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  • Dollar Conversion:
  • Current
  • Constant
State 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Trend
AK 2.07 1.73 1.55 1.59 1.32 1.37 1.23 1.56 1.32 1.76 2.23 1.94 1.74 1.58 1.75 2.07,1.73,1.55,1.59,1.32,1.37,1.23,1.56,1.32,1.76,2.23,1.94,1.74,1.58,1.75
AL 4.14 4.21 4.00 4.16 3.39 3.36 3.08 3.27 3.10 2.84 2.79 2.41 2.04 1.99 2.26 4.14,4.21,4.00,4.16,3.39,3.36,3.08,3.27,3.10,2.84,2.79,2.41,2.04,1.99,2.26
AR 4.85 5.04 4.11 4.15 4.57 3.61 3.42 3.40 3.01 3.00 2.90 2.96 2.41 2.44 2.47 4.85,5.04,4.11,4.15,4.57,3.61,3.42,3.40,3.01,3.00,2.90,2.96,2.41,2.44,2.47
AZ 4.83 4.49 4.42 4.16 3.85 3.48 3.21 3.23 3.05 2.87 2.95 2.84 2.60 2.44 2.42 4.83,4.49,4.42,4.16,3.85,3.48,3.21,3.23,3.05,2.87,2.95,2.84,2.60,2.44,2.42
CA 5.03 4.63 4.17 3.94 3.53 3.50 2.97 3.20 3.01 2.87 2.99 2.80 2.61 2.53 2.53 5.03,4.63,4.17,3.94,3.53,3.50,2.97,3.20,3.01,2.87,2.99,2.80,2.61,2.53,2.53
CO 5.04 4.71 4.37 4.43 3.73 3.76 3.06 3.31 3.28 3.00 3.09 2.74 2.37 2.29 2.44 5.04,4.71,4.37,4.43,3.73,3.76,3.06,3.31,3.28,3.00,3.09,2.74,2.37,2.29,2.44
CT 6.86 6.52 5.68 5.28 4.74 4.62 4.19 4.47 4.26 4.00 4.19 3.99 3.36 3.29 3.36 6.86,6.52,5.68,5.28,4.74,4.62,4.19,4.47,4.26,4.00,4.19,3.99,3.36,3.29,3.36
DC 4.67 4.77 4.37 4.59 3.77 3.77 3.29 3.62 3.64 3.09 2.95 3.33 2.42 2.36 2.41 4.67,4.77,4.37,4.59,3.77,3.77,3.29,3.62,3.64,3.09,2.95,3.33,2.42,2.36,2.41
DE 6.84 6.80 6.31 6.69 5.82 5.55 4.87 5.21 4.95 4.40 4.89 4.64 3.53 3.33 3.54 6.84,6.80,6.31,6.69,5.82,5.55,4.87,5.21,4.95,4.40,4.89,4.64,3.53,3.33,3.54
FL 5.73 5.02 4.73 4.06 3.89 3.78 3.45 3.54 3.30 3.25 3.57 3.37 2.90 2.80 2.86 5.73,5.02,4.73,4.06,3.89,3.78,3.45,3.54,3.30,3.25,3.57,3.37,2.90,2.80,2.86
GA 3.81 3.66 3.31 3.41 2.97 3.09 2.92 3.14 2.96 2.86 2.83 2.69 2.61 2.51 2.45 3.81,3.66,3.31,3.41,2.97,3.09,2.92,3.14,2.96,2.86,2.83,2.69,2.61,2.51,2.45
HI 3.45 2.94 3.27 3.28 2.75 3.09 2.23 2.38 2.21 2.30 2.49 2.27 1.89 1.80 1.90 3.45,2.94,3.27,3.28,2.75,3.09,2.23,2.38,2.21,2.30,2.49,2.27,1.89,1.80,1.90
IA 5.96 5.53 4.92 4.70 4.40 4.43 3.77 4.13 3.66 3.51 4.20 3.75 2.87 2.83 2.90 5.96,5.53,4.92,4.70,4.40,4.43,3.77,4.13,3.66,3.51,4.20,3.75,2.87,2.83,2.90
