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Table 28. Doctorate recipients reporting one or more functional limitations, by broad field of study, sex, and citizenship status: 2016

Demographic characteristic One or more limitations of any type Visual limitations Hearing limitations Walking limitations Lifting limitations Cognitive limitations
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
All doctorate recipients 3,647 6.6 1,661 3.0 651 1.2 261 0.5 415 0.8 1,588 2.9
Field of study
Life sciencesa 783 6.2 321 2.6 141 1.1 40 0.3 70 0.6 348 2.8
Physical sciences and earth sciences 442 7.1 209 3.3 80 1.3 25 0.4 42 0.7 220 3.5
Mathematics and computer sciences 282 7.1 145 3.7 39 1.0 21 0.5 34 0.9 104 2.6
Psychology and social sciences 633 7.0 233 2.6 104 1.1 34 0.4 64 0.7 340 3.7
Engineering 557 5.9 351 3.7 108 1.1 42 0.4 69 0.7 171 1.8
Education 330 6.4 170 3.3 69 1.3 37 0.7 46 0.9 108 2.1
Humanities and arts 424 7.7 140 2.6 67 1.2 37 0.7 57 1.0 211 3.8
Otherb 196 6.7 92 3.1 43 1.5 25 0.8 33 1.1 86 2.9
Sex
Male 1,935 6.5 925 3.1 411 1.4 131 0.4 173 0.6 843 2.8
Female 1,712 6.8 736 2.9 240 0.9 130 0.5 242 1.0 745 2.9
Citizenship statusc
U.S. citizen or permanent resident 2,487 7.0 802 2.2 471 1.3 178 0.5 251 0.7 1,316 3.7
Temporary visa holder 1,153 7.0 856 5.2 175 1.1 83 0.5 161 1.0 270 1.6
a Includes agricultural sciences and natural resources; biological and biomedical sciences; and health sciences.
b Non-science and engineering fields not shown separately.
c Excludes 7 doctorate recipients who did not report citizenship status.
NOTES: Individual doctorate recipients could report more than one functional limitation. Survey asks degree of difficulty—none, slight, moderate, severe, or unable to do—an individual has in seeing (with glasses), hearing (with hearing aid), walking without assistance, lifting 10 pounds, or concentrating, remembering, or making decisions. Those respondents who answered "moderate," "severe," or "unable to do" for any activity were classified as having a functional limitation.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates, 2016.