotopes on the new deep ice core and surface snow collected at Summit, Greenland, as part of the second Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP II). The investigation measures and interprets stable hydrogen isotope ratios (del D values) and, in collaboration with Dr. Pieter Grootes, University of Washington, measures and interprets deuterium excess values. Del D and del 18 values in ice cores change in response to changes in paleotemperatures, the rate of snow accumulation, and the elevation of the ice sheet at the core site. Del D and del 18 values are also useful in counting annual snow layers during the Holocene, and are thus helpful in dating and in determining accumulation rates during this period. Deuterium excess values can also be used to reconstruct evaporation conditions over the ocean, information needed to interpret delta values as well as to infer past shifts in the moisture source regions over the ocean. 247 Establishment of a Steering Committee for Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) OPP 9019782 12/15/90; (OPP) $29,562; (Non-OPP) $0; 29 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 John T. Andrews The award supports the establishment of a Working Group for the Paleoclimate of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) initiative as part of Arctic System Science (ARCSS). The Working Group is developing a science and management plan for this program and will be active in its implementation. 248 Data Management for the 1990-1994 Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two OPP 9019904 09/01/90; (OPP) $41,637; (Non-OPP) $0; 42 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 Richard L. Armstrong Paleoclimatic data from ice cores will likely prove to be a principal test by which many aspects of Global Change are evaluated. Deep ice cores from polar regions provide key paleoclimate data sets because they bridge the time scale gap between records with annual resolution, but relatively short time scales (e.g., tree rings), and those which have a resolution of hundreds to thousands of years (e.g., marine sediments). The award provides for the efficient and timely access to ice core data as they become available, as well as for the safe, long-term, archival of key data for the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP II). The National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) provides data management and archiving services to ensure efficient and centralized access to the total data set and the permanent retention of key data. Because of the widespread and increasing interest in paleoclimate and global change these data sets will be used not only by GISP II but there will be an ever increasing demand from fields outside glaciology for this type of data. 249 Quaternary Environments and Climate Change in the Eastern Canadian Arctic, Constructed from Sediment Cores OPP 9122974 07/15/92; (OPP) $90,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 17 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 Gifford H. Miller The award supports one element of the activity Paleoclimates from Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE). Research focuses on a lake coring program in the Eastern Canadian Arctic with the goal of recovering continuous records of environmental change for the last 10 to 15 thousand years. Baffin Island lies in a key location and analyses of climatic data indicate that this region serves as a bellwether for the circum-Arctic climate system. The project reconstructs past climates from down-core changes in the pollen and diatom assemblages, stable isotopic ratios, and physical characteristic of the sediment in cores. The lakes are strategically located along a N/S temperature transect, and across the E/W marine/continental climate gradient. Cores from these lakes allow examination of questions related to climate change, including regional glacial history (timing and extent of the last continental ice advance and the pattern of deglaciation), sea level change (both postglacial emergence and the more recent submergence), and renewed development of cirque and mountain glaciers in the late Holocene (Neoglaciation). Sampling is undertaken with a density commensurate with PALE objectives, i.e., decadal to centuries resolution depending on the accumulation rates within the different lake basins. 250 Arctic System Science Land/Atmosphere/Ice Interactions: A Data Management Pilot Study OPP 9214836 09/15/92; (OPP) $60,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 17 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 Claire Hanson The National Snow and Ice Data Center is undertaking a two-year project for management of data produced by the Land/Atmosphere/Ice Interactions (LAII) element of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program, and data required for modeling and process studies by ARCSS scientists. The goal of the project is to provide a central access point for the archiving and distribution of data. A central focus is the development of strategies for improved data access and data interfaces with other national centers, and programs within other Federal agencies. 251 Atmospheric Water Vapor over the Arctic and its Relationships with Synoptic Variability and Surface Conditions OPP 9214838 09/01/92; (OPP) $74,169; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 Mark Serreze The award is part of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program, a U.S. Global Change Program. The research program focuses on existing documentation of the variability of water vapor-related fields over the Arctic on seasonal and longer time scales, to identify contributions to this variability from sub-portions of the region, and to relate this variability to synoptic activity. Knowledge of the distribution of water vapor over both Arctic land and ocean areas is needed for improving satellite-derived estimates of surface energy fluxes, snow depth and extent, and sea ice conditions. In terms of climate change, alterations of the flux of atmospheric moisture into the Arctic may influence Arctic surface radiation budgets through effects on atmospheric emissivity, cloud cover, and snowfall. Associated changes in precipitation may influence surface runoff, with subsequent impacts on sea ice production and upper ocean salinities. 252 A Hierarchic GIS for Studies of Process, Pattern and Scale in Arctic Ecosystems OPP 9214959 09/15/92; (OPP) $130,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 17 months University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 Donald A. Walker The award is part of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program, a U.S. Global Change Program. The research project develops and provides a hierarchic geographic information system (HGIS) for data storage and manipulation in a collaborative interdisciplinary research program in the Arctic known as the ARCSS FLUX Program. This study investigates linkages between snow, hydrology, soil processes and biogeochemistry, and vegetation. It includes information obtained by researchers studying small plots on the ground and remotely sensed data obtained from aircraft. The HGIS capability, in conjunction with other modeling technologies and techniques, is being used to evaluate Arctic system processes, patterns, and the scaling of those factors. 253 United States Interagency Arctic Drifting Buoy Program OPP 9210471 09/01/92; (OPP) $25,000; (Non-OPP) $25,000; 12 months Department of Navy NOAA Joint Ice Center, Washington, DC 20001 David A. Benner The U.S. Interagency Arctic Drifting Buoy Program (USIADBP) provides the management structure and coordination necessary to establish and maintain a baseline network of drifting buoys of sufficient spatial resolution and longevity to define surface synoptic scale atmospheric pressure, air temperature, and sea ice drift fields in the Arctic. The data is separated into two categories: (1) near real-time data for operational use in weather and sea ice forecasting. These data are processed by System Argos and distributed via the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Telecommunication System (GTS), and (2) historical data that are processed, quality-controlled, and archived to meet the established needs of the scientific research community. 254 Global Change Activities of the National Research Council GEO 9211921 06/01/92; (OPP) $23,025; (Non-OPP) --; 18 months National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 20418 John S. Perry The National Research Council (NRC) is continuing its activities in support of the U.S. Global Change Research Program and related international research programs, through its Committee on Global Change Research (CGCR). This Committee advises Federal agencies through the interagency Committee on Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES) Working Group on Global Change on scientific planning for the U.S. Global Change Research Program. The CGCR is: (1) formulating scientific recommendations for coordinating the U.S. Global Change Research Program with internationally planned activities; (2) providing liaison between international and U.S. planning efforts by serving as the U.S. national committee for the international programs on global change; and (3) holding frequent meetings with representatives of the CEES Working Group on Global Change to assure coordination of NRC activities and to communicate science needs of the U.S. Global Change Research Program. The CGCR is coordinating its activities with those of other NAS/NRC boards and committees working in related areas, and has developed a comprehensive NAS/NRC proposal, which was submitted to the Federal agencies for FY 1992 funding, that encompasses all NAS/NRC activities undertaken primarily for issues related to global change. 255 A Historical Record of Biogenic Sulfur and Iodine in the Central Greenland Ice Sheet OPP 8822600 05/01/89; (OPP) $101,357; (Non-OPP) $0; 48 months University of Miami School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Miami, FL 33149 Eric S. Saltzman The second Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP II) is designed to retrieve and interpret an ice core from the ice sheet in central Greenland. The award supports investigation of the composition of the central Greenland ice sheet at Summit in order to obtain a historical record of recent and ancient precipitation chemistry. The primary focus of the work is on methanesulfonic acid (MSA), an atmospheric oxidation product of dimethylsulfide. In conjunction with measurements of non-seasalt sulfate and sodium, the MSA data allow assessment of the variability in the biogenic sulfur signal, and differentiation between the oceanic source and sulfur from volcanogenic and anthropogenic emissions. The MSA record is being examined in detail over the last thousand years to assess anthropogenic impact to the sulfur cycle, and over longer time scales in order to assess the relationship between the biogenic sulfur source and major climatic and atmospheric chemistry changes during glacial/interglacial cycles. 256 A Tritium and Noble Gas Study in the Northeast Greenland Polynya OPP 9114037 08/01/92; (OPP) $53,813; (Non-OPP) $0; 12 months University of Miami School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Miami, FL 33149 Zafer Top The project is part of an integrated scientific investigation to study the properties of the Arctic Ocean, atmosphere, sea ice and biology in the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya, which occurs near northeastern Greenland, in order to gain an integrated understanding of Arctic shelf-slope processes. This element of the NEW program measures tritium as a chemical tracer to determine how much Atlantic water may be recycled in the region, how effective the gas exchange is through the polynya surface, and how much ice forms during the freezing season. Tritium-helium ages provide corroborative data for biological studies directed at determination of oxygen utilization rates, a major concern of the program and, therefore, serve as important collaborative input to the NEW Program. 