ID 3.77 3.74 3.58 3.66 2.91 2.90 2.60 2.81 3.19 3.26 3.19 2.90 2.61 2.43 2.25 3.77,3.74,3.58,3.66,2.91,2.90,2.60,2.81,3.19,3.26,3.19,2.90,2.61,2.43,2.25
IL 6.20 6.00 5.52 5.15 4.46 4.31 3.90 4.11 3.92 3.79 3.88 3.55 3.30 3.20 3.26 6.20,6.00,5.52,5.15,4.46,4.31,3.90,4.11,3.92,3.79,3.88,3.55,3.30,3.20,3.26
IN 6.77 6.24 5.64 4.95 4.40 4.16 3.39 4.39 3.99 3.67 3.82 3.49 3.26 3.08 3.20 6.77,6.24,5.64,4.95,4.40,4.16,3.39,4.39,3.99,3.67,3.82,3.49,3.26,3.08,3.20
KS 5.24 4.94 4.72 4.44 3.91 3.98 3.36 3.70 3.31 2.99 3.20 2.91 2.69 2.53 2.76 5.24,4.94,4.72,4.44,3.91,3.98,3.36,3.70,3.31,2.99,3.20,2.91,2.69,2.53,2.76
KY 5.15 4.84 4.63 4.35 4.14 3.80 3.20 3.47 3.15 2.92 3.21 2.89 2.63 2.56 2.69 5.15,4.84,4.63,4.35,4.14,3.80,3.20,3.47,3.15,2.92,3.21,2.89,2.63,2.56,2.69
LA 5.07 4.83 4.20 4.01 3.57 3.42 3.02 3.41 3.22 2.65 2.66 2.56 2.69 2.47 2.52 5.07,4.83,4.20,4.01,3.57,3.42,3.02,3.41,3.22,2.65,2.66,2.56,2.69,2.47,2.52
MA 6.47 6.41 6.03 5.81 5.16 5.19 4.63 4.94 4.74 4.50 4.77 4.26 3.78 3.72 3.54 6.47,6.41,6.03,5.81,5.16,5.19,4.63,4.94,4.74,4.50,4.77,4.26,3.78,3.72,3.54
MD 3.32 3.25 4.16 2.91 2.34 2.42 2.08 2.27 2.04 1.99 1.99 1.70 1.59 1.52 1.62 3.32,3.25,4.16,2.91,2.34,2.42,2.08,2.27,2.04,1.99,1.99,1.70,1.59,1.52,1.62
ME 6.86 5.66 4.40 3.25 3.24 3.18 2.54 2.97 2.51 2.16 2.22 2.24 2.35 2.12 2.52 6.86,5.66,4.40,3.25,3.24,3.18,2.54,2.97,2.51,2.16,2.22,2.24,2.35,2.12,2.52
MI 5.22 5.13 4.57 4.37 3.76 3.65 3.48 3.81 3.62 3.60 3.64 3.38 2.92 2.85 2.79 5.22,5.13,4.57,4.37,3.76,3.65,3.48,3.81,3.62,3.60,3.64,3.38,2.92,2.85,2.79
MN 6.19 5.84 5.14 4.88 4.46 4.42 4.19 4.52 3.98 3.85 3.77 3.32 3.09 2.89 2.99 6.19,5.84,5.14,4.88,4.46,4.42,4.19,4.52,3.98,3.85,3.77,3.32,3.09,2.89,2.99
MO 6.26 5.49 4.77 4.59 4.08 3.87 3.49 3.72 3.52 3.32 3.59 3.35 3.32 3.24 3.04 6.26,5.49,4.77,4.59,4.08,3.87,3.49,3.72,3.52,3.32,3.59,3.35,3.32,3.24,3.04
MS 4.01 3.69 2.83 2.76 2.15 2.19 1.98 2.28 2.21 1.83 2.07 2.06 1.92 1.77 1.75 4.01,3.69,2.83,2.76,2.15,2.19,1.98,2.28,2.21,1.83,2.07,2.06,1.92,1.77,1.75
MT 3.90 3.62 2.98 2.94 2.79 2.57 2.08 2.13 2.38 2.24 2.13 2.09 1.78 1.90 2.03 3.90,3.62,2.98,2.94,2.79,2.57,2.08,2.13,2.38,2.24,2.13,2.09,1.78,1.90,2.03
