What is quantum?
Quantum information science, engineering and technology combine an understanding of the unusual ways the universe works at the molecular, atomic and subatomic scales with new ideas for applying that understanding to new technologies.
Researchers are exploring the nature of quantum phenomena, like entanglement, superposition and quantization, and applying that understanding to develop powerful computers, secure communications, better sensors and other technologies.
How does quantum work?
Quantum entanglement — what Albert Einstein called "spooky action at a distance" — links particles together so that measuring something about one instantly reveals information about the other, no matter the distance between them.
While entanglement defies everyday experience, it's very useful. For example, entanglement allows quantum computers to manipulate many qubits (the quantum equivalent of computer bits) in a single operation, drastically reducing computational time.
In the quantum world, particles can exist in a superposition of states, meaning they can be in multiple states at once — until they're measured.
Qubits (the quantum equivalent of computer bits) can use superposition to represent both 0 and 1 at the same time. Superposition gives quantum computers the potential for exponentially greater computational power than regular "classical" computers.
In the quantum world, some properties, like the energy levels of electrons in an atom, come in fixed steps called "quanta." Like rungs on a ladder, an electron can only be on one step or another, but never in between.
Quantized particles can be used by quantum computers, networks and other technologies to precisely transfer and store information, like 0s and 1s.
Brought to you by NSF
Since the 1950s, NSF's sustained support for basic research laid the foundation for today's quantum technologies.
Quantum sensing
NSF funding is fueling research and development of new sensor technologies that can use quantum phenomena, like superposition and entanglement, to precisely measure the previously unmeasurable.
One day, quantum sensors could allow doctors to pinpoint infections by measuring magnetic fields inside individual cells, or geologists to find subterranean mineral deposits without lifting a shovel by measuring minute, localized changes in the passage of time.
Quantum computing
Unlike today's computers, which use bits to process information as either a 0 or 1, quantum computers use qubits, which can represent both 0 and 1 simultaneously — enabling the potential for exponentially greater computational power.
NSF is investing in the research and development of multiple methods that could one day lead to quantum computers that can solve complex problems far beyond the capabilities of today's most powerful supercomputers — like creating new superconducting materials or identifying new medicines.
Quantum communication
NSF is funding multiple research teams exploring the use of entanglement, superposition and other quantum phenomena to create networks that can transmit information in new ways that are faster, more reliable and more secure.
These networks could help secure information from eavesdroppers and connect quantum processors and sensors to each other for scalable high-performance systems.
Quantum materials
Some materials have unusual properties, like the ability to conduct electricity on the surface while strongly resisting the flow of electricity on the inside. Such properties are the result of quantum phenomena.
NSF has funded much of the research behind quantum materials and continues to support new ideas for how they can be understood and potentially used for computing, sensing, communication and other applications.
Empowering tomorrow's quantum workforce
NSF is building a robust quantum workforce across the United States. From K-12 classrooms to graduate research programs, NSF initiatives prepare thousands of scientists, engineers, technicians and educators to drive discovery and develop the technology of the future. Some examples include:
National Q-12 Education Partnership
Launched in 2020 by NSF and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, the National Q-12 Education Partnership brings quantum science to K-12 classrooms nationwide.
The program provides teachers with educational tools, course materials and career resources that connect students to internships, mentorships and other pathways into quantum careers — sparking early interest and giving students practical skills for the future.
Preparing educators for quantum classrooms
NSF also funds teacher training programs, such as Quantum for All and Quantum Education for Students and Teachers, to provide high school science teachers with background materials, curriculum content and support for implementing quantum information science, engineering and technology modules in their courses.
NSF ExLENT
The NSF Experiential Learning for Emerging and Novel Technologies program (NSF ExLENT) prepares learners at all stages — from high school students to professionals seeking to upskill — for careers in quantum and emerging technologies.
Funded projects span high school summer camps, online certificate programs, immersive workshops and internships with industry and research labs, giving participants hands-on experience, mentorship and the skills to pursue high-skill, well-paying roles in quantum and related technology fields.
NSF REU
The NSF Research Experiences for Undergraduates program (NSF REU) immerses undergraduate students in hands-on quantum research while building skills for careers in science and technology.
Summer research projects, conducted at universities, national laboratories and other facilities, provide mentorships, practical experience and professional networks. These opportunities help students gain the knowledge, confidence and connections to launch careers in quantum science, engineering and emerging technologies.
NSF Research Traineeship program
By transforming the STEM graduate education experience, the NSF Research Traineeship program prepares the next generation of quantum leaders to turn discoveries into real-world applications. Two unique traineeship projects illustrate this approach.
One emphasizes cross-disciplinary training and professional skill development, while the other provides hands-on research and internship experience at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, giving students the knowledge and experiences needed to advance quantum technologies.
NSF ATE
Since the early 1990s, the NSF Advanced Technological Education program (NSF ATE) has supported community and technical colleges in training the skilled technicians who power the nation's high-tech industries.
For example, the EdQuantum project works with industry to analyze workforce needs and develop coordinated curricula and course materials.
NSF QLCI
NSF Quantum Leap Challenge Institutes (NSF QLCI) are large-scale research centers that drive cutting-edge quantum science while training the workforce of tomorrow.
Programs within the institutes develop new curricula and degree programs, offer internships and summer research experiences, and build partnerships with community colleges and educators to expand access to quantum career opportunities.
NSF NQVL
The NSF National Quantum Virtual Laboratory (NSF NQVL) is a first-of-its-kind national resource that provides shared access to advanced quantum research tools, platforms and testbeds across the U.S. research enterprise.
By connecting universities, national laboratories and industry, it enables hands-on experience and prototype development while preparing the full spectrum of talent needed for careers in quantum information science and engineering.
NSF-powered "first-generation" quantum technologies
Did you know that a lot of technologies in your daily life depend on quantum effects to work?
Many of these "first-generation" quantum technologies came into being thanks to decades of NSF-funded research in physics, chemistry, computer science, engineering and materials science.
MRI
One of the most widely used medical imaging technologies is rooted in decades of NSF-powered research.
Semiconductors
NSF–funded research has catalyzed breakthroughs in semiconductors, the chips that enable virtually all modern technology.
Quantum dots
Decades of NSF-supported research led to the development of quantum dots, nanocrystals that are essential components of next-generation displays, solar cells, high-resolution medical imaging and many more technologies.
Lasers
Sustained investments by NSF in foundational research and infrastructure have unleashed incredibly precise lasers, which have powered and pulsed their way into nearly every aspect of modern life, from LASIK to the most powerful laser in the U.S.
LEDs
NSF-funded research expanded the capabilities and energy efficiency of light-emitting diode (LED) lighting, found in everyday electronics from smartphones and computers to streetlamps and the light inside your fridge.