257 An Arctic Temperature Database and Trend Assessment OPP 9214793 09/01/92; (OPP) $42,116; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 John E. Walsh Research is evaluating recent variations of surface air temperature over the Arctic and sub-Arctic through consolidation and comparison of existing data on Arctic surface air temperature from high-latitude land stations, Arctic Ocean ice stations, and from sub-Arctic sea surface temperatures. These data are being examined for evidence of changes consistent with model projections of greenhouse warming, which has been shown to be amplified in polar regions during the non-summer months. The data set spans the past several decades, 1950 to present, and covers the region pole-ward of 45o north latitude. The study is also assessing the magnitude of the urbanization effect at northern land stations. This research is collaborative with OPP 9214857. 258 Doctoral Dissertation Research in Geography and Regional Science OPP 9121321 03/15/92; (OPP) $10,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 Stephen Williams The dissertation improvement grant project tests hypotheses regarding the effects of the Little Ice Age cold period on Icelandic settlements using archaeological data, animal and fish bones, as well as marine mollusks. A baseline study is made of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes and cadmium/calcium ratios in shells reflective of changes in local water temperatures and salinity in the North Atlantic. These studies are expected to provide climatic data of direct relevance to questions of economic change on Iceland and contribute to current research on global climate change. 259 Inuit/Euro-American Interaction: A Zooarchaeological Perspective from Frobisher Bay, N.W.T., Canada OPP 9201778 04/01/92; (OPP) $20,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 Stephen Williams The objective of this doctoral dissertation research is to use faunal remains from archaeological sites on Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island, NWT, Canada, to analyze the cultural contacts between European and Inuit populations. The study focuses on three aspects of the archaeological record: (1) systematic examination of animal bones from Inuit sites representing different phases of European contact; (2) analyses of changing Inuit settlement patterns; and (3) differences in butchery patterns relating to the introduction of metal trade goods. This study will also shed light on human-animal relations and climate change. 260 Attaining Ecological Understanding at the Regional Level: The Kuparuk River as a Model Arctic System OPP 9214961 09/15/92; (OPP) $85,742; (Non-OPP) $0; 17 months Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 John E. Hobbie The award is part of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program, a U.S. Global Change Program. The research project focuses on integrated research that explores interactions between Arctic terrestrial ecosystems and climate. Field research is related to measurements of tundra to determine the environmental and vegetation correlates of fluxes of water, energy, and trace gases, especially carbon dioxide and methane. Field studies measure the movement of carbon dioxide and methane to and from the soil and vegetation in the Arctic. The project is a component of a larger interdisciplinary program known as the ARCSS FLUX Program. 261 Paleoclimatic Significance of Laminated Lake Sediments from the Canadian High Arctic OPP 8922082 06/01/90; (OPP) $112,978; (Non-OPP) $0; 42 months University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 Raymond S. Bradley The award supports detailed studies of contemporary climate, hydrology, limnology, and sedimentology in high Arctic meromictic lakes in order to characterize the nature of modern sediment influx and deposition in relation to contemporary climate. These process studies are being conducted in coordination with recovering cores of laminated lake sediments from the meromictic lakes. The sediments are being studied to determine if the laminations represent annual increments and if they can be related to recent climatic conditions in the area. If so, longer sedimentary records will be used to reconstruct past climate in the region. Since there are few sources of paleoclimatic data with annual resolution from the high Arctic, the study evaluates the potential of using laminated lake sediments for high resolution paleoclimatic reconstruction. 262 Collection and Analysis of Sediments as Part of the Three-Ship Expedition to the Central Arctic Ocean During the Summer of 1991 OPP 9024560 07/15/91; (OPP) $82,671; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Glenn A. Jones The high polar latitudes are among the most sensitive to climatic changes. In the Summer of 1991, an international team of three ice-breakers departed on a 70-day expedition to explore and sample the largely unknown eastern sector of the central Arctic. The award supports the collection of upwards of 90 sediment cores to provide the scientific community with the first major collection of core materials from the interior of this ocean basin. In addition, the type of materials collected (i.e., boxcores, giant gravity cores, and large diameter piston cores) are designed to overcome the poor coretop recovery and very narrow core diameter limitations present in the existing cores. The research focuses on Arctic Ocean sediments deposited during the last 25,000 years to address questions of the temporal and geographic variability in the stable isotopic signature of Arctic surface waters and the response of the central Arctic Ocean to mid-Holocene warming (i.e., Hypsithermal). The work also helps to define the extent and disintegration pattern of the late Weichselian Ice Sheets in the Eurasian Arctic. 263 Workshop on Scientific Collaboration and Interaction with Remote, Unique Facilities, Ann Arbor, Michigan, January 21-24, 1992 IRI 9123840 12/15/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $18,141; 11 months University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1220 C. R. Clauer The award supports a small invitational planning workshop on Scientific Collaboration and Interaction with Remote, Unique Facilities held on the campus of the University of Michigan on January 21-24, 1992. A major function of the workshop was to bring together members of the scientific research community who are engaged in collaborative experimental research using a unique, remote facility, with technologists and social scientists working on collaborative technology. The researchers were engaged in upper atmospheric and space research utilizing the Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland Upper Atmospheric Research Facility. The goal of the workshop was to develop a plan to implement and testbed collaborative tools to be utilized by scientists engaged in collaborative and observational research using this facility. Included in these plans are design of a system for accessing the instruments at this facility from remote locations, such as at the University of Michigan. The output of this workshop will be an proposal for establishing the experimental testbed for this collaborative effort. 264 A Scientific Group Communications and Collaborative Testbed for Upper Atmospheric Research IRI 9216848 09/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $708,512; 60 months University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1220 Daniel E. Atkins The award funds a multidisciplinary effort linking research in computer science, behavioral science, and upper atmospheric and space science to build a prototype system for a distributed but shared working environment, the vision of a collaboration. The effort conceives, develops, deploys, tests, evaluates, and integrates a high performance group centered computing environment into the collaborative experimental and modeling activities ongoing in the upper atmospheric research community. The upper atmospheric researchers are a collaborating group engaged in observational activities using a variety of instruments located at the Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland upper atmospheric research facility. Many of the activities are directed at rare or intermittent phenomena requiring real time control of instruments by the scientists observing the changing conditions. This is presently accomplished by visits to the remote facility. Research under this agreement is developing a user-oriented, rapid prototyping testbed built around the Sondre Stromfjord facility and its user community. Testing and evaluation of the prototype tools involve measurements of human behavior. The research adds to the understanding of effective use of collaboration tools by performing studies of use and effectiveness of these tools among the testbed users. The Sondre Stromfjord researchers expect to obtain greater efficiency in joint experimental operations, analyses, and discovery by guiding the requirements for the collaboration environment which they are utilizing to support their research. 265 Integrating Data Management, Analysis and Visualization for Collaborative Scientific Research IRI 9117153 07/01/92; (OPP) $15,000; (Non-OPP) $134,999; 18 months University of New Hampshire-Durham, Durham, NH 03824 Ted M. Sparr The goal of this multidisciplinary project is to design and prototype a new approach in database environments to support collaborative scientific research. The prototype integrates scientific data visualization and mathematical and statistical analysis tools with database support in a highly interactive environment. A new model for scientific data is founded on the notion that a query of a scientific data base conceptually creates new derived data whose relationship to the parent database is defined by the query. Each query, in principle, leads to the discovery of additional structure in the data that is either explicit in the results of the query, or hypothesized by the scientist(s) from results of queries. The system uses a process flow graph to represent queries. The project, carried out by a team of two computer scientists, an applied mathematician, and scientists from earth science, civil engineering and atmospheric science, contributes to ongoing research in the fields of environmental biology and chemistry, oil reservoir analysis, and polar ice core study. This work will produce a new data model for scientific data and will design and prototype an integrated data management, analyses and visualization environment to support interdisciplinary scientific investigation. 266 RUI: Benthic Community Structure and Reproductive Patterns of Benthic Organisms OPP 9113756 09/15/91; (OPP) $49,943; (Non-OPP) $49,943; 29 months East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858-4353 William G. Ambrose The project is part of an integrated scientific investigation to study the properties of the Arctic Ocean, atmosphere, sea ice, and biology in the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya, which occurs near northeastern Greenland, in order to gain an integrated understanding of Arctic shelf-slope processes. This element of the NEW program characterizes the structure and function of benthic communities inside and outside the polynya. Grab and trawl samples are being taken to test hypotheses that benthic biomass and density are greater inside compared to outside the polynya. The roles of benthic organisms in the flux of organic material between pelagic and benthic systems and in the transfer of energy from the benthos to higher trophic levels is central to this study. 267 Collaborative Research on the Northeast Water Polynya: Water-Mass and Air-Sea-Ice Interaction OPP 9113962 09/15/91; (OPP) $115,122; (Non-OPP) $115,122; 29 months North Carolina State University at Raleigh, Raleigh, NC 27695-8208 Tom S. Hopkins The project is part of an integrated scientific investigation to study the properties of the Arctic Ocean, atmosphere, sea ice and biology in the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya, which occurs near northeastern Greenland, in order to gain an integrated understanding of Arctic shelf-slope processes. This element of the NEW program provides necessary physical observations for description of the dynamical processes contributing to the creation and maintenance of the polynya as well as its water-mass structure. This element of the program contributes to the biological/chemical, mooring, and modeling efforts within the program. 