by Raymond M. Wolfe[1]

Companies spent $323 billion on research and development performed in the United States during 2013, 6.7% more than the $302 billion spent during 2012 (table 1). Funding from the companies’ own sources was $247 billion during 2012 and $265 billion during 2013, a 7.1% increase. Funding from other sources was $55 billion during 2012 and $58 billion during 2013 (table 1). Data for this InfoBrief are from the Business R&D and Innovation Survey (BRDIS), which was developed and is cosponsored by the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Census Bureau.

TABLE 1. Funds spent for business R&D performed in the United States, by source of funds and size of company: 2012–13
(Millions of U.S. dollars)

i = more than 50% of value imputed.

aIncludes companies located inside and outside the United States, U.S. state government agencies and laboratories, foreign government agencies and laboratories, and all other organizations located inside and outside the United States.

NOTES: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Statistics are representative of companies located in the United States that performed or funded R&D. Excludes data for federally funded research and development centers. The Business R&D and Innovation Survey does not include companies with fewer than five employees.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Business R&D and Innovation Survey.

Table 1 Source Data: Excel file
Selected characteristic 2012 2013
Domestic R&D performance 302,250 322,528
Source of funds
Paid for by the company 247,280 264,913
Paid for by others 54,970 57,615
Federal 30,621 i 29,362 i
Othera 24,349 28,253
Size of company (number of domestic employees)
5–24 9,841 10,297
25–49 7,195 7,941
50–99 9,182 8,910
100–249 12,480 13,666
250–499 11,264 12,189
500–999 11,484 12,002
1,000–4,999 50,691 55,517
5,000–9,999 30,483 31,514
10,000–24,999 49,493 51,218
25,000 or more 110,138 119,275

R&D Performance, by Industrial Sector and Source of Funding

During 2013, companies in manufacturing industries performed $221 billion (69%) of domestic R&D, defined as R&D performed in the 50 states and Washington, D.C. (table 2). Most of the funding was from companies’ own funds (82%). Companies in nonmanufacturing industries performed $101 billion of domestic R&D (31% of total domestic R&D performance), 83% of which was paid for from companies’ own funds. The U.S. federal government was the chief source of external funding (also referred to as R&D paid for by others) for R&D across all industries. Of the $58 billion paid for by others, the federal government accounted for $29 billion, most of which came from the Department of Defense ($23 billion) (data not shown). Ninety-one percent of federal government R&D funding went toward aerospace products and parts (North American Industry Classification System [NAICS] code 3364), professional, scientific, and technical services (NAICS 54), and computer and electronic products (NAICS 334). Next among external funders were foreign companies ($14 billion)—including foreign parent companies of U.S. subsidiaries—and other U.S. companies ($13 billion) (table 2) (see “Survey Information and Data Availability” for information on industry classification).

TABLE 2. Funds spent for business R&D performed in the United States, by source of funds and selected industry: 2012 and 2013
(Millions of U.S. dollars)

D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information; i = more than 50% of value imputed.

NAICS = North American Industry Classification System; nec = not elsewhere classified.

a Includes foreign parent companies of U.S. subsidiaries.
b Includes U.S. state government agencies and laboratories, foreign agencies and laboratories, and all other organizations located inside and outside the United States.

NOTES: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Statistics are representative of companies located in the United States that performed or funded R&D. Industry classification was based on dominant business code for domestic R&D performance, where available. For companies that did not report business codes, the classification used for sampling was assigned. Excludes data for federally funded research and development centers.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Business R&D and Innovation Survey.