NC 5.34 4.90 4.66 4.34 3.84 3.81 3.55 3.52 3.27 3.06 3.12 2.77 2.37 2.33 2.36 5.34,4.90,4.66,4.34,3.84,3.81,3.55,3.52,3.27,3.06,3.12,2.77,2.37,2.33,2.36
ND 4.62 4.21 3.52 3.09 2.26 2.36 2.13 2.32 2.32 2.07 2.27 1.85 1.82 1.66 1.70 4.62,4.21,3.52,3.09,2.26,2.36,2.13,2.32,2.32,2.07,2.27,1.85,1.82,1.66,1.70
NE 5.38 4.78 4.48 4.02 3.63 3.30 3.18 3.09 3.00 2.81 2.97 2.54 2.78 2.63 2.44 5.38,4.78,4.48,4.02,3.63,3.30,3.18,3.09,3.00,2.81,2.97,2.54,2.78,2.63,2.44
NH 5.08 4.32 3.70 2.95 2.81 2.49 2.37 2.59 2.27 2.30 2.25 2.22 2.13 1.83 1.65 5.08,4.32,3.70,2.95,2.81,2.49,2.37,2.59,2.27,2.30,2.25,2.22,2.13,1.83,1.65
NJ 5.80 5.50 5.03 4.75 4.06 4.18 3.55 3.77 3.73 3.48 3.79 3.50 2.91 2.81 3.00 5.80,5.50,5.03,4.75,4.06,4.18,3.55,3.77,3.73,3.48,3.79,3.50,2.91,2.81,3.00
NM 3.17 3.47 3.14 2.75 2.49 2.58 2.49 2.25 1.99 1.81 2.00 1.82 1.85 1.90 1.95 3.17,3.47,3.14,2.75,2.49,2.58,2.49,2.25,1.99,1.81,2.00,1.82,1.85,1.90,1.95
NV 4.25 3.97 3.77 3.57 3.12 2.96 2.40 2.67 2.69 2.53 2.99 2.95 2.87 3.15 3.16 4.25,3.97,3.77,3.57,3.12,2.96,2.40,2.67,2.69,2.53,2.99,2.95,2.87,3.15,3.16
NY 6.19 5.58 5.01 4.73 4.10 3.94 3.51 3.54 3.27 3.07 3.34 3.12 2.52 2.40 2.48 6.19,5.58,5.01,4.73,4.10,3.94,3.51,3.54,3.27,3.07,3.34,3.12,2.52,2.40,2.48
OH 6.05 5.97 5.23 4.88 4.30 4.01 3.77 3.61 3.26 3.02 3.08 2.84 2.53 2.40 2.63 6.05,5.97,5.23,4.88,4.30,4.01,3.77,3.61,3.26,3.02,3.08,2.84,2.53,2.40,2.63
OK 4.17 3.65 3.37 3.38 3.39 3.16 3.17 3.30 3.26 3.13 3.24 3.27 2.66 2.75 2.74 4.17,3.65,3.37,3.38,3.39,3.16,3.17,3.30,3.26,3.13,3.24,3.27,2.66,2.75,2.74
OR 4.88 4.70 4.63 4.09 4.04 3.78 3.25 3.43 3.29 3.13 3.32 2.92 2.49 2.62 2.72 4.88,4.70,4.63,4.09,4.04,3.78,3.25,3.43,3.29,3.13,3.32,2.92,2.49,2.62,2.72
PA 5.81 5.69 4.93 4.71 3.95 4.10 3.57 3.85 3.60 3.50 3.62 3.33 2.88 2.85 2.87 5.81,5.69,4.93,4.71,3.95,4.10,3.57,3.85,3.60,3.50,3.62,3.33,2.88,2.85,2.87
PR 2.15 2.05 2.55 2.89 NA 2.72 2.47 2.03 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.15,2.05,2.55,2.89,2.72,2.47,2.03
RI 7.27 7.03 6.35 5.87 4.87 4.66 4.36 4.59 3.89 4.07 4.30 3.99 3.37 3.08 3.28 7.27,7.03,6.35,5.87,4.87,4.66,4.36,4.59,3.89,4.07,4.30,3.99,3.37,3.08,3.28
SC 4.72 4.29 4.15 3.60 3.17 3.28 2.99 2.99 2.77 2.50 2.76 2.46 2.45 2.70 2.81 4.72,4.29,4.15,3.60,3.17,3.28,2.99,2.99,2.77,2.50,2.76,2.46,2.45,2.70,2.81