268 Electrical Conductivity Measurements on the GISP II Core OPP 8922046 03/15/90; (OPP) $97,952; (Non-OPP) $0; 42 months University of Nevada Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89506 Kendrick Taylor The award is in support of the second Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP II). The objective is to assist in the climatic interpretation of the GISP II core by measuring its electrical conductivity as a function of depth. This allows a time-depth relationship to be developed for the core, and permits sampling by other investigators to be more efficient because of advance knowledge of the core's gross chemistry. In addition, the existence of long-term climatic trends and oscillation are being investigated. Results from the first year of the GISP II program show that a vertical resolution of 3 mm is possible; this permits resolution of annual layers to an age of approximately 30,000 B.P. In ice older than 30,000 years, annual resolution will be lost but longer term events will be detectable. Preliminary results from the 1989 GISP II field season demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. The results of this project, combined with the other aspects of the GISP II program, will enhance the understanding of the earth's paleoclimate and ongoing climatic processes. 269 Physical and Structural Properties of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP II) Deep Core OPP 8822765 08/01/89; (OPP) $53,820; (Non-OPP) $0; 48 months Department of Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755 Anthony J. Gow The award represents one element of the second Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP II). The investigation focuses on the stratigraphy, relaxation characteristics, and crystalline structure of ice cores from the GISP II deep drilling at the Summit site, Greenland. Studies include: (1) delineation of annual layering; (2) precision density measurements to monitor the relaxation characteristics of ice cores as they age; (3) determination of the principal mechanisms by which cores relax; (4) crystal size measurements as a function of the depth and age of the ice; (5) c-axis fabrics measurements; and (6) analyses of debris in basal ice cores. Relaxation of ice results in significant changes in its mechanical condition that must be considered in relation to the preparation and analyses of core samples for entrapped gas and chemical studies. C-axis fabrics constitute the primary source of information for interpreting the strain history of the ice column that vertically drilled cores represent. Accordingly, very careful documentation of these key properties of Summit site ice cores is essential to accurately assess the depth-age relationship of deep cores and have confidence in paleoclimate reconstructions based on geochemical and entrapped gas analyses of these cores. 270 CO2/Air Ratios and 13 CO2 in Ice Cores OPP 8822166 07/01/89; (OPP) $20,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 48 months Columbia University Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory, Palisades, NY 10964 Wallace S. Broecker The award supports one aspect of the second Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP II). The GISP core from Summit, Greenland, contains very old ice and paleoclimatic information with excellent time resolution, due to the prevailing accumulation rate and mean annual temperature. The effort establishes in this core a high resolution CO2 record, which is necessary to ultimately understand the natural disturbance in the carbon cycle, and the relationship and interaction between CO2 and climate. This record, when compared to temperature records (and particulate/chemistry/cosmogenic isotope records) yields information on the cause/effect relationship of CO2 variations over different time scales. When the rapid variations in the last glacial are confirmed, important information will be obtained on the climatic sequence of the anthropogenic alterations to the earth's trace gas evolving in recent times. 271 Continuous Measurements of Dust Concentration and Stratigraphy Along the Summit Ice Core OPP 9203169 03/01/92; (OPP) $105,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 12 months SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260 Michael Ram The award supports a two-year project to continue measurements of dust concentration along the Summit ice core using the 90o Laser-Light-Scattering (LLS) instrument developed under the previous grant (OPP-8922042). As part of this instrument there is a special heater that melts ice in increments along the core and draws out the meltwater which is measured by a photomultiplier tube and the output, which is proportional to the mass of suspended particulate matter in the meltwater, is recorded by a computer. Preliminary measurements of laser-light-scattering on unmelted ice using a similar technique have been made and the initial results are promising. More work on the technique of laser-light-scattering on unmelted ice will be pursued in this study. 272 Geochemical Tracers in the Northeast Water Polynya OPP 9113818 09/15/91; (OPP) $97,373; (Non-OPP) $97,372; 23 months SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-0001 J. K. Cochran The project is part of an integrated scientific investigation to study the properties of the Arctic Ocean, atmosphere, sea ice, and biology in the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya, which occurs near northeastern Greenland, in order to gain an integrated understanding of Arctic shelf-slope processes. This element of the NEW program measures nutrients and chemical tracers including dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, anthropogenic halocarbons (freons), and natural radionuclides. These measurements permit characterization of key aspects of the physical, biological, and chemical oceanography of the polynya and serve as important collaborative input to the NEW Program. 273, 274 An Ice Modeling Program for GISP II OPP 9123437 07/01/92; (OPP) $90,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 12 months Ohio State University Research Foundation, Columbus, OH 43210 John Bolzan OPP 9123660 06/15/92; (OPP) $125,090; (Non-OPP) $0; 17 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Edwin D. Waddington The award supports a three-year cooperative modeling program involving the University of Washington (UW) and the Ohio State University (OSU). Each research team focuses on a complementary part of the ice modeling program: UW on derivation of paleoclimate forcing on the ice flow, and OSU on the development of ice fabric and hardness variations which must be known before adequate models can be constructed. Formal inverse techniques are used to derive the rheological parameters, and the climate forcing histories. Ice core and borehole data are also used to test the model. 275 Active Layer/Landscape Interactions: A Retrospective and Contemporary Regional Approach in Arctic Alaska OPP 9214897 09/15/92; (OPP) $158,128; (Non-OPP) $0; 11 months Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 Kaye R. Everett The award is part of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program, a U.S. Global Change Program. The research project relates changes in the thickness of the active layer to variations in seasonal climate across representative Arctic Alaska landscapes. A network of long-term observational sites, based at locations with histories of prior studies and data, has been established. The primary focus of this study is a thin layer of soil above the permafrost which thaws and freezes on an annual basis and is known as the "active layer." This soil-active layer mediates biological, biogeochemical, hydrological, geomorphic, and other heat and mass transfer processes. The project is a component of a larger interdisciplinary program known as the ARCSS FLUX Program. 276 Physical Properties of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project II (GISP II) Core OPP 8822027 04/15/89; (OPP) $66,645; (Non-OPP) $0; 54 months Pennsylvania State University-University Park, University Park, PA 16801 Richard B. Alley The award supports one aspect of the second Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP II). The goal of GISP II is the retrieval and paleoclimatic interpretation of a deep core to be drilled near Summit, Greenland. The studies characterize the core and verify its stratigraphic continuity (or identify discontinuities), prerequisites to any paleoclimatic analyses. The studies lead to a better understanding of the deformation of ice and its dependence on fabric, impurity concentrations, grain size, and other factors. Data collected include the following: visual stratification; density; texture (size, shape, and arrangement of grains and pores); and fabric (c-axis orientations). 277 Elemental and Isotopic Composition of O2, N2, and Ar of Occluded Gases in the GISP II Ice Core OPP 8822020 06/15/89; (OPP) $135,722; (Non-OPP) $0; 54 months University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881 Michael L. Bender The second Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP II) is designed to retrieve and interpret an ice core from the ice sheet in central Greenland. The award supports a detailed study of the elemental composition of O2, N2 and Ar in trapped gases of the GISP II ice core. The results from this study give a record of gas chemistry, back to about 200 kyr B.P., which can be used to address a wide range of questions about the global biogeochemical cycles of carbon and oxygen. Studies of the paleoatmospheric O2 content allow the testing of hypotheses invoked to explain Late Pleistocene variations in atmospheric CO2, as well as examine other aspects of glacial carbon cycling. The record of Late Pleistocene 180 variations also allow examination of aspects of the global scale interactions among the hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere. 278 Biogenic Bromine Production in Arctic Waters OPP 9015661 11/01/90; (OPP) $25,288; (Non-OPP) $0; 42 months University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0140 Glenn F. Cota The project is a study of organic bromine chemistry in the lower Arctic atmosphere, particularly in relation to tropospheric destruction of ozone. It has been observed that shortly after the Arctic sunrise, surface ozone concentrations decline from a late winter maximum to near zero before recovering to moderately high summer values. There is also strong evidence which implies that the primary cause for the minimum is the photolytic production of bromine radicals from organic bromine gases, which then combine with ozone. The chemical pathways are conjectural and little is known about the origins of the organic bromine, but it is believed that a marine source is the most probable. The study addresses the latter question through a sampling and analysis program at Resolute, N.W.T., Canada, focusing on macrophytes, phytoplankton, ice algae, benthic microalgae, and bacteria. These are tested for organohalogen content and production/emission of bromine, chlorine, and iodine species, as well as oxygen and carbon-14. Physiological studies describe environmental factors influencing release rates and coupling with other metabolic processes. Atmospheric observations, including particulate bromine, and organic and inorganic gaseous bromine, are the subject of a separate project. Supporting ozone and meteorological variables are measured routinely at the Barrow Observatory of the Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change Program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 279, 280 Collaborative Research on the Northeast Water Polynya: Phytoplankton/Zooplankton Dynamics OPP 9113754 09/15/91; (OPP) $120,578; (Non-OPP) $120,578; 29 months University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0140 Walker O. Smith OPP 9113939 09/15/91; (OPP) $8,000; (Non-OPP) $7,978; 29 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Joyce Lewin The project is part of an integrated scientific investigation to study the properties of the Arctic Ocean, atmosphere, sea ice and biology in the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya, which occurs near northeastern Greenland, in order to gain an integrated understanding of Arctic shelf-slope processes. This element of the NEW program provides complimentary data to studies evaluating the magnitude and spacial-temporal variation of phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass and taxa, primary and new productivity and its environmental controls, as well as associated parameters related to the impact NEW on water masses and shelf processes. 