Table 2 Source Data: Excel file
Industry and NAICS code All R&D Paid for by
the company		 Paid for by others
Total Federal Companies All other
organizationsb
Domestic Foreigna
2013
All industries, 21–33, 42–81 322,528 264,913 57,615 29,362 13,450 13,791 1,012
Manufacturing industries, 31–33 221,476 181,170 40,306 22,958 5,174 11,427 747
Chemicals, 325 61,664 54,285 7,379 356 1,389 5,594 40
Pharmaceuticals and medicines, 3254 52,426 45,891 6,534 167 1,343 4,987 37
Other 325 9,238 8,394 845 189 46 607 3
Machinery, 333 12,650 12,092 558 128 110 309 11
Computer and electronic products, 334 67,205 57,364 9,841 4,866 1,748 D D
Electrical equipment, appliance, and components, 335 4,136 3,660 475 i 129 i 83 D D
Transportation equipment, 336 45,972 25,165 20,807 i 17,312 1,328 D D
Automobiles, trailers, and parts, 3361–63 16,729 14,081 2,647 304 i 565 i 1,772 6
Aerospace products and parts, 3364 27,114 10,042 17,072 i 15,927 758 D D
Other 336 2,129 1,042 1,088 1,081 5 D D
Manufacturing nec, other 31–33 29,849 28,604 1,246 167 516 540 23
Nonmanufacturing industries, 21–23, 42–81 101,052 83,742 17,310 6,404 8,276 2,364 266
Information, 51 57,207 56,039 1,168 203 447 512 6
Software publishers, 5112 35,333 34,296 1,037 173 386 474 4
Other 51 21,874 21,743 131 30 61 38 2
Finance and insurance, 52 4,308 4,298 10 0 10 0 0
Professional, scientific, and technical services, 54 31,017 15,617 i 15,400 6,033 7,610 1,525 232
Computer systems design and related services, 5415 9,268 8,107 i 1,161 i 809 i 175 i 157 20
Scientific R&D services, 5417 14,201 2,838 11,363 3,288 6,841 1,127 107
Other 54 7,548 4,672 2,876 1,936 594 241 105
Nonmanufacturing nec, other 21–23, 42–81 8,520 7,788 732 168 209 327 28
2012
All industries, 21–33, 42–81 302,250 247,280 54,970 30,621 i 11,624 12,093 632
Manufacturing industries, 31–33 208,415 170,197 38,218 24,059 i 4,553 9,320 286
Chemicals, 325 57,225 50,867 6,359 369 i 1,374 4,605 11
Pharmaceuticals and medicines, 3254 48,146 42,594 5,552 57 1,337 4,153 5
Other 325 9,079 8,273 807 312 37 452 6
Machinery, 333 14,254 13,294 960 385 278 192 105
Computer and electronic products, 334 65,068 56,677 8,391 4,852 1,248 2,167 124
Electrical equipment, appliance, and components, 335 3,087 2,900 187 44 i 10 i 132 1
Transportation equipment, 336 42,305 21,344 20,961 i 18,268 i 1,312 1,359 22
Automobiles, trailers, and parts, 3361–63 D 13,191 D D 558 i D D
Aerospace products and parts, 3364 24,817 7,140 17,677 i 16,895 i 749 D D
Other 336 D 1,013 D D 5 D D
Manufacturing nec, other 31–33 26,476 25,115 1,360 141 331 865 23
Nonmanufacturing industries, 21–23, 42–81 93,835 77,083 16,752 6,562 7,071 2,773 346
Information, 51 46,805 45,851 954 142 351 419 42
Software publishers, 5112 28,745 28,012 733 103 256 367 7
Other 51 18,060 17,839 221 39 95 52 35
Finance and insurance, 52 3,519 3,507 12 0 11 2 0
Professional, scientific, and technical services, 54 34,309 20,166 14,143 5,606 6,333 1,947 257
Computer systems design and related services, 5415 11,251 i 9,163 i 2,088 1,449 435 i 180 24
Scientific R&D services, 5417 16,544 6,788 9,756 2,596 5,512 1,540 108
Other 54 6,514 4,215 2,299 1,561 386 227 125
Nonmanufacturing nec, other 21–23, 42–81 9,202 7,559 1,643 814 376 405 48

