Physiology or Medicine

2021

DAVID JULIUS | ARDEM PATAPOUTIAN

“For their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch.”

Understanding how organisms sense and respond to stimuli – specifically heat – is critical in harnessing these responses and mitigating them when needed, such as in the case of chronic pain. Gaining this knowledge requires fundamental research across different organisms that can lead to translational impacts in biotechnology and biomedicine. NSF is proud to have recognized the importance and potential power of David Julius' research with a Presidential Young Investigators award in 1990.

2017

JEFFREY C. HALL | MICHAEL ROSBASH | MICHAEL W. YOUNG

“For their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm.”

The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Jeffrey C. Hall and Michael Rosbash of Brandeis University and Michael W. Young of Rockefeller University in New York. Scientists had known that humans and other organisms have an internal "biological clock," but these researchers shed light on how that clock works. The biological clock enables organisms to adapt their physiologies to the phases of the day and affects everything from behavior to metabolism. Hall and Robash received NSF support through grants from the Office of International Science and Engineering (8021519, 8018839) and Robash received an additional award from the Biological Sciences Directorate (8801552). Young served as head of the Rockefeller University unit of the Science and Technology Center for Biological Timing, funded by NSF's Office of Integrative Activities (8920162).

2013

JAMES E. ROTHMAN | RANDY W. SCHEKMAN

“For their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells.”

The 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to James E. Rothman of Yale University, Randy W. Schekman of the University of California, Berkeley, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Thomas C. Südhof of Stanford University and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Rothman and Schekman have received NSF support.

2009

JACK W. SZOSTAK

"For the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase."

NSF supported Szostak with a 1983 award (8208485) for genetic regulation of complex systems in yeast; 1995 award (9417933) for RNAs that bind small substrates and cofactors; 2004 award (0434507) for Darwinian chemical systems; and a 2008 award (0809413) for self-replicating nucleic acids.

2007

MARIO R. CAPECCHI

"For discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."

NSF supported Capecchi with an award (7503715) in 1975 for genetic studies on hormone-responsive cultured cells: isolation of mutants with altered cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) metabolism.

2004

RICHARD AXEL

"For his discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system."

In 1982, Axel received the Alan T. Waterman award (8213109) from the National Science Board for, according to the citation, "devising a novel procedure for introducing virtually any gene into mammalian cells." The Waterman award recognizes an outstanding young researcher in any field of science or engineering supported by the National Science Foundation.

2003

PAUL C. LAUTERBUR

“For his discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging.”

NSF supported Lauterbur with a 1966 chemistry award as well as an engineering award in 1980 (8008629). Lauterbur also directed the NSF-supported Center for Magnetic Resonance Technology for Basic Biological Research in the early 1990s (8920133).

2001

LELAND H. HARTWELL

“For his discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle.”

NSF support includes a 1982 award (8215113) for genes that control chromosome reproduction.

2000

PAUL GREENGARD | ERIC R. KANDEL

“For [joint] discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system.”

NSF support for Greengard included an NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship (1953), as well as a 1974 award (7420604) on the molecular mechanism for synaptic transmission. Kandel's NSF support includes a Senior Postdoctoral Fellowship (1962).

1997

STANLEY B. PRUSINER

“For his discovery of prions – a new biological principle of infection.”

NSF support includes two awards in the 1970s (7522806, 7724076) related to the biochemistry of scrapie, a prion disease in sheep and goats.

1995

EDWARD B. LEWIS | ERIC F. WIESCHAUS

“For [joint] discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development.”

NSF support for Lewis includes awards in the 1970s and 1980s (7600281, 8021760, 8517686) to maintain a collection of mutant types of fruit flies. Wieschaus' NSF support includes an NSF Fellowship and a 1986 award (8616928) for developmental genetics in fruit flies.

1993

RICHARD J. ROBERTS | PHILLIP A. SHARP

“For their discoveries of split genes.”

NSF support for Roberts includes a series of 13 awards from 1974 (7404863) to 1990 (9011091) while he was at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, as well as an award received in 2003 (0350020). NSF has supported Sharp with six awards from 1976 (7620603) to the present (0218506).

1992

EDMOND H. FISCHER

“For his discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism.”

NSF support includes awards in the 1970s (7516260, 7804301) for calcium and its role in regulating metabolism and a conference award in the late 1980s (8918861).

1987

SUSUMU TONEGAWA

“For his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity.”

NSF support includes a 1983 award (8312086) for molecular studies of B-lymphocyte differentiation.

1986

RITA LEVI-MONTALCINI

“For [joint] discoveries of growth factors.”

NSF supported Levi-Montalcini while she was at Washington University, St. Louis, with nine awards, essentially continuously between 1957 and 1975, for her studies of growth factors.

1981

ROGER W. SPERRY

“For his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres.”

NSF support dates to a psychobiology award in 1955 and includes an electronically-available 1976 award (7601629) for hemispheric specialization.

TORSTEN N. WIESEL

“For his discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system.”

NSF support includes an equipment award in 1981 (8100340) and two international collaboration awards in the 1990s (9001695, 9320139).