281 Benthic Flux and Isotopic Measurement Using Shipboard Incubations on an Arctic Continental Shelf with In-Situ Methods OPP 9217666 08/01/92; (OPP) $49,988; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0140 Jacqueline M. Grebmeier The project exploits a newly developing methodology to resolve a controversy regarding the cycling of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen at the sediment-water interface. These studies serve as an indicator of pelagic-benthic coupling and the availability and fate of fixed carbon on the extensive shallow-water shelves in the Arctic. This study also provides cross comparison between shipboard sediment incubations and in-situ benthic flux studies to monitor fluxes of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients with overlying bottom water. This program is conducted in conjunction with previously funded research to evaluate the role of the Arctic shelves in global biogeochemical cycling. These complimentary programs took place on-board the R.V. Alpha Helix in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas during the Summer of 1992. 282 Collaborative Research on the Northeast Water Polynya: Particle Distribution, Flux and Fate OPP 9113893 09/15/91; (OPP) $45,466; (Non-OPP) $45,465; 23 months Texas A&M University Research Foundation, College Station, TX 77843 Gilbert T. Rowe The project is part of an integrated scientific investigation to study the properties of the Arctic Ocean, atmosphere, sea ice and biology in the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya, which occurs near northeastern Greenland, in order to gain an integrated understanding of Arctic shelf-slope processes. This element of the NEW program evaluates the magnitude and temporal variability of biologically produced large particulate organic material, its flux to the benthos, and its fate using a variety of complimentary experimental techniques. 283 Solar Heating of the Arctic Mixed Layer and Its Impact on Ocean/Ice Interaction OPP 9210134 03/01/92; (OPP) $64,300; (Non-OPP) $0; 42 months McPhee Research Company, Naches, WA 98937 Miles G. McPhee The project is part of a systematic study of the Arctic environment and its role in global change which is promoted by NSF's Arctic System Science Program. It is a three-year project to utilize existing data sets and models in the evaluation of heat and salt transfer at the ice-water interface, and to gain fundamental insights into the roles of leads and thin ice in these processes. A model for the distribution of shortwave energy in ice and lead systems, combined with models of turbulent transfer in the upper ocean, is utilized in the analyses of existing data and quantifies spatial and temporal variations in the flux of heat energy from the Arctic Ocean to the sea ice within the Arctic Basin. Other simulations explore the relationship between summer ice conditions and mixed layer temperature, long-term implications of seasonal variations in the flux of heat from the ocean to sea ice, and possible situations that could lead to a disappearance of the Arctic ice pack. 284 Late Quaternary Vegetational and Climatic History of Southwestern Alaska OPP 8922491 06/01/90; (OPP) $81,045; (Non-OPP) $0; 42 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Linda B. Brubaker Recent palynological research has produced detailed regional vegetation histories for northeastern Beringia (northern Alaska and northwestern Canada). Comparisons of these histories with paleoclimate models raise questions concerning regional spatial and temporal patterns of late Quaternary climate and vegetation change. The award supports an investigation to collect and analyze the pollen content of 8 lake sediment cores from southwestern Alaska, interpret the late Quaternary vegetation and climate history of this region, and compare these histories to those from other regions of Beringia. The vegetation history is being described based on species ecologies and statistical comparison of modern and fossil pollen spectra. Response surface analyses and autecological requirements of indicator taxa is being used to infer past climate from the pollen records. These interpretations are being compared to computer simulations. 285 Paleothermometry by Control Methods: The Inference of Past Climate from the GISP II Temperature Profile OPP 9024098 04/01/91; (OPP) $41,390; (Non-OPP) $0; 30 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Edwin D. Waddington The award supports a study to develop the numerical modeling techniques necessary to infer past surface temperatures from temperature profiles measured in ice core boreholes. Control theory, a branch of applied mathematics, is being used to recover this information. Once the techniques are developed and adequately tested on data from the Dye 3 borehole, these methods will be applied to the temperature data to be obtained from the GISP II borehole at Summit, Greenland. The work helps to provide an independent check on interpretations of isotopic signals measured in ice cores. 286 Coupled Modeling of the Arctic Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice System OPP 9113851 09/15/91; (OPP) $36,602; (Non-OPP) $73,204; 42 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Richard E. Moritz The project is part of a systematic study of the Arctic environment and its role in global change promoted by NSF's Arctic System Science Program. It is a three-year project to investigate equilibrium Arctic climates simulated by state-of-the-art computer models for the global atmosphere, the Arctic Ocean and Arctic sea ice. A sequence of simulations and analyses are being performed with uncoupled, partially coupled, and fully coupled model systems. This research effort uses existing data sets to simulate the present-day Arctic climate and the climate of an enhanced greenhouse scenario. Processes and feedbacks intrinsic to the Arctic, and neglected or poorly resolved in previous studies, are evaluated in detail. 287 Collaborative Research on the Northwest Water Polynya: Microbial Dynamics and Particle Transformations OPP 9113960 09/15/91; (OPP) $53,038; (Non-OPP) $53,038; 29 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Jody W. Deming The project is part of an integrated scientific investigation to study the properties of the Arctic Ocean, atmosphere, sea ice and biology in the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya, which occurs near northeastern Greenland, in order to gain an integrated understanding of Arctic shelf-slope processes. This element of the NEW program evaluates the role of heterotrophic microorganisms on organic materials produced within the polynya. It tests the hypothesis that low temperatures severely restrict the degradative functions of microorganisms associated with organic particulates produced within the polynya and available for export beyond its boundaries. It also assays for temporal shifts in microbial community size, structure and complexity. 288 The Global Significance of Denitrification in Arctic Shelf Sediments OPP 9114287 09/15/91; (OPP) $30,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 29 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Allan H. Devol The project is part of a systematic study of the Arctic environment and its role in global change promoted by NSF's Arctic System Science Program. It is a two-year project to investigate the role of Arctic sediments in denitrification processes. The project addresses a fundamental problem in marine chemistry/geochemistry--the long-term balance of the fixed nitrogen content of the oceans. As there is good evidence that the fixed nitrogen content of the oceans is not presently balanced and knowing that availability of 'N' can control marine productivity, this is an issue that is fundamental to the study of global ocean fluxes and the linkages between ocean chemical cycles and climate. 289 Late Quaternary Climate and Vegetation History of the Alaskan North Slope: Calibration of Modern Data OPP 9123449 05/15/92; (OPP) $95,500; (Non-OPP) $1; 17 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Linda B. Brubaker Determining possible responses of Arctic ecosystems to global warming requires an understanding of both the past and present tundra communities. Although the distribution and composition of modern North American tundra communities are relatively well documented, the late-Quaternary history of their development remains poorly known. The award supports an examination of the paleovegetation and paleoclimate far northern Alaska over the last 18,000 years as a means of improving knowledge of terrestrial-climate system interactions in low Arctic settings. The research, as part of the PALE initiative, analyzes lake sediments from a suite of sites located in four tundra types of the Alaska North Slope. The work concentrates on calibrating modern pollen, moss spores, and lignin compounds with surrounding vegetation and climatic parameters to assess their ability to accurately reconstruct past environments and applies these calibrations to a set of fossil records chosen during the modern sampling. The research addresses the goals of PALE by describing the late-Quaternary history of a poorly known low Arctic region, by calibrating paleoenvironmental indicators, and by increasing the resolution of lake records for defining variations within tundra environments. 290 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Radiocarbon Dating of Arctic Pollen OPP 9123963 07/15/92; (OPP) $29,180; (Non-OPP) $16,502; 17 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Pieter M. Grootes The award supports one element of the project: Paleoclimates from Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE). The study of pollen in sedimentary deposits is one of the primary sources of information on continental paleoenvironments and is one of the predominant proxy climate indicators in the reconstruction of Arctic paleoenvironmental conditions. The project refines and further tests techniques for the extraction of pollen from sedimentary deposits for dating by radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry. These extraction techniques have recently been shown to be effective in isolating pollen from contaminants that are probably responsible for significant inconsistencies and uncertainties in sediment dates obtained by the traditional method of 14C radioactive decay dating of bulk sediment samples. The development of improved pollen extraction and radiocarbon dating techniques greatly facilitates the preparation and dating of samples of interest to the general palynology and paleoecology research communities. 291 An Arctic Temperature Database and Trend Assessment OPP 9214857 09/01/92; (OPP) $43,626; (Non-OPP) $0; 17 months University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Roger Colony The research evaluates recent variations of surface air temperature over the Arctic and sub-Arctic through consolidation and comparison of existing data on Arctic surface air temperature from high-latitude land stations, Arctic Ocean ice stations, and from sub-Arctic sea surface temperatures. These data are being examined for evidence of changes consistent with model projections of greenhouse warming, which has been shown to be amplified in polar regions during the non-summer months. The data set spans the past several decades, 1950 to present, and covers the region poleward of 45o north latitude. The study also assesses the magnitude of the urbanization effect at northern land stations. The research is collaborative with OPP 9214793. ENGINEERING 292 Highly Portable, Flexible Silicon Solar Cell Arrays for Polar Operations ISI 9160348 01/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $50,000; 9 months AstroPower, Inc., Newark, DE 19716-2000 Michael G. Mauk Solar cells have unique advantages as an alternative source of electric power. This program demonstrates high specific power, lightweight, flexible, thin silicon solar cells. These solar cells can be directly substituted for existing state-of-the-art silicon solar cells with the effect of significantly improving specific power, power/area, and power supply life. The lightweight, flexible, high-performance, ultra-thin silicon solar cell incorporates light-trapping and a graphite cloth substrate as an integral part of the device. This new type of silicon solar cell is being developed for polar operations. The silicon layers are deposited by electro-deposition. This thin film will demonstrate the lightweight and flexibility of other thin film solar cell designs while maintaining the high performance of crystalline silicon. 