News Release 11-169
Ancient Whale Skulls and Directional Hearing: A Twisted Tale
Skewed skulls may have helped early whales find direction of sounds in water
Restoration of Basilosaurus isis; this specimen lived in Egypt.
August 22, 2011
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Skewed skulls may have helped early whales find the direction of sounds in water and are not solely, as previously thought, a later adaptation related to echolocation.
Scientists affiliated with the University of Michigan and funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) report the finding in a paper published online this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Asymmetric skulls are a well-known characteristic of the modern whale group known as "odontocetes" or toothed whales.
These whales also have highly modified nasal structures with which they produce high-frequency sounds for echolocation--a sort of biological sonar used to navigate and find food.
The other modern whale group, "mysticetes" or baleen whales, has symmetrical skulls and does not echolocate.
These observations led scientists to believe that archaeocetes--the extinct, ancient whales that gave rise to all modern whales--had symmetrical skulls, and that asymmetry later developed in toothed whales in concert with echolocation, according to H. Richard Lane, program director in NSF's Division of Earth Sciences, which funded the research.
But a new analysis of archaeocete skulls by University of Michigan paleontologist Julia Fahlke and coauthors shows that asymmetry evolved much earlier, as part of a suite of traits linked to directional hearing in water.
"This means that the initial asymmetry in whales is not related to echolocation," said Fahlke, who is working with scientist Philip Gingerich at the University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology.
Fahlke intended to study a completely different aspect of whale evolution: tooth form and function.
"Modern whales don't chew their food," Fahlke said. "Toothed whales just bite it and swallow it, and baleen whales filter-feed. But archaeocetes have characteristic wear patterns on their teeth that show that they've been chewing their food."
By studying those wear patterns, she hoped to piece together how and what early whales ate and how their eating habits changed over time.
She started by studying the skull of Basilosaurus isis, a serpent-like, predatory whale that lived 37 million years ago, using a three-dimensional digital model generated from CT scans of the fossil that were acquired at the University of Michigan Medical School Department of Radiology.
The actual skull on which the model was based was asymmetrical, but Fahlke and colleagues at first dismissed the irregularity.
"We thought, like everyone else before us, that this might have happened during burial and fossilization," Fahlke said.
"Under pressure from sediments, fossils often deform."
To correct for the deformation, coauthor Aaron Wood of the University of Florida straightened out the skull in the digital model.
But when Fahlke began working with the "corrected" model, the jaws just didn't fit together right. "Finally it dawned on me: maybe archaeocete skulls really were asymmetrical," she said.
Fahlke began examining archaeocete skulls, and to her astonishment, "they all showed the same kind of asymmetry--a leftward bend when you look at them from the top down," she said.
To study the asymmetry in a more rigorous way, Fahlke and colleagues selected six well-preserved skulls that showed no signs of artificial deformation and measured their deviation from a straight line drawn from snout to back of skull.
For comparison, they made similar measurements of the symmetrical skulls of artiodactyls, the group of terrestrial mammals from which whales evolved.
"Taken together, the six skulls deviate significantly from symmetry," Fahlke said. "Taken individually, four of them deviate significantly."
The other two appear asymmetrical, but their measurements fall within the range of the symmetrical comparative sample.
"This shows that asymmetry existed much earlier than previously thought--before the baleen whales and toothed whales split," Fahlke said.
"This means that the earliest baleen whales must have had asymmetrical skulls, which later became symmetrical."
The authors also show in their paper that archaeocete asymmetry is a three-dimensional torsion, or twist that affects the whole skull, rather than only a two-dimensional bend.
Interestingly, archaeocetes have structures similar to those that are known in toothed whales to function in directional hearing in water: fat bodies in their lower jaws that guide sound waves to the ears, and an area of bone on the outside of each lower jaw thin enough to vibrate and transmit sound waves into the fat body.
This adaptation, along with the acoustic isolation of the ear region from the rest of the skull, appears to have evolved in concert with asymmetry.
The link between asymmetry and directional hearing is not unique to whales, Fahlke said.
"Owls have asymmetrical ear openings, which help them discriminate the rustling of leaves from the rustling of a mouse," Fahlke said.
"Such ability would also be helpful when you're trying to detect prey in the water, so we interpret that the same kind of mechanism was operating for archaeocetes."
In addition to Fahlke, Gingerich and Wood, the paper's authors include Robert Welsh of the University of Michigan Medical School.
Funding was also provided by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and the National Geographic Society.
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3-D model of asymmetrical skull of archaeocete whale Basilosaurus isis, from CT scans.
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Evolutionary relationships among even-toed hoofed mammals/archaeocete whales/modern whales.
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The 2005 Egypt excavation of the Basilosaurus isis skull that was studied.
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Restoration of Basilosaurus isis, based on a complete skeleton.
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Cheryl Dybas, NSF, (703) 292-7734, email: cdybas@nsf.gov
Nancy Ross-Flanigan, University of Michigan, (734) 647-1853, email: rossflan@umich.edu
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