R&D Performance, by Company Size

Small companies (from 5 to 499 domestic employees) performed 16% of the nation’s total business R&D in 2013 (table 1). In these companies, the R&D/sales ratio, or R&D intensity, was 4.3%, compared with 3.2% for all other companies (tables 1 and 3). Small companies accounted for 13% of sales and employed 19% of 20.0 million who worked for R&D-performing or R&D-funding companies. Of the 1.5 million R&D employees engaged in business R&D in the United States, 30% worked for small companies. By contrast, mid-size companies (from 500 to 24,999 domestic employees) performed 47% of the nation’s total business R&D in 2013, and their R&D intensity was 3.5%. They accounted for 45% of sales and employed 39% of those who worked for R&D-performing or R&D-funding companies, including 43% of R&D employees in the United States. The largest companies (25,000 or more domestic employees) performed 37% of the nation’s total business R&D in 2013, and their R&D intensity was 2.9%. The largest companies employed 42% of those who worked for R&D-performing or R&D-funding companies, including 27% of R&D employees in the United States.

TABLE 3. Sales, R&D intensity, and employment for companies that performed or funded business R&D, by selected industry and company size: 2013

NAICS = North American Industry Classification System; nec = not elsewhere classified.

a Includes domestic net sales of companies that performed or funded R&D, transfers to foreign subsidiaries, and export sales to foreign companies; excludes intracompany transfers and sales by foreign subsidiaries.
b R&D intensity is domestic R&D paid for by the company and others and performed by the company divided by domestic net sales of companies that performed or funded R&D.
c Data recorded on 12 March represent employment figures for the year.
d Includes researchers, R&D managers, technicians, clerical staff, and others assigned to R&D groups.

NOTES: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Statistics are representative of companies located in the United States that performed or funded R&D. Industry classification was based on dominant business code for domestic R&D performance, where available. For companies that did not report business codes, the classification used for sampling was assigned. Excludes data for federally funded research and development centers. The Business R&D and Innovation Survey does not include companies with fewer than five employees.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Business R&D and Innovation Survey, 2013.

Table 3 Source Data: Excel file
Industry and NAICS code Domestic net sales
(US$millions)a		 R&D intensity
(%)b		 Domestic employment
(thousands)c
Total R&Dd
All industries, 21–33, 42–81 9,654,952 3.3 20,046 1,495
Manufacturing industries, 31–33 5,902,677 3.8 10,457 898
Chemicals, 325 1,361,379 4.5 1,607 166
Pharmaceuticals and medicines, 3254 511,393 10.3 622 117
Other 325 849,986 1.1 985 49
Machinery, 333 370,969 3.4 918 83
Computer and electronic products, 334 634,383 10.6 1,277 255
Electrical equipment, appliance, and components, 335 142,537 2.9 327 30
Transportation equipment, 336 1,113,141 4.1 1,854 157
Automobiles, trailers, and parts, 3361–63 694,029 2.4 930 83
Aerospace products and parts, 3364 355,687 7.6 751 64
Other 336 63,425 3.4 173 10
Manufacturing nec, other 31–33 2,280,268 1.3 4,474 207
Nonmanufacturing industries, 21–23, 42–81 3,752,275 2.7 9,589 597
Information, 51 1,048,039 5.5 2,182 277
Software publishers, 5112 394,356 9.0 714 181
Other 51 653,683 3.3 1,468 96
Finance and insurance, 52 646,362 0.7 1,325 25
Professional, scientific, and technical services, 54 371,322 8.4 1,430 223
Computer systems design and related services, 5415 110,779 8.4 512 75
Scientific R&D services, 5417 70,480 20.1 232 72
Other 54 190,063 4.0 686 76
Nonmanufacturing nec, other 21–23, 42–81 1,686,552 0.5 4,652 72
Size of company (number of domestic employees)
5–24 159,578 6.5 578 98
25–49 136,026 5.8 567 72
50–99 249,876 3.6 790 81
100–249 351,550 3.9 986 112
250–499 335,762 3.6 842 79
500–999 357,480 3.4 762 68
1,000–4,999 1,164,681 4.8 2,537 240
5,000–9,999 888,101 3.5 1,599 141
10,000–24,999 1,893,277 2.7 2,903 201
25,000 or more 4,118,621 2.9 8,482 403