293 The Influence of Freezing and Thawing on the Permeability of Compacted Clays MSS 9201547 08/15/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $31,238; 17 months Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059 Lorraine N. Fleming The project is an attempt to quantify the effect of the many factors affecting the coefficient of hydraulic conductivity of compacted clays located in an environment subjected to repeated freezing and thawing. Two types of tests are being employed in this study: one-dimensional freezing and three-dimensional freezing. The one-dimensional freezing laboratory test is complicated but better simulate field conditions. The three-dimensional freezing is simpler and more economical to perform. Therefore, a comparison of the changes in the coefficient of hydraulic conductivity in these tests is an essential step in the development of practical, economical, and reliable testing procedure. Thin sections of clay used in the test program are being prepared and studied in order to obtain basic knowledge and how freeze/thaw process influence the hydraulic conductivity of compacted clays. 294 Engineering Research Equipment: Electronics to Develop Autonomous Underwater Vehicles BCS 9212679 09/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $29,000; 21 months Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 Chryssostomos Chryssostomidis The Underwater Vehicles Laboratory of the M.I.T. Sea Grant College Program is purchasing equipment to enhance the communication, navigation, sensor, and control capabilities of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs). The equipment is used for research and development of AUVs as oceanographic research platforms. Six missions have been chosen to direct this effort. They include the investigation of plate tectonics and spreading centers through the study of the Earth's magnetic field in the Atlantic Ridge and the Antarctic, the search for cold-seeps in Monterey Bay, the study of the algae pilayella littoralis, the development of geophysical navigation methods, and the mechanics of Arctic ice. Work on a test-bed AUV at the MIT Underwater Vehicles Laboratory demonstrates the feasibility of such a vehicle. The availability of the equipment facilitates the laboratory's long-range plan to provide these AUVs for use as research tools. 295 Thermal Stresses During Freezing of Biomaterials CTS 9122548 09/15/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $43,585; 11 months Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Ashim K. Datta During omni-directional freezing of a material, a frozen solid shell forms at the surface, and the volume changes associated with freezing of the interior causes stresses on the outer shell. The objectives of the study are to quantify such thermal stresses developed in biomaterials during phase change in the context of food freezing. Mechanical properties of frozen materials are being measured in a temperature controlled Instron machine using samples specially prepared to minimize residual stresses, by freezing from one side. Stress cracks during typical freezing processes are being observed under a cryomicroscope. Observed cracking patterns are being correlated to fracture patterns predicted by a suitable failure theory. This will be the first quantitative analysis of thermal stresses in biomaterials due to large volumetric changes from phase transformation. Important applications include not only freezing of biomaterials as in food processing but also in cryosurgery and cryopreservation of organs. 296 Polar Satellite Communication Terminal ISI 9160353 01/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $49,957; 9 months Interferometrics, Inc., Vienna, VA 22182 Curtis A. Knight Effective communications are essential to the success of an effort to conduct scientific investigations over an area of continental size. Communications in the polar regions are difficult because of the great distances involved, the disturbed ionosphere, and the general inaccessibility of the great bulk of satellite communications resources which are in equatorial orbit. A new class of communication satellites, the relatively small and inexpensive microsats, provides an alternate method for communicating with equipment and personnel in the field. Research is being conducted to adapt an existing design for a compact telemetry unit (CTU) to the environment of the polar regions and the needs of polar science. The existing CTU operates autonomously, gathering data as commanded. Command and interrogation are done remotely via a digital packet radio network which can include a data store-and-forward or relay satellite. The same system can be used to exchange message communications. The goal is to design equipment which operates reliably in the particularly hostile environment of the polar regions, while providing the required level of service. A simpler, hand-held version of the CTU can be used for personal radiolocation if used with appropriate satellite equipment. EDUCATION 297 Enhancing Environmental Science Experiences for Alaskans TM4 9251857 06/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $33,885; 30 months Alaska Pacific University, Anchorage, AK 99508 Jim Brown The project adds a hands-on laboratory component to an environmental assessments course taken by ecology majors and some education majors, thus improving student knowledge of techniques and problems in monitoring and assessing environmental issues. The students are largely Alaskan natives, many of whom become elementary teachers in rural Alaska. The course emphasizes the study of the local environment. The equipment added includes: a portable and a stationary gas chromatograph (GOW/MAC), ion analyzer electrodes, an electronic balance, a water purification system (Millipore), a benchtop sterilizer (Barnstead), and eight each stereo and compound microscopes. The laboratories are designed to help students develop competency in environmental monitoring and sampling, laboratory analyses of samples, the use of descriptive and inferential statistics, and report generation. Projects include: (1) analyses of water for bacteriologic contamination, dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demand, and nutrients such as ammonia and nitrates; (2) analyses of water and land habitats for community structure, species diversity, and indicator species; and (3) monitoring of air quality for noxious gases (NO2, SO2, NO, CO) and particulates. 298 Alaska Science Consortium Project TM2 8851000 04/15/89; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $7,650; 48 months University of Alaska Fairbanks Campus, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Sidney Stephens The project, designed by the Center for Cross Cultural Studies, College of Rural Alaska, University of Alaska, describes an opportunity for 72 urban and rural middle and elementary school teachers to spend four weeks engaged in science content, field, and laboratory work in addition to enhancing their teaching strategies. It directly responds to identified needs for locally relevant, hands-on science education appropriate for the diverse multigraded and multicultural teaching situations in Alaska. The principal goal of the project is to train three groups of 24 K-8 teachers over a period of three years in the application of activities-based teaching strategies while simultaneously increasing teachers' content knowledge. A team of master-teachers, university education and science faculty, conducting four-week basic summer institutes and one-week advanced institutes followed by audioconferences and networking activities is used to accomplish program goals. Further, a district/university-supported Consortium is being developed to assure maintenance of training after three years of NSF funding. Excellent support letters from the participating school districts indicate financial support for the implementation of the project and the formation of the Consortium. The project builds on previous University of Alaska Title II EESA program efforts. With the additional NSF funding, more schools are being reached with an intense science-rich program leading toward a long-term commitment for the schools involved. Excellent cost-sharing has been garnered for this project with the University of Alaska, the participating schools, and the Alaska Department of Education contributing an amount equivalent to 73 percent of the NSF request. 299 Alaskan Native Marine Science Enhancement Program GEO 9016113 09/01/90; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $150,278; 42 months University of Alaska Fairbanks Campus, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Vera D. Alexander The project introduces Alaskan Native undergraduate students to scientific study through marine internships. The rationale is that the coastal Native populations of Alaska have a deep involvement with the marine environment, especially with its biological resources. Marine science is therefore likely to be more attractive to them initially than other areas of science. Students in their sophomore, or possibly freshman, year at selected coastal institutions, as well as the University of Alaska Fairbanks campuses, are offered the opportunity to participate in marine science internships. Working closely with a faculty mentor, each student learns about research through hands-on experience as well as individual tutoring. Students at coastal sites are encouraged to move to a senior campus to pursue baccalaureate degrees in scientific areas, and those that choose to do so receive continued support and mentoring to encourage their success. Approximately five student fellowships are offered each year of the three-year project. 300 "Darkened Waters: Profile of an Oil Spill", A Museum Exhibition TM2 9150159 08/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $49,280; 42 months Homer Society of Natural History/Pratt Museum, Homer, AK 99603 Betsy Pitzman The Pratt Museum, a natural history museum in southcentral Alaska, is bringing before the public an exhibition on oil pollution. Using the historic disaster of the March 1989 grounding of the Exxon Valdez, the museum presents a dramatic, grassroots story of the desperate struggle to protect the environment and preserve traditional lifestyles. The purpose of the exhibit is to increase public awareness of national and global issues pertaining to the development, transportation, and use of petroleum. The 1,500 square foot presentation shows what an oil spill is like through photographs, maps, graphics, and three-dimensional participatory elements. The exhibit opened at the Smithsonian's Museum of Natural History in early 1991, beginning a three-year tour of 12 museums that will reach between 1.5 and 2 million viewers. The NSF contribution supports the circulation of the exhibit and the development of interactive components to enhance both the permanent and traveling presentations. Computerized graphic displays and an educational chest of learning tools enhance the basic exhibit through multi-sensory activities designed for hands-on gallery use, increasing accessibility for children and disabled visitors. This cooperative project involves private foundations, individuals, the Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 301 Research Experiences for Undergraduates in Chemistry at the University of Alaska at Fairbanks CHE 9100914 03/15/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $40,000; 30 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Lawrence K. Duffy The award supports the continuation of a Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) project in Chemistry and Biochemistry. For the period 1991-93, eight undergraduate students are spending ten weeks each summer actively engaged in a variety of research projects. Projects range from physical chemistry to biological chemistry, and include projects in Raman spectroscopy, atmospheric, environmental, and analytical chemistry, chemical ecology, petroleum and geochemistry, bio-organic chemistry and marine chemistry, as well as chemical anthropology and molecular evolution. Many projects are related to local Alaskan interests. The program includes a seminar series and a poster symposium at the end of the summer. 