1979

ALLAN M. CORMACK*

“For the development of computer assisted tomography.”

NSF support includes a 1980 mathematical sciences award (8012688).

1978

HAMILTON O. SMITH

“For the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics.”

NSF support includes a 1974 award (7419985) on DNA restriction and modification.

1975

DAVID BALTIMORE* | RENATO DULBECCO | HOWARD M.TEMIN

“For their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell.”

NSF support for Baltimore includes a 1990 facilities modernization award while he was at Rockefeller University (9021776) and a 1996 undergraduate education award at Caltech (9652066). NSF support for Dulbecco included a 1957 biology award to study virus-host complexes formed by animal virus and animal cells. And Temin's support included an NSF Fellowship in 1955.

1974

GEORGE E. PALADE*

“For [joint] discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell.”

NSF support dates to research awards in 1959, 1960 and 1962, while at Rockefeller University. More recently, he received awards in the 1980s for collaborations with Romanian researchers (8016156, 8407096, 8819201).

1972

GERALD M. EDELMAN

“For [joint] discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies.”

Edelman acknowledged prior NSF support in his 1972 Nobel Lecture, which includes an award as early as 1966. More recently, he has received several electronically-available awards for collaborations with French researchers (8612629, 8815537, 9396077) and for the purchase of a supercomputer (8809089).

1971

EARL W. SUTHERLAND JR.

“For his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones.”

NSF support for Sutherland includes a three-year award in 1954, while he was at Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, to study the workings of epinephrine and related sympathomimetic amines.

1969

MAX DELBRUCK* | SALVADOR E. LURIA*

“For their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses.”

Delbruck's first NSF award was for genetic biology in 1952 and later support includes three electronically-available awards in the 1970s (7511316, 7708446) and 1980s (8003846). NSF support for Luria dates back to awards in 1959 and 1962 and includes more recent electronically-available awards starting in 1971 (7101230).

1968

ROBERT W. HOLLEY | H. GOBIND KHORANA

“For their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.”

NSF support for Holley dates at least to a 1962 award. He also received an NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship (1966-1967), according to Holley's biography on the Nobel Web site, and a 1972 award (7201899). Khorana acknowledged prior NSF support in his Nobel Lecture, which includes an award in 1961, awards at MIT in 1973 (7306757) and an award as recently as 2002 (0225609).

1967

GEORGE WALD*

“For [joint] discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye.”

In addition to international travel grants in the late 1950s, Wald received NSF research awards as early as 1960 and 1962. His electronically-available awards include one in 1973 (7306833) and one in 1981 (8119970).

1965

FRANCOIS JACOB | JACQUES MONOD

“For their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis.”

In their Nobel Lectures, both Jacob and Monod acknowledge NSF support for their work at the Institut Pasteur in Paris, France. The support includes metabolic biology awards in 1959, 1960 and 1961.

1964

KONRAD BLOCH*

“For [joint] discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism.”

Bloch acknowledged NSF support in his Nobel Lecture. His first awards in molecular biology date to 1955 and 1957. He also has five electronically-available awards starting in 1975 (7504972).

1962

FRANCIS C. CRICK* | JAMES D. WATSON*

“For their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material.”

Watson received his first NSF awards in 1955, 1957 and 1958. Later while at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Watson was the principal investigator of a plant genetics laboratory award in 1983 (8313035) as well as for 24 other NSF awards to support Cold Spring Harbor symposia, workshops and meetings. Based in the United Kingdom until 1975, Crick was supported by a 1978 NSF award (7808029) at the Salk Institute of Biological Studies.

1961

GEORG VON BÉKÉSY*

"For his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea."

NSF support prior to his prize was limited to an international travel grant in 1959. He received later awards, including a 1967 psychobiology award for marine and human sensory processes.

1959

SEVERO OCHOA* | ARTHUR KORNBERG*

“For their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxiribonucleic acid.”

Kornberg's NSF support dates back to awards in 1954 and 1957, while he was at Washington University, St. Louis, and includes six electronically-available awards, starting in 1973 (7306835). NSF support for Ochoa includes international travel grants in the late 1950s and a 1974 award.

1958

GEORGE W. BEADLE* | EDWARD L. TATUM*

“For their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events.”

NSF support for Beadle includes a 1975 award (7500981) while he was at the University of Chicago. Tatum's NSF support began with a three-year award in 1960.

JOSHUA LEDERBERG

“For his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria.”

In his Nobel Lecture, Lederberg acknowledged NSF support, which includes research awards in 1956 and 1959.

1953

FRITZ LIPMANN*

“For his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism.”

NSF support includes an international travel grant in 1952. His first research award was in 1958, and he received electronically-available awards in 1979 (7910513) and 1982 (8215847), all while he was at Rockefeller University.

* Received NSF support after receiving Nobel Prize.
# Received NSF support as graduate students who were part of an NSF grantee's group, as members of an NSF-supported team, and/or users of NSF-supported facilities; see the list of Physics laureates to learn how they were supported by NSF.