R&D Performance, by State

Business R&D is concentrated in a relatively small number of states. During 2013, companies reported $265 billion of domestic R&D paid for by the company. Businesses in California alone accounted for 29.0% of this amount in 2013 (table 4). Other states with large amounts of company-funded business R&D, as reflected by the percentages of the national total they accounted for in 2013, were Michigan (5.4%), Massachusetts (5.3%), Washington (5.3%), Texas (5.1%), Illinois (4.5%), New Jersey (4.5%), New York (3.6%), and Pennsylvania (3.8%).

TABLE 4. Funds spent for business R&D performed in the United States, by source of funds and state: 2013
(Millions of U.S. dollars)

e = more than 50% of the cell value is imputed due to raking of state data; i = more than 50% of value is imputed due to reasons other than raking of state data.

a Includes data reported on Form BRDI-1 not allocated to a specific state. Data reported on Form BRDI-1(S), the questionnaire sent to small companies or companies new to the survey, were allocated to the state in the address on the company's survey form, which is usually the company's headquarters.

NOTES: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding. Statistics are representative of companies located in the United States that performed or funded R&D. Excludes data for federally funded research and development centers.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Business R&D and Innovation Survey, 2013.

Table 4 Source Data: Excel file
State All R&D Paid for by
the company		 Paid for
by others
United States 322,528 264,913 57,615
Alabama 1,563 802 761
Alaska 46 33 12 e
Arizona 5,208 4,036 1,172
Arkansas 288 252 36
California 89,373 76,851 12,522
Colorado 4,522 3,869 652
Connecticut 8,010 5,789 2,221
Delaware 2,310 i 1,705 i 605
District of Columbia 488 297 191
Florida 5,795 3,900 1,894 i
Georgia 4,023 3,350 673 i
Hawaii 214 i 158 i 57
Idaho 1,238 908 331
Illinois 13,096 11,961 1,136
Indiana 6,479 5,482 997
Iowa 2,052 1,498 554
Kansas 1,942 1,321 621
Kentucky 1,279 917 362
Louisiana 354 275 79 i
Maine 365 314 51
Maryland 4,770 2,665 2,105
Massachusetts 17,395 14,000 3,395
Michigan 15,925 14,409 1,517
Minnesota 6,614 6,057 557
Mississippi 211 183 i 28
Missouri 7,174 i 3,570 3,605 i
Montana 92 73 20
Nebraska 627 577 50
Nevada 525 460 66
New Hampshire 2,045 811 1,234
New Jersey 14,022 11,955 2,067
New Mexico 519 291 227
New York 12,032 9,456 2,577
North Carolina 8,083 5,690 2,393 i
North Dakota 229 215 14 e
Ohio 8,118 5,582 2,536
Oklahoma 505 450 55
Oregon 5,635 5,405 230
Pennsylvania 10,761 10,001 760
Rhode Island 571 501 70
South Carolina 1,016 861 155
South Dakota 164 149 14 e
Tennessee 1,423 1,188 236
Texas 15,550 13,406 2,144 i
Utah 2,945 2,384 561
Vermont 406 i 363 i 44
Virginia 4,445 2,465 1,980 i
Washington 14,860 13,996 863 i
West Virginia 306 273 32 i
Wisconsin 4,227 3,618 609
Wyoming 28 e 21 e 6 e
Undistributed fundsa 12,664 10,120 2,544