302 Summer Science Camp: Yukon Delta Environmental Education Camp TM6 9252773 09/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $47,158; 18 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Douglas L. Schamel The summer residential camp which accommodates 30 ninth grade Native Alaskans per year, is located in a remote site near Bethel, Alaska, in the heart of the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge. This is an area with a great need for the collection of basic biological data. Students are being immersed in a variety of research projects, collecting needed data to answer existing questions. Program staff and the Native Elders-in-Residence help stimulate questions and provide insight into the natural history of the area. Students prepare a final report of their research and also visit an actual field research station and assist with activities there. 303 Alaska Native Science Education Colloquium: April 1992 Chena Hot Springs, Alaska TM2 9255248 04/15/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $57,406; 17 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Raymond J. Barnhardt A three-day conference on science education for Alaskan Native peoples was held in April 1992. The conference brought together science educators, scientists, and representatives of Alaskan Native organizations, especially the Alaska Federation of Natives. The conference participants formulate a long-term agenda for improving science instruction for native children. One special focus of the conference was the integration of Native tradition with the practice of western scientific traditions, in the setting of small rural fishing villages. The conference produced a report outlining an agenda and priorities for future action. Alaskan Native people have been underrepresented in the scientific and engineering disciplines. Science education programs for native children have been designed by non-natives, commonly resulting in a failure to integrate native traditions and culture with instructional content and delivery. The conference was the first meeting that brought together representatives of the Alaskan Native people and representatives of the non-native scientific and educational communities. The action plan and agenda produced by this conference has the potential to catalyze significant improvements in science education. 304 Research Experience for Undergraduates on the Juneau Icefield, Alaska OPP 9200798 06/15/92; (OPP) $47,775; (Non-OPP) $0; 17 months University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843 Maynard M. Miller Ten undergraduates are being selected to participate in research projects on the Juneau Icefield, Alaska. For more than 40 years, research emphasizing geology, glaciology, geophysics, glaciometeorology, geobotany, and surveying has been conducted on this icefield. With cooperation between the University of Idaho's Glaciological and Arctic Environmental Sciences Institute and the Foundation for Glacier and Environmental Research, the research/educational activity aims at a total systems study of one of North America's largest icefields. Under supervision of professors of unique experience, each undergraduate selects a research project and is encouraged to exercise as much independent judgment and initiative as possible in its development. Undergraduates selected are earth science students who demonstrate scholarly aptitude, motivation, and research potential. The staff are available throughout the season for advice and help, including lectures, seminars, and site specific instructions in methodologies to insure an effective research experience. 305 Graduate Student Support for Participation at the International Ozone Commission (IAMAP) 1992 Quadrennial Ozone Symposium ATM 9121742 03/01/92; (OPP) $11,845; (Non-OPP) $10,000; 18 months University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, MD 20742 Robert D. Hudson The grant provided funds to help support graduate student attendance at the 1992 Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, held from June 4-13 at the University of Virginia. The funds allowed a reduced registration fee for all attending graduate students and provided travel funds for some. The grant is jointly supported by the Office of Polar Programs and the Division of Atmospheric Sciences. 306 Circumpolar Education Clearinghouse TM5 8850614 12/15/89; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $90,060; 42 months Education and Resources Group, Boston, MA 02113 Ann K. Vick The Circumpolar Education Clearinghouse is being established to link educators and organizations concerned with the education of native northern peoples into a network for the exchange of information and other educational activities. Initial participants in the Clearinghouse are from the United States, Canada, Greenland, and the Scandinavian countries. The Clearinghouse, including its library, is headquartered in the Alaska Native Foundation in Anchorage. The Education and Resources Group in Boston utilizes its facilities and some staff members to support the project. Program components include establishment of the Curriculum Library, a semi-annual newsletter, a conference in Alaska in 1990, and visits by Canadian, Greenlandic, and Sami educators to Alaskan schools. National Science Foundation (NSF) funding is being used primarily to improve science and mathematics instruction in the elementary and secondary schools of rural Alaska. Cost sharing by the partners totals 89 percent of the NSF funding. 307 NSF Young Investigator OCE 9257191 09/01/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $25,000; 18 months Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 M. E. Raymo The award supports a Young Investigator to carry out research on study of deep sea cores to reconstruct the history of global climate change in the Earth's past. In particular, the researcher is using carbon and oxygen stable isotope data to reconstruct history of ice volume, ocean circulation, and atmospheric CO2 changes over the last few million years. The researcher uses these records to understand cause-and-effect linkages between major components of the Earth's climate system. 308 Young Scholars Project in Environmental and Earth Sciences TM2 9055138 03/01/91; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $59,813; 29 months Foundation for Glacier and Environmental Research, Seattle, WA 98164 Maynard M. Miller The Foundation for Glacier and Environmental Research is initiating an eight-week, residential Young Scholars project in Environmental Earth Science for 10 students entering grade 12. Working on Alaska's Juneau Icefield, North America's fifth largest icefield, students are in the field for the entire period in a seven-day-a-week immersion in ongoing and new research projects. Involvement continues throughout the academic year via preparation of research papers, completion of an open book essay exam, presentations at home schools, and through newsletters and scheduled reunions with participants and staff. 309 Geophysical Instrumentation for Undergraduate Training in Field Science on the Juneau Icefield, Alaska TM4 9252348 07/15/92; (OPP) $0; (Non-OPP) $27,281; 29 months Foundation for Glacier and Environmental Research, Seattle, WA 98164 Maynard M. Miller The Foundation for Glacier and Environmental Research is acquiring state-of-the art seismic and ice radar equipment with integrated portable computers for undergraduates to conduct research work on the Juneau Icefield, Alaska. Undergraduates are determining sidewall effects of ice radar and gathering more accurate ice depth data. Eighteen cross glacier profiles are being analyzed for ice volume interpretations. These and allied student projects are uncovering trends in meteorological and mass balance changes, and obtaining measurements of radiation energy controlling glacier ablation and affecting the runoff of supraglacial streams. ARCTIC COORDINATION 310 The Changing Role of the United States in the Circumpolar North OPP 9215291 08/01/92; (OPP) $5,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 36 months University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900 Elizabeth Leighton The award is for a conference on the changing role of the United States in the Circumpolar North. The aims are two-fold: to discuss priorities for U.S. Arctic policy in the evolving political, social, and economic climate, and to expand communication among the agencies and organizations whose decisions affect the Arctic. The conference explores how current policies could benefit from revision, and recommends how this may be achieved. 311 Arctic Research Commission OPP 9023825 10/01/90; (OPP) $497,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 24 months Arctic Research Commission, Washington, DC 20423 Philip L. Johnson This action continues the Interagency Agreement between the National Science Foundation and the Arctic Research Commission and provides for its continuing operations. The Arctic Research Commission was established under the Arctic Research Policy Act of 1984 (Public Law 98-37(3) and Executive Order 12501. The General Services Administration provides administrative services to the Commission as specified in Public Law 98-373 (Section 106((4)). This action fulfills the intent of Congress to provide FY 1992 funding for the Commission through the NSF. 312 Polar Research Board Core Support OPP 9208923 04/01/92; (OPP) $120,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 18 months National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 20418 Sherburne B. Abbott The Polar Research Board (earlier called the Committee on Polar Research) was established in 1958 by the National Academy of Sciences, in response to the need for scientific advice on the increases in U.S. and international activities relating to the polar regions. The Board is a multidisciplinary body with representation from four broad areas: the social, biological and physical sciences as well as engineering. Members are drawn from academic institutions, national laboratories and industry. The activities of the Polar Research Board are funded by a wide range of government agencies, including the Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Office of Naval Research, the United States Coast Guard, the U.S. Geological Survey, as well as the National Science Foundation (NSF). The grant provides the NSF portion of support to the Board. Activities of the Board during the grant period include development of a national polar research plan, providing Federal agencies with advice on the role of Arctic and Antarctic research in studies of global change, examination of current issues in glaciology, representing the United States on the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, ensuring active U.S. scientific participation in the International Arctic Science Committee activities, as well as completing a series of studies relating to more detailed problems of polar research. 313 Proposal Processing and Travel Support for Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation TM4 9200919 12/01/91; (OPP) $5,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 24 months Capital Systems Group, Inc., Rockville, MD 20850 Raj N. Shah The contract award was to provide the National Science Foundation with program support services that fall within three broad tasks: (1) Proposal processing, data entry, and distribution support; (2) Proposal review process, panel, and documentation support; and (3) Preparation of analyses, studies, and reports. Program support services are being provided to the Office of Polar Programs and other NSF offices and divisions (with respect to item 1 above) on a task-order basis for specific services. 