SD 5.08 4.88 4.68 3.85 3.42 3.30 2.53 2.45 2.12 2.06 2.20 2.03 1.54 1.66 2.11 5.08,4.88,4.68,3.85,3.42,3.30,2.53,2.45,2.12,2.06,2.20,2.03,1.54,1.66,2.11
TN 6.27 5.90 5.28 5.15 4.25 3.85 3.42 3.58 3.46 3.46 3.59 3.26 2.90 2.90 2.90 6.27,5.90,5.28,5.15,4.25,3.85,3.42,3.58,3.46,3.46,3.59,3.26,2.90,2.90,2.90
TX 4.94 4.64 4.14 3.88 3.36 3.41 3.10 3.33 3.02 2.93 2.87 2.60 2.33 2.37 2.40 4.94,4.64,4.14,3.88,3.36,3.41,3.10,3.33,3.02,2.93,2.87,2.60,2.33,2.37,2.40
US 5.35 5.03 4.63 4.31 3.78 3.71 3.30 3.50 3.27 3.12 3.24 2.97 2.65 2.58 2.62 5.35,5.03,4.63,4.31,3.78,3.71,3.30,3.50,3.27,3.12,3.24,2.97,2.65,2.58,2.62
UT 6.07 5.35 4.84 4.46 4.01 4.00 3.50 4.25 4.20 3.99 4.19 3.45 3.07 2.98 3.04 6.07,5.35,4.84,4.46,4.01,4.00,3.50,4.25,4.20,3.99,4.19,3.45,3.07,2.98,3.04
VA 5.82 5.47 5.14 4.74 4.20 3.85 3.34 3.60 3.34 3.35 3.41 3.16 2.94 2.76 2.77 5.82,5.47,5.14,4.74,4.20,3.85,3.34,3.60,3.34,3.35,3.41,3.16,2.94,2.76,2.77
VT 6.13 5.80 6.00 5.19 4.07 3.58 3.30 3.52 3.64 3.78 4.05 3.41 3.08 3.02 3.62 6.13,5.80,6.00,5.19,4.07,3.58,3.30,3.52,3.64,3.78,4.05,3.41,3.08,3.02,3.62
WA 5.62 5.36 4.90 4.55 3.87 3.92 3.53 3.93 3.42 3.34 3.41 3.12 2.46 2.19 2.42 5.62,5.36,4.90,4.55,3.87,3.92,3.53,3.93,3.42,3.34,3.41,3.12,2.46,2.19,2.42
WI 5.71 4.99 4.30 3.96 3.56 3.56 3.10 3.31 3.15 3.02 3.08 2.76 2.52 2.45 2.43 5.71,4.99,4.30,3.96,3.56,3.56,3.10,3.31,3.15,3.02,3.08,2.76,2.52,2.45,2.43
WV 6.17 5.47 4.89 4.75 3.32 3.00 2.61 2.79 2.85 2.32 2.47 2.70 2.38 2.12 2.46 6.17,5.47,4.89,4.75,3.32,3.00,2.61,2.79,2.85,2.32,2.47,2.70,2.38,2.12,2.46
WY 3.96 4.62 4.02 4.38 4.60 3.40 3.37 2.49 2.66 3.21 3.41 2.97 4.26 4.63 4.08 3.96,4.62,4.02,4.38,4.60,3.40,3.37,2.49,2.66,3.21,3.41,2.97,4.26,4.63,4.08
NA = not available

SOURCES: The Patent Board™, special tabulations (2013) from Thomson Reuters, Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Citation Index http://thomsonreuters.com/products_services/science/; National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Academic R&D Expenditure, Higher Education R&D Expenditures (various years).
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