Sales, R&D Intensity, and Employment of Companies that Performed or Funded R&D

U.S. companies that performed or funded R&D reported domestic net sales of $10 trillion in 2013 (table 3).[2] For all industries, the R&D intensity was 3.3%; for manufacturers, 3.8%; and for nonmanufacturers, 2.7%. Manufacturing industries with high levels of R&D intensity in 2013 were computer and electronic products (NAICS 334) (10.6%), pharmaceuticals and medicines (NAICS 3254) (10.3%), and aerospace products and parts (NAICS 3364) (7.6%). Among the nonmanufacturing industries, industries with high levels of R&D intensity were scientific R&D services (NAICS 5417) (20.1%), software publishers (NAICS 5112) (9.0%), and computer systems design and related services (NAICS 5415) (8.4%).

Businesses that performed or funded R&D employed 20.0 million people in the United States during 2013. A total of 1.5 million (7.5%) were R&D employees.[3] Not surprisingly, industries with high levels of R&D intensity also had high numbers of R&D employees in 2013: computer and electronic products (NAICS 334) (255,000 R&D employees), pharmaceuticals and medicines (NAICS 3254) (117,000), and aerospace products and parts (NAICS 3364) (64,000). Nonmanufacturing industries with high numbers of R&D employees were software publishers (NAICS 5112) (181,000), computer systems design and related services (NAICS 5415) (75,000), and scientific R&D services (NAICS 5417) (72,000) (table 3).

Survey Information and Data Availability

The sample for BRDIS was selected to represent all for-profit, nonfarm companies that are publicly or privately held and have five or more employees in the United States. Estimates produced from the survey and presented in this InfoBrief are restricted to companies that perform or fund R&D, either domestically or abroad. Because the statistics from the survey are based on a sample, they are subject to both sampling and nonsampling errors (see technical notes in the detailed statistical tables at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/industry/).

In this InfoBrief, money amounts are expressed in current U.S. dollars and are not adjusted for inflation. Company is defined as a business organization located in the United States, either U.S. owned or a U.S. affiliate of a foreign parent, of one or more establishments under common ownership or control that performs or funds R&D.

For 2012, a total of 43,655 companies were sampled, representing 1,971,731 companies; for 2013, a total of 45,089 companies were sampled, representing 1,971,959 companies. The actual numbers of reporting units in the sample that remained within the scope of the survey between sample selection and tabulation were 39,744 for 2012 and 41,588 for 2013. These lower counts represent the number of reporting units that were determined to be within the scope of the survey after all data collected were processed. Reasons for the reduced counts include mergers, acquisitions, and instances where companies had fewer than five paid employees in the United States or had gone out of business in the interim. Of these in-scope reporting units, 77.1% were considered to have met the survey response criteria for the 2012 survey; 73.6% met the 2013 survey response criteria (a positive response for R&D expense or funded R&D, or a response for any of the following: worldwide sales, domestic sales, worldwide employment, or domestic employment). Industry classification was based on the dominant business activity for domestic R&D performance where available. For reporting units that did not report business activity codes for R&D, the classification used for sampling was assigned.

The full set of detailed tables from this survey will be available in the report Business R&D and Innovation: 2013 (http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/industry/). Individual detailed tables and tables with relative standard errors and imputation rates from the 2013 survey will be available in advance of the full report. For further information, contact Raymond M. Wolfe.

Notes

[1] Raymond M. Wolfe, Research and Development Statistics Program, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 965, Arlington, VA 22230 (rwolfe@nsf.gov; 703-292-7789)

[2] Determining the amount of domestic net sales and operating revenues was left to the reporting company; however, guidance was given to exclude intracompany transfers and sales by foreign subsidiaries but to include transfers to foreign subsidiaries and export sales to foreign companies.

[3] Employment statistics in this InfoBrief are head counts. Full-time equivalent statistics are available in the detailed statistical tables. R&D employees include scientists and engineers, their managers, and the technicians, technologists, and support staff members who work on R&D or who provide direct support to R&D activities.