314 Support for Interagency Arctic Research Policy Staff OPP 9022701 09/01/90; (OPP) $46,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 28 months Department of Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 Stephen Bowen The Interagency Agreement supports activities of the Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee (IARPC) for which NSF has lead agency role. Activities involve editing and preparation of camera copies of the 1992 issues of the Journal, Arctic Research of the United States. The journal serves as an essential step in fulfilling the requirements of Public Law 98-373, the Arctic Research and Policy Act. It contains information on research activities of the Federal agencies involved in the Arctic and reports on the minutes of meetings from the Arctic Research Commission and IARPC. This action provides support for preparation of the Journal and documentation of the interagency programs for the 1990s. 315 Support for the 14th Polar Libraries Colloquy OPP 9120382 01/01/92; (OPP) $33,762; (Non-OPP) $0; 12 months Ohio State University Research Foundation, Columbus, OH 43210 Kenneth C. Jezek The 14th Polar Libraries Colloquy (14 PLC) was held May 3-7, 1992, and hosted by the Byrd Polar Research Center of The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. The theme of the Colloquy was "International Sharing of Polar Information Resources." This theme reflects some of the objectives of the Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984 (ARPA) and also supports the U.S. Arctic Research Plan. The 14 PLC was a forum for sharing information on current international initiatives which aid in the bibliographic control of polar literature, and also provided an opportunity to share knowledge of specific polar collections. The 14 PLC program emphasized the current status of the accessibility of polar information and ways in which the participants of the Colloquy can cooperate, either as individuals or as a group, to further the goal of increasing access to this information. The proceedings will be published and widely distributed internationally. 316 Interagency Agreement on Arctic Environmental Data OPP 9105542 02/01/91; (OPP) $40,000; (Non-OPP) $0; 26 months Geological Survey, Reston, VA 22092 Douglas R. Posson Through the Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee, the U.S. Geological Survey has developed and is managing several Arctic data activities. The Arctic Environmental Data Directory (AEDD) is an online, searchable database containing descriptions and locations of major U.S. and selective international data sets. It is being added to as new or additional data are located. The Arctic Data Interactive (ADI) is a self contained CD-ROM (computer disk-read only memory) which contains representative scientific Arctic information, select bibliographies, and the AEDD. The IARPC agencies agreed to collectively support these activities over the next two years. This interagency transfer of funds partially fulfills requirements of the Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984 to promote the dissemination of Arctic data and information. {page|1} INDEX OF PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS Abbott, Sherburne B. 312 Ackerman, Robert E. 223 Alexander, Vera D. 78, 174, 299 Allen, Edith B. 169 Alley, Richard B. 159, 276 Ambrose, William G. 266 Anderson, Douglas D. 220 Anderson, Patricia M. 30 Andrews, John T. 126, 128,247 Anthes, Richard 36 Armstrong, Richard L. 248 Arnoldy, Roger L. 46, 57 Atkins, Daniel E. 264 Avery, Susan K. 3 Badger, Mark O. 202 Bales, Roger C. 141, 142 Barnhardt, Raymond J. 303 Beaujardiere, Odile de la 35 Bender, Michael L. 277 Benner, David A. 253 Benson, Carl S. 139 Berman, Matthew D. 201 Birchfield, G. E. 26 Bird, Dennis K. 101 Black, Lydia T. 205 Bliss, Lawrence C. 197 Bolzan, John 273 Bowen, Stephen 314 Bowling, Sue A. 228 Bowman, John R. 115 Bowring, Samuel A. 102 Bradley, Raymond S. 20, 261 Brigham-Grette, Julie 118, 153 Broecker, Wallace S. 82, 270 Brown, Jim 297 Brown, Rex V. 222 Brubaker, Linda B. 284, 289 Butler, Robert F. 105 Calkin, Parker E. 134 Chapin, F. Stuart 177, 241 Christensen, Douglas H. 96 Chryssostomidis, Chryssostomas 294 Clark, David L. 136 Clauer, C. R. 44, 240, 263 Cochran, J. K. 272 Colony, Roger 291 Condie, Kent C. 112 Condon, Richard G. 209 Cook, Joseph A. 172 Cota, Glenn F. 183, 278 Craig, Harmon 144 Curry, Judith A. 85 Cushman-Roisin, Benoit 84 Damon, Paul E. 48 Darby, Dennis A. 135 Datta, Ashim K. 295 Davis, P. Thompson 152 Deming, Jody W. 287 Devol, Allan H. 288 Dibb, Jack E. 13 Duffy, Lawrence K. 301 Duman, John G. 185 Dunton, Kenneth H. 195 Dymek, Robert F. 103 Earle, Timothy K. 211 Echelmeyer, Keith 140, 229 Edwards, Mary E. 122 Ellanna, Linda J. 206 Evans, Bernard W. 109 Everett, Kaye R. 275 Finlayson-Pitts, Barbara J. 10 Finney, Bruce P. 234 Fleming, Lorraine N. 293 Forman, Steve 32, 89 Foster, Susan A. 176 Franklin, Jerry F. 198 Fritts, David C. 5 Frohlich, Cliff 99 Fujita, Kazuya 121 Gawarkiewicz, Glen G. 61 Gerlach, S. C. 203 Gosink, Joan P. 125 Gow, Anthony J. 269 Grebmeier, Jacqueline M. 281 Grootes, Pieter M. 161, 290 Hanson, Claire 250 Helliwell, Robert A. 53 Helm, Dorothy J. 168 Hendrick, Ron L. 190 Hibler, William D. 72, 73 Hickey, Leo J. 124 Hinkel, Kenneth M. 219 Hobbie, John E. 188, 189, 260 Hobbs, Peter V. 17 Hollister, Lincoln S. 86 Holmes, Charles E. 200 Hooke, Roger 154 Hopke, Philip K. 14 Hopkins, David M. 117 Hopkins, Tom S. 267 Houghton, David D. 34 Hudson, Robert D. 305 Hughes, Malcolm K. 18 Hughes, Terence J. 151 Humphrey, N. 165 Hunsucker, Robert D. 38 Hunt, George L. 178 Jacoby, Gordon C. 21, 28 Jaffe, Daniel A. 9 Jaffrezo, Jean-Luc 15 Jeffries, Martin O. 68 Jenkins, Farish A. 88 Jezek, Kenneth C. 29, 315 Johnson, Mark A. 230, 231 Johnson, Philip L. 311 Jolles, Carol Z. 224 Jones, Eliza 207 Jones, Glenn A. 262 Jorgensen, Joseph G. 179 Kane, Douglas L. 237 Kaplan, Susan A. 215 Kaufman, Darrell 160 Kellert, Stephen R. 212 Kelly, John D. 49 Kerr, Robert B. 52 Killeen, Timothy L. 37 King, John W. 63 Kleinspehn, Karen L. 132 Knight, Curtis A. 296 Knox, Robert A. 244 Koger, Ronald G. 245 Kowalik, Zygmunt 233 Krupnik, Igor I. 213 LaBelle, James W. 45 Lambertsen, Richard H. 194 Lander, James F. 65 Larsen, Miguel F. 4 Layer, Paul W. 92 Lea, Peter D. 130 Ledley, Tamara S. 33 Lehman, Scott J. 66 Leighton, Elizabeth 310 Lesher, Charles E. 93 Levander, Alan R. 90 Lewin, Joyce 280 Loubere, Paul W. 129 Lowenthal, Douglas H. 11 Marcus, George E. 221 Maslanik, James 71 Matrai, Patricia A. 181 Mauk, Michael G. 292 Mayewski, Paul A. 12, 155, 156, 157 McCauley, Laura L. 227 McGovern, Thomas H. 218 McNabb, Steven 225 McPhee, Miles G. 283 McWilliams, Michael O. 107 Meeker, Loren D. 133 Meier, Mark F. 127, 146, 148 Miller, Elizabeth L. 106 Miller, Gifford H. 87, 145, 249 Miller, Maynard M. 304, 308, 309 Mode, William N. 137 Moritz, Richard E. 286 Mosher, Byard W. 74 Murcray, Frank J. 54 Murray, David F. 166, 167 Netting, Robert M. 210 Newell, Patrick T. 8 Nishiizumi, Kunihiko 243 Nof, Doron 83 Oechel, Walter C. 239 Okland, Linda E. 116 Oldow, John S. 113 Olson, John V. 39, 40 Osterkamp, Thomas E. 119 Overpeck, Jonathan T. 19, 149 Palinkas, Lawrence A. 180 Patrick, Brian E. 108 Pavlis, Terry L. 110 Perry, John S. 254 Pfeffer, Tad 147 Phillips, Fred M. 27 Picou, J. Steven 208 Ping, Chien L. 236 Pitzman, Betsy 300 Pomeroy, Lawrence R. 182 Posson, Douglas R. 316 Powell, Ross D. 150 Powers, Roger W. 204 Preuss, Jane 226 Proenza, Luis M. 138 Radtke, Richard L. 184 Raichlen, Fredric 64 Ram, Michael 158, 271 Raymo, M. E. 307 Raymond, Charles F. 162, 163 Raymond, James A. 175 Reeburgh, William S. 242 Robinson, David A. 25 Rohwer, Sievert A. 199 Rosen, James M. 59, 60 Rosenberg, Theodore J. 42, 43, 56 Rowe, Gilbert T. 282 Royer, Thomas C. 80 Sadock, Jerrold M. 214 Saltzman, Eric S. 255 Sambrotto, Raymond N. 62 Satake, Kenji 98 Schamel, Douglas L. 302 Schilling, Jean-Guy 67 Schlosser, Peter 75 Schnell, Russell C. 69 Serreze, Mark 24, 251 Seyfrit, Carole L. 216 Shah, Raj N. 313 Shaver, Gaius R. 186, 187 Sheldon, William R. 16 Siniff, Donald B. 191 Sisson, Virginia B. 111 Sivjee, Gulamabas G. 51 Smith, Roger W. 41 Smith, T. D. 76, 77, 79 Smith, Walker O. 279 Solomon, Stanley 6 Sparr, Ted M. 265 Spilhaus, A. F. 55 Stamnes, Knut 171, 232 Stearns, Charles R. 164 Stephens, Sidney 298 Stone, David B. 120 Sturges, William T. 70 Stute, Martin 91 Swenson, Gary R. 1 Tarduno, John A. 123 Taylor, Kendrick 268 Taylor, Lawrence A. 104 Thayer, Jeffrey P. 50 Thompson, Lonnie G. 22, 31 Top, Zafer 81, 256 Tumeo, Mark A. 100 Van Cleve, Keith 173 Vernet, Maria 143 Vick, Ann K. 306 Vogt, F. Daniel 193 Waddington, Edwin D. 274, 285 Wahlen, Martin 23 Walker, Donald A. 252 Walsh, John E. 235, 257 Wartzok, Douglas 192 Watermann, Jurgen 2 Werner, Al 131 White, James W. 94, 246 Williams, Stephen 258, 259 Williamson, Francis S. 170 Wilson, Alexander T. 238 Wingfield, John C. 196 Wolfe, Allan 47, 58 Wright, James E. 114 Wyss, Max 95, 97 Yeh, K. C. 7 Young, Oran R. 217 71 INDEX OF INSTITUTIONS Alaska Geological Society 116 Alaska Pacific University 297 American Geophysical Union 55 Antarctic Support Associates 245 Arctic Research Commission 311 Arctic Research Consortium of the U.S. 227 AstroPower, Inc. 292 Bentley College 152 Boston University 52 Bowdoin College 130, 215 Brown University 220 California Institute of Technology 64 California State University Fullerton Foundation 10 Capital Systems Group, Inc. 313 Carnegie-Mellon University 15 Clarkson University 14 Clemson University 4 Colorado School of Mines 125 Columbia University 21,.62, 82 Columbia University Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory 28, 75, 91, 270 Cornell University 295 CUNY Hunter College 218 CUNY New York City Technical College 47, 58 Dartmouth College 45, 72, 73, 84, 217 Department of Army Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory 269, 314 Department of Navy NOAA Joint Ice Center 253 East Carolina University 266 Ecosystems Technology Transfer, Inc. 194 Education and Resources Group 306 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University 51 Florida State University 83 Foundation for Glacier and Environmental Research 308, 309 Geological Survey 316 George Mason University 222 Harvard University 88, 258, 259 Homer Society of Natural History/Pratt Museum 300 Howard University College of Medicine 293 Interferometrics, Inc. 296 Johns Hopkins University 8 Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Inc. 1 Marine Biological Laboratory 186, 187, 188, 189, 260 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 102, 294, 307 McPhee Research Company 283 Michigan State University 121 Mississippi State University 216 Mount Holyoke College 131 National Academy of Sciences 254, 312 New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology 27, 112 NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories 69 North Carolina State University at Raleigh 267 Northern Illinois University 129, 150 Northwestern University 26 Office of History and Archaeology 200 Ohio State University 275 Ohio State University Research Foundation 22, 29, 31,32, 89, 273, 315 Old Dominion University Research Foundation 135 Pennsylvania State University- University Park 85, 159, 276 Princeton University 86 Rutgers University-New Brunswick 25 San Diego State University Foundation 169, 239 Smithsonian Institution 213 SRI International 2, 35, 49, 50, 240 Stanford University 53, 101, 106, 107 SUNY, Buffalo 134, 158, 271 SUNY, Stony Brook 272 SUNY, Plattsburgh 193 Texas A&M University Research Foundation 282 University Corporation for Atmospheric Research 36 University of Alaska Agricultural Experiment Station 168 University of Alaska-Anchorage 201 University of Alaska-Fairbanks 206, 207, 232, 234, 235, 236, 237, 298, 299, 301, 302, 303, 310 University of Alaska Geophysical Institute 122, 139 140, 171, 228, 229 University of Alaska Institute of Marine Science 77, 79, 80, 170, 174, 230, 231, 233 University of Arizona 18, 48, 105, 141, 142, 210, 238 University of Arkansas 176, 209 University of California-Berkeley 177, 241 University of California-Davis 93 University of California-Irvine 178, 179, 242 University of California-Los Angeles 211 University of California-San Diego 143, 180 University of California-San Diego Scripps Institute of Oceanography23, 123,144, 243, 244 University of California-Santa Barbara 108 University of Chicago 214 University of Cincinnati 219 University of Colorado at Boulder 3, 5, 6, 19, 24, 65, 70, 71, 87, 94, 126,127,128,145, 146, 147, 148, 149,.246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252 University of Denver 54 University of Georgia Research Foundation Inc 182 University of Hawaii-Manoa 184 University of Houston 16 University of Idaho 304 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 7, 257 University of Maine 151 University of Maryland-College Park 42, 43, 56, 305 University of Massachusetts- Amherst , 118, 153, 261 University of Miami School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences 81, 181, 255, 256 University of Michigan- Ann Arbor 37, 44, 98, 263, 264 University of Minnesota- Twin Cities 132, 154, 191 University of Missouri-St. Louis 192 University of Nevada DesertResearch Institute 11, 268 University of New Hampshire Durham 13, 46, 57, 74, 133, 155, 156, 157, 265 University of New Orleans 110 University of Notre Dame 185 University of Rhode Island 67, 277 University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography 63 University of South Alabama 175, 208 University of Tennessee-Knoxville 04, 183,278, 279, 281 University of Texas at Austin 99, 195 University of Utah 115 University of Washington 17, 30, 109, 161 162, 163, 196, 197, 198,199, 224, 225,280, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291 University of Wisconsin-Madison 34, 136, 164 University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh 137 University of Wyoming 59, 60, 165 Urban Regional Research 226 Utah State University 160 Washington State University 223 Washington University 103 William Marsh Rice University 33, 90, 111, 113,114, 221 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute 61, 66, 262 Yale University 24, 212 72 72 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX Alaska 29, 30, 40, 45, 64, 65, 86, 90, 95, 96, 98, 105, 107, 112, 113, 119, 122, 125, 140 150, 153, 160, 163, 168, 169, 172, 173, 176, 179, 186, 187, 191, 200-203, 205, 207, 211, 214, 216, 219, 220, 223, 225, 234, 260, 275, 284, 289, 297-304, 306 Anchorage 226 Aleutians 97, 99, 178 Barrow 9, 171, 232 Bristol Bay 130, 160 Brooks Range 90, 113, 119 Chugach Mountains 110, 111, 115 Fairbanks 190 Juneau Ice Field 304, 308, 309 Kenai Mountains 134 Kenai Peninsula 107, 134 Kigluaik Mountains 106, 108, 109, 114 Kodiak 218 McCall Glacier 229 Mount Wrangell 139 North Slope 90, 237, 289 Prince William Sound 199, 208 St. Lawrence Island 117, 118, 224 Seward Peninsula 106, 114 Toolik Lake 170, 189, 245 Valdez 199 Wonder Lake 131 Yukon 302 Antarctica 16, 39, 46-48, 53, 56-58, 73, 100, 171, 180, 294 Arctic Ocean 17, 69, 75, 125, 135, 136, 182, 183, 253, 257, .262, 283, 286, 291 Arctic Basin 24, 25, 73, 112 Northeast Water Polynya 230, 231, 256, 266, 267, 272, 279, 280, 282, 287 Barents Sea 143, 181 Beaufort Sea 68, 195, 281 Bering Sea 106, 117, 118, 153 California 99, 294 Canada 14, 40, 44, 89, 113, 123-126, 128, 137, 149, 152, 180, 209, 213, 214, 217, 261, 284 Baffin Island 152, 249, 259 British Columbia 86 Frobisher Bay 46, 59, 87, 128, 259 Northwest Territories 27, 47, 56, 58, 59, 70, 102, 278 Quebec (Lake Mistissini) 53 Central Asia 12 Chile . . 98 China (Guliya Ice Cap) 31 Chukchi Sea 68, 106, 281 Denmark 213 Greenland 1, 13, 37, 44, 48, 74, 87, 88, 93, 101, 103, 126, 132, 133, 139, 142, 144, 151, 155, 157, 161, 164, 194, 214, 243, 248, 268, 277 Sondre Stromfjord 3, 4, 35, 42, 43, 49-52, 57, 58, 263, 264 Summit 11, 15, 141, 156, 158, 246, 255, 269-271, 276, 285 Greenland Sea 67, 83, 84 Hawaii (Mauna Kea) 27, 64, 65 Iceland . 194, 210, 218, 258 Japan . 98 Newfoundland 216 Nicaragua 99 Nordic Seas 126 North Atlantic Ocean 82, 93, 128 North Sea 66 Norway (Svalbard) 7, 32, 39, 41, 89, 132, 149 Oregon 99 Peru. . . 99 Russia. . 48, 59, 99, 125, 145, 201, 206, 213, 221, 225, 233 Siberia 29, 30, 104, 112, 117, 118, 122, 202, 204, 207, 214 Scotland 216 Sweden 154 Washington 162 Wyoming (Wind River Range) 27 Yakutsk 120, 121 74 KEY WORD INDEX Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) 230 Adaptation 180, 191-196, 200, 203, 204, 209, 211, 215, 220 Aerosol pollution 9-11, 13-15, 17, 59, 60, 69, 70, 74 Air-snow exchange process 141 Alexander Terrane 105 ALPHA HELIX 76, 77, 79, 80 Alutiiq 205 Analysis of Rapid and Recent Climate Change (ARRCC) 18-22 Animal behavior 191, 192, 196 Anorthosites 103 Anthropological studies 200-204, 211, 218 Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) 185 Aquifers 91 Archeological studies 200, 203, 204, 211, 215, 218, 258, 259 ARCSS FLUX Program 235, 252, 275 Arctic Environmental Data Directory (AEDD) 316 Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research (ALOMAR) 5 Arctic Lidar Technology (ARCLITE) 50 Arctic Research Commission 311 Arctic Research Consortium of the United States (ARCUS) 227 Athabascans 207 Atmospheric plume 69 Auroral emissions 1, 6, 8, 37, 45, 51, 56, 59, 60 Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) 294 Balloon instruments 59, 60 Basal water 140 Benthic studies 266, 281 Birds 178, 196, 199 Boundary motions 39, 41-43, 46, 47 Broken Mammoth Site 200 Bromine production 70, 278 Bumblebees 193 Calving 151 Carbon cycling 62, 143, 181, 236 Carbon dioxide 181, 238, 239, 241, 242, 260, 270 Carbon nutrient interactions 187 Charr 184 Chemical analysis 75, 155, 157 Chemical exchange 141, 142 Chugach-Prince William Terrane 107 Clays 293 Clearinghouse 306 Climatic change 2-5, 18-22, 24-31, 33, 54, 71, 72, 82, 91, 94, 119, 125, 127, 131, 137, 161, 166, 167, 182, 183, 187, 200, 203, 210, 215, 219, 229, 234-236, 241, 242, 249, 251, 257, 283, 285, 286 Clouds 16, 17, 59, 60, 85, 171, 228, 232 Communication satellites 296 Compact telemetry unit (CTU) 296 Continental rift 93, 101 Coring tool 63 Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR) 2-6, 35, 37, 50, 52 Cracking patterns 295 Cusp station 39, 41-43 Data collection stations 39-42, 44, 45, 49-53, 56-58, 90, 119, 123, 124, 146, 170, 171, 174, 228, 240, 245, 291 Data management 244, 248, 250, 265 Dating techniques 27, 32, 66, 89, 92, 130, 131 144, 145, 149, 152, 161, 203, 243, 290 Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) 24, 25 Demographics 179 Denali fault 95 Denitrification 288 Deuterium 246 Dimethylsulfide (DMS) 17, 143, 181, 255 Drifting buoys 253 Dynamics studies 3-5 Earthquakes 95-99 Ecological effects 166-170, 173, 178, 186, 189, 190, 198, 199, 220 Ecosystems 173, 177, 186-189, 197, 198 235, 237, 241, 242, 252, 260, 286, 289 Electric power 292 Electrical conductivity 268 Electron acceleration 8 Energy transfer 2, 228 Environmental monitoring 170, 171, 173-178, 181-190, 199 Eskimos 213, 214, 217, 224 Estuaries 32, 234, 247, 249, 289, 290 Fault planes 95, 98 Fauna 88, 166, 167, 259 Field station 245 Fine root dynamics 190 Fishes 175, 176, 184, 189 Fleming Fjord Formation 88 Flora 166-169, 173, 190 Fluid dynamics 83, 84, 115 Foraging 178, 192 Forests 173, 190 Freezing effects 293, 295 Freshwater research 176, 188, 189, 234, 237 Gabbro crystallization 101 Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) 42, 43, 46, 47 Geochemical studies 92-94, 102, 103, 129, 272 Geophysical techniques 86, 140 Glacial dating 117, 118 Glacial till 168, 169 Glaciation 134, 145 Glacier and ice stream motion 140, 163 Glaciers 138-165, 229 Glycerol production 175 Graduate students 305 Greenhouse effect 24, 25, 29, 30, 257, 286, 291 Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP II) 11, 13, 15, 44, 74, 142, 144, 155-157, 164, 243, 246, 248, 255, 268-270, 273, 274, 276, 277, 285 Guliya Ice Cap 31 Hazard mitigation 64, 65 Heat transfer 219 Helium 144 Hierarchic geographic information system (HGIS) 252 High latitude studies 3-5, 7-9, 38, 40-43, 50, 52, 57, 58, 83-85, 228 Historical data 210, 224 Human behavior 180, 220, 221 Hunting 206, 209, 223 Hydrocarbon contaminants 100 Ice core sampling 23, 31, 48, 82, 133, 138, 144, 146, 155-158, 161, 238, 243, 248, 255, 268-271, 276, 277, 285 Ice coring equipment 138 Ice rafting 135 Ice transport 71-74, 100, 152 Ice-ocean interaction 73-75, 87, 233 Icebreakers 68, 75 Imaging 42, 56 Imaging Riometer for Ionoshpheric Studies (IRIS) 56 Information resources 306, 313, 315 Insects 185 Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) 14 Instrumentation 69, 80, 158, 170, 174, 244, 271 Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee (IARPC) 314, 316 Interferometers 51 International Arctic Ocean Expedition 1991 75 International Conference on Arctic Margins (ICAM) 116 International Conference on Permafrost 1993 127 International Glaciological Society 148 International Ozone Commission (IAMAP) 305 Inuit 209, 217, 259 Inupiat 220 Iodine 255 Joule heating rate 2 Kelp production 195 Kenai Fjords National Park 134 Labradorean advance 87 Lake coring 137 Lakes 234, 247, 249, 261, 284, 290 Land/Atmosphere/Ice Interactions (LAII) 250 Land-atmosphere system 235 Laurentide Ice Sheet 87 Lidar 50 Little Ice Age 18-22, 48, 258 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) 170, 173, 186 189, 190, 198 Magnetometer Arrary on the Greenland Ice Cap (MAGIC) 44, 240 Magnetometry 39-44, 46, 47, 58, 240 Mammal evolution 88 Mantle eclogites 104 Mantle evolution 67 Marine birds 178 Marine deposits 89, 117, 118, 149 Marine science 299 Mead Site 200 Meetings 38, 55, 91, 97, 116, 122, 127, 142, 148, 166, 167, 201, 206, 215, 263, 303, 305, 310 Meltwater 139 Metamorphism 106, 110, 111, 114, 115 Methane 241, 242, 260 Migration 179 Migratory birds 196 Modeling 26, 33, 34, 147, 165, 235, 237, 273, 274, 283, 286 Museum exhibition 172, 300 Mycorrhizal colonization 168, 169 National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) 36 National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program 95-99 Native culture 202-207, 211, 213, 216, 224 Native population 201, 202, 205-207, 209, 211, 213, 214, 216, 217, 220, 221, 223-225, 297, 299, 302, 303, 306 Natural resource management 222 Naval architecture 78 Nitrogen oxide 9, 10 Nivkhi 221 Nonlinear processes 83, 84 Numerical models 231, 233, 237, 285 Observational facility 35-37, 41, 71, 72, 263, 264 Ocean science research 76-81 Ocean studies 61-75, 81, 82, 135, 136, 182, 183, 244, 253, 257, 262, 279-282, 288, 294 Oceanographic data 80 Ocean-atmosphere interactions 34, 281-283, 286, 307 Oil spill 199, 208, 300 Ostyaks 207 Ozone depletion 16, 54, 59, 60, 69, 70, 171, 278 Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) 32, 234, 247, 249, 289, 290 Paleoclimatic studies 18-22, 27-32, 48, 74, 82, 91, 94, 116-118, 122-124, 126, 133, 149, 153, 234, 247-249, 261, 270, 273, 274, 276, 284, 285, 289, 290 Paleoenvironmental studies 145, 149, 152, 153 Paleomagnetic studies 105-115, 120, 121 Patch formation 168, 169 Permafrost 100, 116, 119, 125, 127, 188, 219, 236, 275 Petrology 100, 101 Photosynthetic response 195 Phytoplankton 143, 181, 279, 280 Plankton 62, 178 Plants 166-169, 173, 177, 185, 190 Polar cap 35, 37 Polar desert 197 Polar Ice Coring Office (PICO) 138 Polar programs support services 313 Polar Research Board 312 Polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) formation 16 Post earthquake reconstruction 226 Precious metals 101 Psychological characteristics 180 Quaternary Period 32, 34, 87, 89, 92, 116 122, 126, 128, 137, 145, 234, 249, 284 Radar experiments 1-4, 6, 35, 49, 51 Radiation level tests 81, 232 Radiative properties 85, 171, 228 Radio emissions 45 Radiocarbon dating 134 Remote sensing 148 Reproduction 193, 194, 196 Research vessel 76-80, 174, 244, 262, 281, 294 Ringed seals 192 Riometer 43, 56 Rock movement 105-115 Rocks 92, 93, 102-104, 120, 121 Salinity fluxes 61 Scatter measurement 49-52 Schoolteachers 297, 298 Science education 297-309 Scintillation measurements 7 Sea ice model 33, 34, 71-73 Sea otters 191 Sediment analysis 117, 118, 122-124, 126, 129, 132, 135, 249 Sedimentation 149, 150, 153, 159, 261, 262, 284, 288, 290 Seismic imaging 86 Seismic tests 90, 95-99, 120, 121 Shelf-slope processes 230, 231, 256, 272, 279, 280 Ship contamination 81 Ship design 78 Ship operations 76, 77, 79, 81 Shipboard technician program 76, 77 Siberian Plate 112 Siple Station 53 Small Grants for Exploratory Research Program (SGER) 16, 69, 199 Snow accumulation 139 Snow and ice analysis 11-13, 15, 17, 75 Snow and ice melt 24, 25, 162, 219, 228 Social characteristics 179, 180 Socioeconomic effects 208-211, 216, 217, 225, 226 Sociological data 201, 202, 221, 223-225 Soils 177, 187, 197, 236, 239, 260, 275 Solar activity 48 Solar cells 292 Solar heating 283 Solar radiation 18-22 Solar wind 54, 55, 57 Spectrometry 1, 54, 92, 94, 129, 174, 243, 290 Strand Fjord 123, 124 Stratigraphy 130, 136 Submersible 150 Sulfur 143, 181, 255 Summer science camp 302 Surface air temperature 291 Surface reflectivity (albedo) 24, 25, 171, 232 Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) 68 Tectonics 95, 96, 105-115, 120, 121 Temperature regulation 193 Tertiary Forlandsundet Basin 132 Thawing effects 219, 236, 293 Thermal hysteresis 185 Thermal studies 108, 109 Thermohaline circulation 61, 73 Thermoluminescence (TL) 89, 149 Threespine spickleback 176 Trace elements 12-15, 17, 54, 67 Tree-ring analysis 28, 48, 203, 220 Tritium 256 Tropospheric ozone concentrations 9, 10, 14 Tsunamis 64, 65, 98 U.S. Arctic policy 310-312, 314, 316 U.S. Global Change Research Program 22, 28, 42, 46, 47, 228, 229, 232, 235, 239, 241, 242, 251, 252, 254, 275 ULF wave spectrum 39, 55 Undergraduates 297, 299, 301, 304 Urban patterns 226 Vegetation 234, 235, 239, 260, 284, 289 Volcanic activity 18-22, 92, 93 Water pressure effects 154 Wave generation 64 Wave injection experiments 53 Whales 194, 212 Zooplankton 279, 280 {page|1}